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PTA 201 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key patient supervision skills?

A

-Teamwork
-Seek, understand, and relay information
-To the PT and Team
-Have a warm personality

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2
Q

What are Cardiovascular red flags?

A

-Chest pain, L UE pain, or any symptoms of an MI
-Pulsating Pain
-Constant, severe LE pain

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3
Q

What are the red flags for cancer?

A

-Chronic night pain
-Constant pain unrelieved by position/activity

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4
Q

What are the Gastrointestinal red flags?

A

Frequent or severe abdominal pain

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5
Q

What are the Neurological red flags?

A

Frequent or severe headaches

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6
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

-Pain
-Redness
-Heat
-Swelling
-Decrease in ROM

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7
Q

What type of surgery have a high risk (40-70%) of the pt. developing a DVT if not given prophylaxis?

A

LE Joint Replacement

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8
Q

Which test can indicate a DVT?

A

Homan’s Sign

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for a DVT?

A

-Immobility
-Trauma: fx, surgery
-Hx, DM obese, hormone change
-Hypercoagulation

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10
Q

What is used to calculate the risk score interpretation for DVTs?

A

Wells Prediction Rule

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11
Q

What are the signs and symptoms for a DVT?

A

-Peripheral edema
-Warmth
-Skin discoloration
-Prominent superficial veins
-Leg pain
-Tenderness

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12
Q

How can a PTA decrease the risk of a DVT in a pt.?

A

Get them moving

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13
Q

Is Brawny (hard/chronic) edema normal?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Is pitting in the edema site normal?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Is bilateral edema normal?

A

No

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16
Q

What is Compartment Syndrome, and where is it most commonly found?

A

It is a dangerous type of edema most commonly found in the anterior compartment of the calf.
-Pt. typically loses sensation in web space between 1st and 2nd toe

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17
Q

Definition: Creating a situation by using probing questions and appropriate communication skills, accountability, listening, and responsibility, so that active responses occur rather than simply reacting once something happens

A

Proactive

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18
Q

Empathy vs. Sympathy

A

-Empathy is actively trying to understand the person’s point of view
-Sympathy is more of just acknowledging that the person has certain feelings without truly trying to put yourself in their shoes and find a solution

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19
Q

Does the PTA have the ultimate responsibility for the physical therapy interventions provided?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What are the 5 components of patient supervision?

A

-Gather relevant information and data
-Fully understand the POC
-Assist in the management of the pt.
-Establish rapport, trust, and confidence with the pt.
-Create an environment where the pt. can feel comfortable voicing concerns about their problem

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21
Q

Appropriate medical language used with the patient and their family helps to convey…

A

Understanding, sensitivity, warmth, and reassurance

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22
Q

Definition: An effective communication tool that demonstrates interest and concern for the patient and their individual needs.

A

Listening

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23
Q

A professional relationship with the patient should be based on…

A

Trust and respect

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24
Q

Blood in urine would indicate which type of red flag?

A

Gastrointestinal

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25
Q

Symptoms
-Palpable cord (vein is hardened along its length)
-Redness
-Subcutaneous vein distension
-Warmth

A

Superficial Vein Thrombosis

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26
Q

Symptoms
-Discoloration or cyanosis
-Pain or tenderness of affected area
-Pain with placement of blood pressure cuff around calf inflated to 160-180
-Positive Homan’s sign
-Unilateral tenderness or leg pain usually in calf
-Unilateral swelling
-Warmth of skin

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis

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27
Q

Symptoms
-Edema of an entire extremity (usually unilateral)
-Pain may or may not be present
-Paresthesias (tingling or prickling sensation)
-Skin is taut and shiny
-Stemmer sign (taut skin on dorsum of foot)
-Worse with dependent positions

A

Lymphedema

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28
Q

Type of Lymphedema where accumulation of protein-enriched fluids may be secondary to a developmental disorder of the lymphatic system.

