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Anatomy 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chromatin condenses, chromosomes are formed, centrosomes begin to separate and move towards opposite sides of the cells.

A

Prophase: the first phase of mitosis

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2
Q

Centromere for each chromosome becomes attached to a spindle fiber, chromosomes move to the center of the cell

A

Metaphase: the second phase of mitosis

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3
Q

Centromeres divide so there is one for each chromatid, the chromatids separate from each other, the microtubules separate the centromeres with one chromosome attached to each, away from the center of the cell.

A

Anaphase: third phase of mitosis

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4
Q

Nuclear membrane reforms, the nucleus reforms, the chromosomes unwind and disperse, nucleolus reappears

A

Telophase: 4th and final phase of mitosis

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5
Q

Anatomy vs Physiology

A

Anatomy is the study of form, physiology is the study of function

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6
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds

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7
Q

Percussion

A

Tapping on the body, feeling for abnormal resistance, listening to the emitted sounds

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8
Q

Dissection

A

Cutting apart tissues to reveal relationships

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9
Q

Receptor

A

something that senses change in the body

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10
Q

Integrating center

A

control center that processes sensory information, makes a decision, and directs a response.

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11
Q

Effector

A

Cell that carries out an action to restore homeostasis

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12
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis of energy

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13
Q

Catabolism

A

Use of energy, breaking down

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14
Q

Positive feedback

A

self amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to a greater change in the same direction

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15
Q

negative feedback

A

process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it

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16
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

there is a set point, or an average value of a variable, and conditions fluctuate around this point

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17
Q

carbohydrate structure

A

hydrophilic organic molecules with a 2:1 Hydrogen to oxygen ratio, used as an energy source

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18
Q

lipid structure

A

hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

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19
Q

primary protein structure

A

determined by the amino acid sequence

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20
Q

secondary protein structure

A

determined by beta sheets or alpha helix formation from hydrogen bonding

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21
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

determined by r group interactions

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22
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

determined by subunit interactions

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23
Q

nucleotide structure

A

organic compounds with 3 principal components: nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group

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24
Q

plasma membrane

A

prevents escape of cell contents, regulates the exchange of fluids

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25
Q

microvilli

A

short densely packed hair-like structures, increases absorptive surface area, has widespread sensory roles

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26
Q

cillia

A

moves substances along the cell surface, has widespread sensory roles

27
Q

nucleus

A

genetic control center, directs protein synthesis, shelters the DNA

28
Q

rough ER

A

sheets of membranes lines with ribosomes, manages protein synthesis and manufactures cell membranes

29
Q

smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage

30
Q

ribosomes

A

Interprets the genetic code, synthesis of polypeptides

31
Q

Golgi complex

A

layers of packed cisterns, receives and modifies polypeptides, helps synthesize carbohydrates

32
Q

Lysosomes

A

Round sacs with a single membrane, contains enzymes for digestion, cell death, autophagy

33
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contains enzymes for the detoxification of free radicals, alcohols, oxidizes fatty acids

34
Q

Mitochondria

A

Bean shaped, membranous, synthesizes ATP

35
Q

Centrioles

A

Forms the mitotic spindle during cell division

36
Q

Centrosome

A

Organizing center for the formation of microtubules

37
Q

Basal body

A

Point of growth, origin, and anchorage for cilia and flagella

38
Q

nucleolus

A

small mass within the nucleus, assembles ribosomes

39
Q

Pyrimidines

A

cytosine and thymine, characterized by a single carbon-nitrogen ring

40
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine, characterized by having double rings

41
Q

The structure of DNA

A

double helix, deoxyribose sugar, with a phosphate-sugar backbone. Bases within the helix are held together with hydrogen bonds

42
Q

guanine and cytosine have how many bonds?

A

triple hydrogen bonds

43
Q

adenine and thymine have how many bonds?

A

two hydrogen bonds

44
Q

chromatin

A

fine, filamentous DNA material. Occurs as 46 long filaments known as chromosomes

45
Q

RNA structure

A

composed of A U C G, normally single stranded, normally much smaller than DNA, carries out instructions in DNA and assembles protein

46
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Location: alveoli, kidneys, inner lining of blood vessels

Function: Allows rapid diffusion or transport of substances through membrane

47
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Location: Liver, thyroid, glands, kidney tubules
Function: Absorption and secretion, production of mucous coat

48
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Location: Inner lining of the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterus

Function: Absorption, secretion of mucus, movement of egg and embryo

49
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Appearance: Looks multilayered, some cells do not reach the surface, contains goblet cells

Location: Respiratory tract from nasal cavity to bronchi

Function: secretes and propels mucus

50
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

A

Appearance: Multiple cell layers, surface covered with a layer of dead cells

Locations: Epidermis, palms and soles specifically

Functions: Resists abrasion and penetration

51
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Locations: Sweat gland ducts, follicles of ovaries, sperm producing ducts

Functions: Contributes to sweat secretion, secretes ovarian hormones, produces sperm

52
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

A

Appearance: Multiple cell layers with cells becoming increasingly flat and scaly toward surface

Locations: Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, anal canal, vagina

Function: Resists abrasion and penetration by pathogenic organisms

53
Q

Urothelium (transitional epithelium)

A

Appearance: Similar to stratified squamous, but surface cells are rounded and not flattened, bulge at surface

Locations: Urinary tract, bladder, urethra

Functions: Stretches to allow filling of urinary tract

54
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution; cell gains water

55
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution; Cell loses water

56
Q

Primary active transport

A

Active transport that relies directly on the hydrolysis of ATP and moves up the gradient

57
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Active transport that relies on an established concentration gradient, moves DOWN gradient

58
Q

Pinocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes

59
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

60
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out, covers organs, forms glands, absorption, protection secretion
ex. epidermis liver

61
Q

connective tissue

A

Tissue class that supports and protects organs, binds tissues and organs ex. tendons, ligaments, cartilage

62
Q

muscular tissue

A

Contracts and moves the various parts of the body
Ex: skeletal muscle, heart

63
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

tissue that contains cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes

fibers: collageneous, reticular, elastic

ex. loose/dense connective

Anatomy 1 (4 decks)

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