Exam 2

Question 1

Tight Junction

Answer 1

Completely circles an epithelial cell near the apical surface, joins it tightly to neighboring cells. Ensure that nutrients pass through the cells rather than between them

Question 2

Desmosomes

Answer 2

Patch that holes cells together. Not continuous, cannot prevent substances from passing around them

Question 3

Gap junctions

Answer 3

Formed by six transmembrane proteins arranged in a ring, surrounding a water filled channel. Small solutes can pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell into the next through the channel.

Question 4

Secretions vs excretions

Answer 4

secretions are useful to the body, excretions are waste products

Question 5

Exocrine glands

Answer 5

Maintain their contact with the surface using a duct

Question 6

endocrine glands

Answer 6

no contact with surface and have no duct. high density of blood capillaries and secrete products directly into the blood

Question 7

Simple vs compound glands

Answer 7

Simple: one unbranched duct
Compound: if they have a branched duct

Question 8

Tubular, acinar, and tubuloacinar glands

Answer 8

Tubular ducts have a duct of uniform diameter. Acinar ducts form a dilated sac (acinus/alveolus). Tubuloacinar glands contain both

Question 9

Serous glands versus mucous glands

Answer 9

Serous glands produce thin, water fluid. Mucous glands form a glycoprotein called mucin, which absorbs water and forms mucus.

Question 10

Eccrine/merocrine secretion

Answer 10

Release their products through exocytosis

Question 11

Apocrine vs eccrine sweat glands

Answer 11

Apocrine sweat glands open into the hair follicle, while eccrine sweat glands open directly onto the skins surface.

Question 12

holocrine glands

Answer 12

Accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates, becoming the secretion rather than releasing it

Question 13

Layers of the epidermis (top to bottom)

Answer 13

Corneum - lucidum (only in thick skin) - granulosum - spinosum - basale

Question 14

Functions of the skeleton

Answer 14

Support, protection, movement, acid-base balance, electrolyte balance, blood formation

Question 15

Periosteum

Answer 15

The outer sheath of a bone

Question 16

Immovable joint (bony)

Answer 16

synostosis (fusion of two bones such as epiphyseal plate)

Question 17

Mostly immovable joint (fibrous)

Answer 17

Synarthrosis (bones in close contact, such as in the skull, teeth, distal ends of tibia and fibula)

Question 18

Types of synarthrosis (fibrous)

Answer 18

Syndesmosis (distal ends of tibia and fibula) suture (skull) and gomphosis (teeth)

Question 19

Slightly movable joints (cartilaginous)

Answer 19

Synchondrosis (hyaline) and symphysis (fibrocartilage)

Question 20

Synchondrosis in the body (hyaline cartilage)

Answer 20

rib to sternum articulation

Question 21

Symphysis within the body (fibrocartilage)

Answer 21

intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis

Question 22

Synovial Joints (freely movable, diarthrosis)

Answer 22

Most complex, has ends of the bones capped by hyaline cartilage, have a joint capsule with outer layer of dense connective. Inner layer of loose connective called the synovial membrane. Joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid which acts as lubricant

Question 23

orbicularis oculi

Answer 23

origin: maxilla, frontal (orbit)
insertion: around eye
action: blinking

Question 24

orbicularis oris

Answer 24

origin: maxilla, mandible
insertion: lips
action: closes lips

Question 25

sternocleidomastoid

Answer 25

origin: sternum, clavicle
insertion: temporal, occipital
action: flexes neck, rotates head, elevates sternum

Question 26

mechanical advantage

Answer 26

ratio of output force to input force (length of effort arm / length of resistance arm). If greater than 1, the lever produces more force, but less speed or distance

Question 27

Ball and socket joints

Answer 27

Shoulder and hip joints, multiaxial, smooth head that fits into a socket

Question 28

condylar (ellipsoid) joints

Answer 28

Oval convex surface on one bond that fits into a depression on the other. Ex. radiocarpal joint and joints at the bases of fingers. movement in two planes

Question 29

Saddle joints

Answer 29

Both joints have a saddle shaped surface, concave and convex. Ex. joint between the trapezium of the wrist and the base of the thumb. Biaxial (movement in two planes)

Question 30

Plane (gliding) joints

Answer 30

Bones are flat or only slightly concave to each other. Bones slide over each other and have very limited movement. Ex. between carpal bones of the wrist. Usually biaxial

Question 31

hinge joints

Answer 31

Like a door hinge, one bone has a convex surface that fits into a concave depression. Ex. finger and toe joints, elbow, knee. Monoaxial movement

Question 32

triads of a muscle fiber

Answer 32

two terminal cisterns and one T tubule

Question 33

What marks the boundaries of a sarcomere

Answer 33

Z discs