A

Primary Lymphedema

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29
Q

Type of Lymphedema that is the result of obstruction or damage to the lymphatic system (nodes, vessels, and organs). Most common type.

A

Secondary Lymphedema

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30
Q

What is the most abundant material of Connective Tissue?

A

Collagen

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31
Q

What are the types of Connective Tissue?

A

-Bone
-Ligament
-Tendon
-Muscle
-Cartilage
-Neurovascular

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32
Q

Which type of collagen is most common; seen in tendons/ligaments, bones, mature scars, meniscus/disk): thick bundle/very strong?

A

Type I

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33
Q

Which type of collagen is thin supporting filaments; 1/2 life of 3 months; seen in hyaline and elastic cartilage?

A

Type II

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34
Q

Which type of collagen is thin filaments; strong but supple and elastic; seen in fresh scars, blood vessels prevalent in newborns)?

A

Type III

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35
Q

Which type of collagen is not assembled into fibers; with other fibers it forms the base membrane?

A

Type IV

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36
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in capsules?

A

Dense irregular

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37
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in ligaments?

A

Dense regular

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38
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in tendons?

A

Dense regular

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39
Q

What are the Phases of Healing?

A
  1. Inflammatory response (acute stage)
  2. Repair Sequence/ Fibroplastic (subacute stage)
  3. Remodeling/ Connective tissue formation (chronic stage)
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40
Q

What is Autolytic wound debridement, and which phase of healing is it found in?

A

-When good cells come in to clean the area
-Inflammatory response phase

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41
Q

Exudate vs. Effusion

A

-Exudate is increased protein and phagocytic cells (pus)
-Effusion is fluid escaping into a compartment (knee joint)

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42
Q

When does the Repair/Fibroplastic phase of healing occur?

A

Approximately 5-21 days post injury

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43
Q

Characteristics of which phase of healing?
-Purpose: new tissue to integrate into the area
-Granulation tissue visible
-Angiogenesis: new blood supply to area
-Proliferation of new collagen, elastin, and proteins
-Low tensile strength of tissue at 20%; causing risk of reinjury

A

Phase 2: Repair/Fibroplastic

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44
Q

When does the Remodeling phase of healing occur?

A

2-3 weeks post injury

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45
Q

Characteristics of which phase of healing?
-Connective tissue formation
-Tissue is aligning
-Increased fibrous formation
-Maturation of scar

A

Phase 3: Remodeling

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46
Q

The medical term for the cardinal sign of pain is…

A

Dolar

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47
Q

Exudate flows into the area in which phase of healing?

A

Inflammation

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48
Q

Which type of cartilage is found on joint surfaces, ribs, and fetal skeletons?

A

Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage

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49
Q

Which type of cartilage are found at tendon/ligament insertions, and is the meniscus and disks made out of

A

Fibrocartilage

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50
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the external ear and trachea?

A

Elastic

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51
Q

Characteristics of which type of Cartilage?
-Avascular (poor healing)
-2-4 mm thick
-Frictionless
-Force distributor
-Permeable (allows gasses or liquids to pass through it)
-Type II collagen
-Nourished by synovial fluid

A

Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage

52
Q

What does OATS stand for?

A

Autologous Chondrocyte Transplant

53
Q

Characteristics of which type of Cartilage?
-Vascular along rims
-Mechanoreceptors
-Shock absorbing
-Contributes to joint stability
-Ex. meniscus, disk, labrum
-Type I collagen

A

Fibrocartilage

54
Q

Which type of collagen is found in articular (hyaline) cartilage?

A

Type II

55
Q

Which type of collagen is found in fibrocartilage?

A

Type I

56
Q

Which part of the meniscus is vascularized?

A

The outer 10-30%

57
Q

What do surgeons do to an injured outer 10-30% of the meniscus?

A

Surgical repair via arthroscopy

58
Q

What do surgeons do to an injured inner area of the meniscus?

A

Partial or total meniscectomy

59
Q

What are the Post-op precautions for a surgical repair of the meniscus?

