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Intro To Psychology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives

A

abnormal behavior

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2
Q

assumes that physiological causes are at the root of psychological disorders

A

medical perspective

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3
Q

argues that psychological disorders stem from childhood conflicts

A

psychoanalytic perspective

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4
Q

assumes that abnormal behaviors are learned responses

A

behavioral perspective

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5
Q

definitions of abnormal behavior

A
  • deviation from the average
  • deviation from the ideal
  • sense of personal discomfort
  • inability to function effectively
  • a legal concept: insanity
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6
Q

assumes that cognitions (people’s thoughts and beliefs) are central to psychological disorders

A

cognitive perspective

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7
Q

emphasizes people’s responsibility for their own behavior and the need to self-actualize

A

humanistic perspective

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8
Q

assumes that behavior is shaped by family, society, and culture

A

sociocultural perspective

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9
Q

a system devised by the American psychiatric association, used by most professionals to diagnose and classify abnormal behavior

A

DSM-5 (The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition)

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10
Q

the occurrence of anxiety without an obvious external cause, affecting daily functioning

A

anxiety disorder

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11
Q

an intense irrational fear of specific objects or situations

A

phobia

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12
Q

anxiety disorder that takes the form of panic attacks lasting from a few seconds to as long as several hours

A

panic disorder

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13
Q

symptoms may include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, sweating, faintness and dizziness, gastric sensations, and sometimes a sense of imminent death

A

panic attacks

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14
Q

experience of long-term persistent anxiety and worry

A

generalized anxiety disorder

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15
Q

characterized by obsessions or compulsions

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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16
Q

What are the causes of anxiety disorders?

A
  • genetics
  • certain chemical deficiencies in the brain
  • a learned response to stress
  • cognitive approach: inappropriate and inaccurate thoughts and beliefs about the world
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17
Q

psychological difficulties that take on a physical (somatic) form, but for which there is no medical cause

A

somatic symptom disorders

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18
Q

somatic symptom disorder in which individuals have constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health

A

illness anxiety disorder

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19
Q

completely psychological and there is no biological reason for the problem

A

conversion disorder

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20
Q

rare psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person’s personality that are normally integrated

A

dissociative disorder

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21
Q

persistent unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring

A

obsession

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22
Q

an irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some behavior that seems strange and unreasonable

A

compulsion

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23
Q

a disorder in which a person displays characteristics (features) of two or more distinct personalities, once called multiple personality disorder

A

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

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24
Q

a disorder in which a significant, selective memory loss occurs

A

dissociative amnesia

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25
Q

a form of amnesia in which the individual leaves home and sometimes assume a new identity

A

dissociative fugue

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26
Q

what are the causes of dissociative disorders

A

dissociating key parts of who they are can help people keep disturbing memories or perceptions from reaching conscious awareness; this reduces anxiety

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27
Q

a disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to interfere with everyday living

A

mood disoders

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28
Q

a severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability

A

major depressive disorder

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29
Q

How many Americans suffer with major depression

A

15 million

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30
Q

How is major depression different from normal occasional depression?

A

more intense, lasts longer, and may have no clear trigger

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31
Q

an extended state of intense, wild elation

A

mania

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32
Q

a disorder in which a person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression

A

bipolar disorder

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33
Q

what are the causes of mood disorders?

A
  • neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine
  • genetic factors
  • feelings of loss or anger directed at oneself
  • stresses of life reduce positive reinforcers, so people withdraw
  • learned helplessness
  • view self as losers; self blame, negative focus
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34
Q

a learned explanation that events in one’s life are uncontrollable, and one cannot escape from the situation

A

learned helplessness

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35
Q

a class of disorders in which a severe distortion of reality occurs

A

schizophrenia

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36
Q

Characteristics of schizophrenia

A
  • decline from a previous level of functioning
  • disturbances of thought and language
  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • emotional disturbances
  • withdrawal
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37
Q

firmly held, unshakable beliefs with no basis in reality

A

delusions

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38
Q

perceiving things that do not actually exist

A

hallucinations

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39
Q

schizophrenia occurs when there is excess activity in the areas of the brain that use the neurotransmitter dopamine

A

dopamine hypothesis

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40
Q

what are the environmental causes of schizophrenia

A
  • high levels of expressed emotion
  • family communication patterns
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41
Q

individuals may inherit a predisposition to develop schizo

A

predisposition model of schizo

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42
Q

disorder characterized by a set of inflexible maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society

A

personality disorder

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43
Q

individuals show no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others (sociopathic personality)

A

antisocial personality disorder

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44
Q

what are the possible causes of antisocial personality disorder

A
  • inability to experience emotions appropriately
  • problems in familiy relationships
  • sociocultural factors
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45
Q

individuals have difficulty developing a secure sense of who they are; rely on relationships with others to define their identity

A

borderline personality disorder

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46
Q

-an exaggerated sense of self-importance
- expect special treatment from others, but disregard others feeling altogether
- no empathy for others
- manipulative

A

narcissistic personality disorder

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47
Q

what percentage of children suffer from depression?

A

2.5%

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48
Q

what percentage of adolescents suffer from depression?

