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Anatomy 1 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Visceral Motor System

A

Contains sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
A motor NS that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

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2
Q

Visceral Reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor in viscera (nerve ending that detect stretch, damage, etc)
  2. Afferent (sensory) neuron
  3. Dorsal root ganglion
  4. Integrating center
  5. Preganglionic neuron, autonomic ganglion, postganglionic neuron
  6. Visceral Effector (smooth/cardiac muscle, glands)
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3
Q

Brain areas that influence the Autonomic nervous system

A

Hypothalamus: major control center, contains nuclei involved in primitive functions.
Also the limbic system, spinal cord

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4
Q

Background rate of activity in PSNS and SNS

A

Autonomic tone: balance between sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone

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5
Q

Origin of SNS in the CNS

A

Thoracic and lumbar nerves, also called the thoracolumbar division

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6
Q

Paravertebral ganglia

A

Longitudinal series of ganglia that lie adjacent to both sides of the vertebral column from cervical to coccygeal level

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7
Q

PSNS Origin in CNS

A

Preganglionic fibers exit brainstem through cranial nerves and exit the spinal cord via spinal sacral nerves
Also called the craniosacral division

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8
Q

Length of Sympathetic pre- and postganglionic axons

A

Short preganglionic fibers, long postganglionic fibers.

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9
Q

Length of Parasympathetic pre- and postganglionic axons

A

Long preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic fibers

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10
Q

Parasympathetic ganglion location

A

Ganglia in or close to the visceral organ served

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11
Q

Sympathetic ganglion location

A

Ganglia close to the CNS

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12
Q

Preganglionic or postganglionic fibers: which is myelinated

A

Preganglionic fibers are lightly myelinated

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13
Q

Difference in branching of preganglionic axons between PSNS and SNS

A

Sympathetic division: Extensive: each preganglionic fiber reaches out to multiple postganglionic neurons (widespread effects)
Parasympathetic division: Selective in stimulation of target organs.

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14
Q

Automatic vs somatic NS differences

A

Somatic: single neuron from CNS, effects skeletal muscle, synapses with a specific target cell

Autonomic: Two neuron chain from CNS, affects smooth/glands/cardiac muscle, postganglionic fibers end in chain of varicosities that stimulate many cells

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15
Q

Three routes that sympathetic fibers can follow

A

Spinal nerve route, sympathetic nerve route, splanchnic nerve route

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16
Q

Spinal nerve route of sympathetic fibers

A

Synapse in the trunk ganglion at the same level

End in the ganglion they enter and synapse immediately with a postganglionic neuron at the same level

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17
Q

Sympathetic nerve route of sympathetic fibers

A

Synapse in the trunk ganglion at a different level (travels up or down)

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18
Q

Splanchnic nerve route

A

Pass through the sympathetic trunk to synapse in a collateral ganglion

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19
Q

Collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia)

A

Sympathetic ganglia which lie between the sympathetic chain and the organ of supply

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20
Q

3 Major collateral ganglia

A

Celiac ganglia, superior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion

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21
Q

Sympathoadrenal system

A

A physiological connection between the SNS and the adrenal medulla

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22
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Considered a sympathetic ganglion. Consists of postganglionic neurons without dendrites or axons

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23
Q

Sympathetic (adrenergic) receptors

A

Receptors that bind NE and EPI: Alpha and beta receptors

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24
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A

Receptors that bind Ach: Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors

25
Q

Excitatory Receptors

A

Alpha-1, Beta-1, Beta-3

26
Q

Inhibitory Receptors

A

Alpha-2, Beta-2

27
Q

Where is odor information sent to in the brain

A

hypothalamus and brainstem.
This triggers autonomic responses in appetite, salivation

28
Q

Granule cells purpose

A

Inhibit mitral and tufted cells: enhancing olfactory discrimination

29
Q

Primary olfactory cortex location and purpose

A

In temporal lobe: receives input from olfactory bulb. Creates conscious perception of odor and relays signals to other parts of the brain

30
Q

Secondary olfactory cortex location and purpose

A

In the orbitofrontal cortex (within the prefrontal cortex above the eyes)
Where we identify and discriminate among odors, integrates odor taste, and vision.

31
Q

Two broad types of nerve endings

A

Unencapsulated and encapsulated

32
Q

Special senses descriptions

A

The 5 senses: confined to the head and have specialized structures. Use specialized receptor cells and therefore use graded changes in potential

33
Q

General senses description

A

Touch, pain, temp. Have sensors all over the body. Use action potential.

34
Q

Types of unencapsulated nerve endings, description

A

Have dendrites with no wrapped connective tissue.
Free nerve endings, tactile discs, hair receptors

35
Q

Channels that cAMP opens in cilia

A

Na+. opening these channels depolarizes the cells.

36
Q

purpose of adenylate cyclase, role in body

A

Converts ATP to cAMP, involved in olfactory transduction

37
Q

Olfactory mucosa description

A

Patch of epithelium in the roof of the nasal cavity in which odorants are detected

38
Q

Which papillae contain the taste buds?

A

Round areas called fungiform papillae

39
Q

Molecules that cause pain signaling

A

Histamine, NGF, bradykinin, prostaglandin, substance P, glutamate

40
Q

Nociplastic pain

A

Pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual tissue damage causing activation of nociceptors. Also no evidence for disease of the system causing the pain

41
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Pain caused by a lesion or a disease of the somatosensory nervous system

42
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

Stems from tissue injury or inflammation

43
Q

Free nerve ending modalities

A

pain, heat, cold

44
Q

Hemidecussation

A

Half of the optic nerve fibers crossing over to the opposite side of the brain within the optic chiasm

45
Q

Pretectal nucleus role

A

Photopupillary and accommodation reflexes

46
Q

Superior colliculus role

A

Controls visual reflexes of the extrinsic eye muscles

47
Q

NS and endocrine system similarities

A

Both serve for internal communication, some chemicals are both hormones and NTs, some hormones and NTs produce the same effects on the same organ.

48
Q

Neuroendocrine cells

A

Act as neurons in many aspects, but release hormones into the blood stream

49
Q

Tactile disc and hair plexus modality of touch

A

Light touch: discrimination of edges, textures, etc.

50
Q

Tactile corpuscle modality of touch

A

Indentation and slipping of objects

51
Q

Types of encapsulated nerve endings

A

Tactile corpuscles, End bulbs, Bulbous corpuscles, lamellar corpuscles

52
Q

Bulbous corpuscle modality of touch

A

Stretch, heavy continuous pressure

53
Q

Lamellar corpuscle modality of touch

A

Vibration

54
Q

Ampulla

A

Bulbous expansion at the base of each semicircular canal.
It houses the sensory epithelium (crista) that contains the hair cells

55
Q

Layers of the eye

A

Fibrous, vascular, and inner(reticular)

56
Q

Fibrous layer of the eye components

A

Sclera (white of the eye) and cornea

57
Q

Vascular layer of the eye components

A

Iris, ciliary body, choroid

58
Q

Inner (or neural) layer of the eye components

A

Retina, optic nerve

Anatomy 1 (4 decks)

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