A

-NWB to FWB later
-Limit flexion ROM
-Slower progression to full flexion ROM

60
Q

What are the Post-op precautions for a meniscectomy?

A

-FWB early
-Progressive AROM
-Prog. Strengthening

61
Q

What type of collagen is found in ligaments?

A

Type I

62
Q

Do you sprain or strain a ligament?

A

Sprain

63
Q

Do you sprain or strain a muscle?

A

Strain

64
Q

Which grade of sprain?
-Microscopic tearing
-No joint laxity
-No/minimal swelling
-Local tenderness
-(-) joint stress test

A

Grade I

65
Q

Which grade of sprain?
-Incomplete tearing
-Moderate joint laxity
-Localized swelling
-Pain with WB
-Ecchymosis (bleeding)
-Mild (+) stress test

A

Grade II

66
Q

Which grade of sprain?
-Complete tear/rupture
-Profound joint laxity and instability
-Unable to WB
-Significant pain and swelling/ecchymosis
-Mod/severe joint stress test

A

Grade III

67
Q

Do extra- or intra-articular ligaments have..
-predictable and structured healing pattern
-healing of various rates and degrees
-ultimate healed tensile strength of 50-70%

A

Extra-articular ligaments

68
Q

Do extra- or intra-articular ligaments have..
-decreased spontaneous healing process
-because synovial fluid interferes with the healing process

A

Intra-articular ligaments

69
Q

How long does it generally take Grade III sprains to heal?

A

> 40 weeks

70
Q

When do surgeons decide to surgically repair a sprained ligament?

A

When there is functional instability

71
Q

Functional movement of the human body is performed by the interaction of how many skeletal muscles?

A

Over 600

72
Q

What is the structure of a muscle?

A

Muscle > Fascicle > Myofiber > Myofibril/Sarcomere

73
Q

What is the basic contractile unit of a muscle?

A

Myofibril

74
Q

Characteristics of which type of muscle fiber..
-Red fibers
-Adapted for aerobic activity
-Fatigue resistant

A

Slow twitch- Type I

75
Q

Characteristics of which type of muscle fiber..
-White fibers
-Designed for anaerobic activity
-Fatigues easily

A

Fast twitch- Type II

76
Q

Which part of the muscle is strained the most?

A

The musculotendinous junction

77
Q

During which type of contraction do muscle strains most typically occur?

A

Eccentric contraction/loading

78
Q

What is the fastest healing of all the connective tissues?

A

Muscle

79
Q

In what order are connective tissues from fastest healing to slowest healing?

A

Muscle > Bone > Tendon/Ligament

80
Q

What are the goals for Muscle rehabilitation at the Acute stage?

A

Facilitate healing and decrease inflammation and pain
-RICE, modalities
-Controlled movement using PROM, AAROM

81
Q

What are the goals for Muscle rehabilitation at the Subacute stage?

A

Restore full ROM and initiate strengthening
-Progress to AROM and stretching

82
Q

What are the goals for Muscle rehabilitation ate the Chronic stage?

A

Remodeling of collagen
-Functional exercise, endurance training
-Plyometrics when pain free

83
Q

What is tendon avulsion?

A

When a small chunk of bone attached to a tendon gets pulled away from the main part of the bone

84
Q

What is Mallet Finger and how does it happen?

A

When the tendon of a finger is avulsed at the DIP. It happens when the DIP is suddenly and forcefully flexed

85
Q

What is common during Tendon healing?

A

Adhesion formation due to vascularity from surrounding tissue

86
Q

When is a tendon repair at it’s weakest?

A

7-10 days post op

87
Q

What is Tendonitis?

A

Inflammatory response to tendon due to injury

88
Q

What is Tendinosis?

A

Degeneration of a tendon without inflammatory process

89
Q

What is Tenosynovitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon’s synovial membrain

90
Q

Your patient is a 24 YO soccer player who sustained a 2nd degree strain on her gastrocnemius muscle. At what stage of rehabilitation would you expect to begin low load and high repetition strengthening?