A

8%

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49
Q

What are some symptoms of depression?

A
  • exaggerated fears
  • clinginess
    -avoidance of everyday activities
    -delinquency
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50
Q

inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and a great deal of inappropriate activity

A

Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD)

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51
Q

a severe developmental disability that impairs children’s ability to communicate and relate to others

A

autism spectrum disorder

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52
Q

what is the most common disorder among adults in the united states?

A

depression

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53
Q

treatment in which a trained professional uses psychological techniques to help a person overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring about personal growth

A

psychotherapy

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54
Q

therapy that relies on drugs and other medical procedures to improve psychological functioning

A

biomedical therapy

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55
Q

seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively

A

psychodynamic therapy

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56
Q

Freudian psychotherapy in which the goal is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior

A

psychoanalysis

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57
Q

what are the three types of psychodynamic therapy?

A
  • free association
  • dream interpretation
  • transference
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58
Q

patient says aloud whatever comes to mind; analyst connects this to the unconscious

A

free association

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59
Q

examining dreams for clues to the unconscious

A

dream interpretation

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60
Q

the transfer of feelings to a psychoanalyst of love or anger that had been originally directed to a patient’s parents or other authority figures

A

transference

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61
Q

treatment approaches that build on the basic processes of learning; assumes both normal and abnormal behavior are learned

A

behavioral treatment approaches

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62
Q

reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing aversive, unpleasant stimulus with that undesired behavior

A

aversive conditioning

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63
Q

a behavioral therapy technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety

A

systematic desensitization

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64
Q

a list of the things you associate with your fears, in order of increasing severity

A

hierarchy of fears

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65
Q

treatment for anxiety in which people are confronted, either suddenly or gradually, with a stim that they fear, but relaxation training is omitted

A

exposure

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66
Q

a behavioral treatment for anxiety in which people are confronted either suddenly or gradually with a situation they fear

A

flooding

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67
Q

treatment based on reward and punishment

A

operant conditioning techniques

68
Q

rewards an individual’s target behavior with a sort of token such as a sticker, marble, money, etc

A

token system

69
Q

contract is created between counselor and client or counselor, parents, and client. contract includes behavioral goals that are desired and the consequences for meeting them or not meeting them

A

contingency contract

70
Q

teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and themselves

A

cognitive treatment approaches

71
Q

incorporates basic principles of learning to changing the way people think

A

cognitive-behavioral approaches

72
Q

attempts to restructure a person’s belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views by challenging dysfunctional beliefs that maintain irrational behavior

A

rational-emotive behavior therapy

73
Q

also aims to change people’s illogical thoughts about themselves and the world, but is less confrontational that REBT

A

cognitive therapy

74
Q

underlying rationale is that people have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives, and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems; emphasizes self-responsibility

A

humanistic approach

75
Q

goal is to reach one’s potential for self-actualization

A

person centered therapy (aka: client-centered therapy)

76
Q
  • expressing acceptance and understanding, regardless of the feelings and attitudes the client expresses
  • does not mean therapist shows approval of everything the client says or does, just that the therapist is nonjudgmental and empathetic
A

unconditional positive regard

77
Q

short-term therapy that focuses on the context of current social relationships, such as conflicts with others, social skills issues, role transitions, or grief

A

interpersonal therapy (IPT)

78
Q

What are the 3 stages of interpersonal therapy?

A

1: Assessment
2: implementation
3: Maintenance

79
Q

people meet with a therapist to discuss problems with a group

A

group therapy

80
Q

focuses on the family (as a unit) and its dynamics

A

family therapy

81
Q

people with similar problems get together to discuss their shared feelings and experiences

A

self-help therapy

82
Q

is there a single form of therapy that works best for every problem

A

no

83
Q

What basic elements do most therapies share?

A
  • positive relationship with therapist
  • explanation of client’s symptoms
  • confrontation of negative emotions
84
Q

recovery without treatment

A

spontaneous remission

85
Q

control of psychological disorders using drugs

A

drug therapy

86
Q

temporarily reduce psychotic symptoms such as agitation, hallucinations, and delusions (which may be present in schizo)

A

antipsychotic drugs

87
Q

fewer side effects

A

atypical antipsychotics

88
Q

how do most antipsychotics work?

A

by blocking dopamine receptors at the brains synapses

89
Q

medications used for severe depression to improve the patients mood; sometimes used for anxiety disorders and bulimia

A

antidepressant drugs

90
Q

increase norepinephrine at the synapse in the brain

A

tricyclic drugs

91
Q

prevent monoamine oxidase (enzyme) from breaking down neurotransmitters

A

MAO inhibitors

92
Q

increase serotonin at the synapses in the brain

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

93
Q

used to treat mood disorders; prevent manic episodes of bipolar disorder

A

mood stabilizers

94
Q

reduce the level of anxiety a person experiences, essentially by reducing excitability and increasing feelings of well-being

A

antianxiety drugs

95
Q

a procedure used in the treatment of severe depression; an electric current of 70-150 volts is briefly administered to a patients head

A

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

96
Q

an alternative to ECT; a precise magnetic pulse is directed to a specific area of the brain

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

97
Q

specific genes introduced to particular regions of the brain may then reverse or prevent biochemical events that lead to disorders

A

gene therapy

98
Q

real-time brain scans showing activity as emotion-laden memories are recalled

A

brain-scan neurofeedback

99
Q

evaluations of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept

A

attitude

100
Q

what factors does attitude change depend on?

