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Anatomy 1 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory neuron direction, location in SC

A

Afferent neurons that conduct signals from receptors to the CNS. Dorsal area of spinal cord

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2
Q

Motor neuron direction, location in SC

A

Efferent neurons that conduct signals from the CNS to effectors (like muscles). Ventral area of spinal cord

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3
Q

Myelination

A

Mostly lipid based insulation around the axon. Increases conduction velocity

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4
Q

Parts of the trigger zone in neuron

A

The axon hillock and initial segment. Plays an important role in initiating the nerve signal

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5
Q

three functional properties in all neurons

A

excitability, conductivity, secretion

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6
Q

Somatic sensory division

A

Sensory neurons from the skin, muscles, bones, joints

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7
Q

Visceral Sensory division

A

Detects changes in the viscera (organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities)

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8
Q

Somatic motor division

A

Voluntary muscle contractions, motor nerves that innervate skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Visceral motor division

A

Controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands. autonomic NS (mostly autonomous)

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10
Q

PNS structures/descriptions

A

Ganglia: collections of neuron cell bodies. (nuclei equiv.)
Nerves: bundles of axons

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11
Q

CNS structures/descriptions

A

The brain and spinal cord, contains
nuclei: neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS (ganglia equiv.)
tracts: bundles of axons that share a common origin, destination, and function
Columns: several tracts that form a distinct mass

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12
Q

Soma

A

neurons control center, produces neurotransmitters.
Made up of the neurosoma, cell body, perikaryon

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13
Q

retrograde neuron transport

A

Always fast
up the axon toward the soma.
transports recycled materials, pathogens

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14
Q

anterograde neuron transport

A

Fast or slow
down the axon toward the soma.
transports organelles, enzymes, synaptic vesicles, small molecules

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15
Q

Neuroglia

A

Outnumber neurons 10 to 1.
Bind neurons together, cover mature neurons, provide physical and metabolic support to neurons

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16
Q

Olygodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

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17
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line cavities, produce CSF, have cilia to circulate CSF

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18
Q

Astrocytes

A

produce growth factors
form the blood brain barrier
regulate the extracellular environment

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19
Q

Microglial Cells (specialized macrophages)

A

defensive cells, remove damaged neurons and infections

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20
Q

four functions of the spinal cord

A

Conduction, neural integration, locomotion, reflexes

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21
Q

Order of meninges

A

Pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater

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22
Q

Thalamus role

A

sensory relay station

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23
Q

epithalamus function

A

emotions and circadian rhythms

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24
Q

Subthalamus function

A

Motor functions

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25
Q

hypothalamus function

A

major control center of endocrine and autonomic nervous systems

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26
Q

local potential characteristics

A

Ligand gated channels, can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing, graded, reversible, local, decremental

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27
Q

Myelinated axon conduction type/description

A

Saltatory conduction: Action potential occurs only at the nodes, at internodal segments, conduction is extremely fast, appears to jump from node to node.

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28
Q

Nonmyelinated axon conduction type/description

A

Continuous conduction: uninterrupted wave of excitation all along the fiber

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29
Q

Action potential characteristics

A

Voltage gated channels, always depolarizing, all or nothing, irreversible, self-propagating, stays the same strength

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30
Q

Nerve coverings

A

epineurium: around peripheral nerve
perineurium: around individual nerve
endoneurium: around a single axon

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31
Q

grey matter

A

In brain: in the cortex and cerebral nuclei, found in outer layers
In Spinal cord: in the center forming the butterfly shape, subdivided into horns

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32
Q

white matter

A

In brain: Inner layer, myelinated axons, corpus callosum
In spinal cord: outer area, divided into 3 columns (funiculi)

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33
Q

Spinal nerves (top to bottom)

A

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

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34
Q

gyri/sulci

A

Gyri: thick folds
Sulci: shallow grooves between gyri

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35
Q

Midbrain function

A

eye movement, ocular/auditory reflexes

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36
Q

Pons function

A

bridge; relays sensory info between cerebrum and medulla oblongata

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37
Q

medulla oblongata function

A

sends sensory info to the thalamus, regulates visceral functions (breathing, cardiac functions)

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38
Q

Thalamus function

A

sensory relay station

39
Q

epithalamus function

A

emotions and circadian rhythms

40
Q

hypothalamus function

A

major control center of the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system

41
Q

Choroid plexus

A

specialized ependymal cells that produce the CSF in the CNS, filling ventricles

42
Q

SERT

A

serotonin transporter

43
Q

VMAT

A

vesicular monoamine transporter

44
Q

SNAPs/VAMPs

A

synaptosome and vesicle associated proteins, involved in release of norepinephrine

45
Q

GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid: INHIBITORY amino acid type Neurotransmitter

46
Q

two major enzymes responsible for catabolism in the brain

A

catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase A (MAOa)