A

Subacute Stage (1-3 weeks)

91
Q

______ migrate to the injury site directly after trauma and release specific growth factors and chemical mediators, which stimulate homeostasis and initiate the repair process.

A

Platelets

92
Q

What is the neovascular budding that helps reestablish oxygen-rich and growth factor-rich blood to new, fragile healing tissue?

A

Angiogenesis

93
Q

The connective tissue membrane surrounding the entire muscle is called ________.

A

Epimysium

94
Q

T or F: There are essentially three types of collagen found in musculoskeletal tissue.

A

True

95
Q

Which phase of ligament repair occurs as the ligament retracts and looks highly disorganized?

A

Phase I

96
Q

What is Ligamentization?

A

Tendon repair to ligament-like tissue

97
Q

T or F: Ligaments lose up to 20% of their weight after 8 weeks of immobilization

A

True

98
Q

To orient collagen fibers and promote a functional scar, _____ must be applied.

A

Progressive controlled stress

99
Q

After injury or surgery to a ligament, protection against ________ must be strictly enforced.

A

Unwanted forces

100
Q

What are the canals and the surrounding lamellae of bone called?

A

The Haversian System

101
Q

What are Bone forming cells called?

A

Osteoblasts

102
Q

What are Bone maintaining cells called?

A

Osteocytes

103
Q

What are Bone matrix dissolving cells called?

A

Osteoclasts

104
Q

Where is the Haversian System located?

A

In Cortical/Compact bone

105
Q

How porous is Coritcal/Compact bone?

A

30%

106
Q

How porous is Cancellous bone?

A

50-90%

107
Q

What is the longitudinal growth of bone called?

A

Endochondral Ossification

108
Q

What is the latitudinal growth of bone called?

A

Intramembranous Ossification

109
Q

What is in the Medullary canal of long bones, and what happens there?

A

Bone marrow, and it is the cite of bone cell production.

110
Q

What is very rich in nerve supply, and probably where we feel pain the most when we break a bone.

A

Endosteum and Periosteum

111
Q

Which law states: Load intermittently applied to bone stimulates growth

A

Wolff’s Law

112
Q

What is the method used to grade fractures that occur in children and involve the growth plate?

A

The Salter-Harris Classification System

113
Q

Which is the most common Salter-Harris fracture and what is the worry with this type of fracture?

A

Type II (fracture through the growth plate and metaphysis). The worry is that the bone may not grow to normal length.

114
Q

Which is the worst prognosis of the Salter-Harris Classification System?

A

Type V (compression fracture through the growth plate)

115
Q

T or F: Bone is very brittle and can tolerate small deformation.

A

True

116
Q

Which form of cell is a giant cell multinucleated bone resorption cell?

A

Osteoclast

117
Q

What are the two distinct forms of microscopic organization and classification of bone tissue?

A

-Normal, mature lamellar bone
-Weak, fragile, immature woven bone

118
Q

Which type of bone is more commonly seen in embryos and newborns but can also be seen in adults in fracture repair callus, bone tumors, and various bon pathologies?

A

Woven Bone

119
Q

T or F: Intermittent physiologic loads create osteoblastic activity.

A

True

120
Q

Which law states that compression forces limit bone growth, whereas tensile stress stimulates growth?

A

Hueter-Volkman

121
Q

Mature bone begins formation at about age __________, and comprises most of the skeleton by age _______.

A

-1 month after birth
-4 years

122
Q

The three distinct complications of bone healing are ______.

A

Delayed union, nonunion, and malunion

123
Q

T or F: Compact bone heals faster than cancellous bone

A

False

124
Q

T or F: Collagen constitutes about 50% of the dry weight of bone, whereas lipids and proteins constitute the remaining 50%

A

False

125
Q

Collagen makes up what percent of bone?

A

90%

PTA 201 (5 decks)

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