47
Q

neurotransmitter associated with Parkinson’s disease and how

A

Dopamine. Neurons of the substantia nigra communicate with the basal ganglia and are reponsible for voluntary movement. in PD these degenerate

48
Q

Monoamine hypothesis of depression

A

Deficiency of monoamines such as serotonin and noradrenaline

49
Q

Theory of schizophrenia cause

A

Mesolimbic hypothesis: abnormal functioning of midbrain dopamine projections to limbic regions causes psychotic symptoms

50
Q

current treatment for schizophrenia

A

D2 receptor antagonist, inhibits mesolimbic pathway

51
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter associated with epilepsy, cause of seizures

A

glutamate(excitatory) and GABA(inhibitory). seizures may be caused by an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neutrotransmitters

52
Q

Drugs that treat alzheimers

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

53
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

The process of the brain changing at the synaptic level

54
Q

Characteristics of Neuroplastic short term changes

A

neurotransmitters are released more / new receptors activated / existing receptors modified

55
Q

neuroplastic long term changes, types and characteristic

A

Structural: growth of new dendritic spines and synaptic connections, changes in cortical area
Functional: Neurons may adopt a new function after sufficient stimulation (like a stroke)

56
Q

Two forms of long term memory and description

A

Explicit: conscious recollection of facts: can be semantic or episodic
Implicit: subconscious of learning, develop with practice over time (memory of HOW to do things)

57
Q

Semantic vs episodic memory

A

semantic: general knowledge or facts
episodic: personal experiences

58
Q

Olfactory cranial nerve function

A

Smell

59
Q

Optic cranial nerve function

A

Vision

60
Q

Oculomotor cranial nerve function

A

Controls eye movements, eye reflexes

61
Q

Trochlear cranial nerve function

A

Eye movements

62
Q

Trigeminal cranial nerve function

A

Largest motor nerve, helps process sensory information

63
Q

Abducens cranial nerve function

A

Helps control eye movements

64
Q

Facial cranial nerve function

A

Motor nerves for facial movements, sensory nerves for taste

65
Q

Vestibulocochlear cranial nerve function

A

Hearing and balance

66
Q

Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve function

A

Sensory: tongue movement, taste
Motor: throat movement, swallowing

67
Q

Vagus cranial nerve function

A

Most widely distributed nerve, has roles in many organ systems

68
Q

Accessory cranial nerve function

A

Neck and shoulder movements, swallowing

69
Q

Hypoglossal cranial nerve function

A

Moves tongue

70
Q

Limbic system function and parts

A

Center of emotions and learning
Amygdala, hippocampus, mammillary body

71
Q

Order of gross structures in lumbar spinal region

A

Conus medullaris, cauda equina, filum terminale

72
Q

Where do 1st and 2nd order neurons meet

A

substantia gelatinosa: synapse at the tip of the dorsal horn

73
Q

Where do 2nd and 3rd order neurons meet

A

In the thalamus

74
Q

Nerve plexus definition, spinal nerve region which does not form plexuses

A

A branching network of intersecting nerves.
The thoracic nerves past the 1st pair do not form plexuses

75
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

5 nerve roots from lower lumbar and upper sacral spine

76
Q

Frontal Lobe functions

A

Planning judgement, speech production, voluntary motor control

77
Q

Parietal Lobe functions

A

Integrates the general senses and taste information

78
Q

Occipital Lobe functions

A

Visual center

79
Q

Temporal Lobe Functions

A

Hearing, smell, memory, language comprehension

80
Q

Wernicke’s area location and function

A

In temporal lobe, helps with language comprehension

81
Q

Broca’s area location and function

A

In Frontal lobe, speech production area

82
Q

Association tracts in the brain function

A

Intrahemispheric tracts, connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere.
Long fibers connect lobes, short fibers connect gyri within a lobe

83
Q

Projection tracts in the brain function

A

Extend vertically between higher and lower brain/SC centers
(ex. corticospinal tract)

84
Q

Commissural tracts function

A

Cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other through bridges called commissures

85
Q

Spinothalamic/anterolateral system tracts and description

A

Lateral: temperature and pain
Anterior: crude touch and pressure

86
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts description

A

Unconscious sensation: two neurons
Proprioceptive input from body: controls posture and movement coordination

87
Q

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) pathway description and parts

A

Fasciculus cuneatus: upper limb and chest
Fasciculus gracilis: lower limbs and trunk
Responsible for fine touch and proprioception

88
Q

Corticobulbar tract areas

A

conscious control of head and neck
(pyramidal tract)

89
Q

Corticospinal tract areas

A

conscious control of limbs and trunk
(pyramidal tract)

90
Q

vestibulospinal tract purpose

A

maintains balance

91
Q

Reticulospinal tract purpose

A

Involved in transmission of pain signals

92
Q

tectospinal tract purpose

A

Head turning reflex in response to stimuli

93
Q

Rubrospinal tract purpose

A

Regulation of muscle tone

Anatomy 1 (4 decks)

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