A
  • message source
  • characteristics of the message
  • characteristics of the target
101
Q

message interpretation characterized by thoughtful consideration of the issues and arguments used to persuade (content of message)

A

central route processing

102
Q

message interpretation characterized by consideration of the source and related general information rather than of the message (how message is provided)

A

peripheral route processing

103
Q

the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts

A

cognitive dissonance

104
Q

the cognitive processes by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves

A

social cognition

105
Q

set of cognitions about people and social experiences

A

schemas

106
Q

how we organize information about another person to form an overall impression of that person

A

impression formation

107
Q

the major traits considered in forming impressions of others

A

central traits

108
Q

seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individuals behavior, what the specific causes of that person’s behavior are

A

attribution theory

109
Q

perceived causes of behavior that are based on environmental factors

A

situational causes

110
Q

perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors

A

dispositional causes

111
Q

an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics

A

the halo effects

112
Q

the tendency to think of people as being like oneself, even when meeting them for the first time

A

assumed-similarity bias

113
Q

tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors (skill, ability, or effort), and to attribute failure to factors outside of oneself

A

self-serving bias

114
Q

a tendency to over-attribute others’ behavior to dispositional causes and the corresponding minimization of the importance of the situational causes; prevalent in western cultures

A

fundamental attribution error

115
Q

the process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others

A

social influence

116
Q

a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people; comes from subtle, sometimes even unspoken, social pressure

A

conformity

117
Q

participants conformed in about 1/3 of the trials; conformity higher when people must respond publicly, lower when at least one other person dissents from the group

A

solomon asch experiments

118
Q

the behaviors that are associated with people in a given position

A

social roles

119
Q

conforming to a social role can have powerful consequences on the behavior of anyone

A

Philip Zimbardo “prison” study implications

120
Q

behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure

A

compliance

121
Q

people are more likely to agree to a more important request if they have first agreed to a smaller one

A

foot-in-the-door technique

122
Q

making a large request, expecting it to be refused, then following with a smaller one, which is the targeted response

A

door-in-the-face technique

123
Q

immediately after an initial offer at an inflated price, you are offered an incentive to clinch the deal

A

that not all technique

124
Q

you feel the need to reciprocate when given a free sample, so you are more likely to buy the product (based on norm of reprocity)

A

not so free sample

125
Q

a change in behavior in response to the commands of others (people in power/authority figures)

A

obedience

126
Q

65% of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator (450 volts); participants said they obeyed mostly because they believed the experimenter would be responsible for any potential harm to the learner

A

stanley milgram experiments

127
Q

a set of genralized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members

A

stereotype

128
Q

a negative or positive evaluation of a particular group and its members attitudes

A

prejudice

129
Q

the behavior of parents, other adults, and peers shapes children’s feelings about members of various groups; prejudice is learned through imitation and reward and punishment

A

observational learning approaches to prejudice

130
Q

people tend to be ethnocentric, viewing the world from their own perspective and judging others in terms of their group membership

A

social identity theory

131
Q

behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group

A

discrimination

132
Q

positive feelings for others; liking and loving

A

interpersonal attraction (close relationships)

133
Q

what are the factors in attraction?

A

proximity
mere exposure
similarity
physical attractiveness

134
Q

geographic closeness leads to liking

A

proximity

135
Q

repeated exposure to any stimulus usually makes you like it more; if negative initial interaction, dislike will intensify

A

mere exposure

136
Q

increases liking because we assume that people with similar attitudes will evaluate us positively, which promotes our attraction to the person because of the reciprocity of liking effect

A

similarity

137
Q

all else being equal, physically attractive people are more popular than physically unattractive people

A

physical attractiveness

138
Q

a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another

A

passionate (romantic) love

139
Q

the strong affection we have for those whom our lives are deeply involved in

A

compassionate love

140
Q

what does sternberg’s love consist of

A

decision/commitment
an intimacy component
passion component

141
Q

the intentional injury of, or harm to, another person

A

aggression

142
Q

aggression is the outcome of innate urges

A

instinct approaches

143
Q

the process of discharging built-up aggressive energy

A

catharsis

144
Q

frustration produces anger, which leads to a readiness to act aggressively

A

frustration-aggression approaches

145
Q

social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive

A

observational learning approaches to aggression and prosocial behavior

146
Q

helping behavior

A

prosocial behavior

147
Q

tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared, or diffused, among those present

A

diffusion of responsibility

148
Q

a person, event, or situation that may require help

A

noticing

149
Q

the event as one that requires help

A

interpreting

150
Q

helping behavior that is beneficial to others but clearly requires self-sacrifice

A

altruism

151
Q

what are the four basic steps in deciding to help?

A
  • noticing
  • interpreting
  • assuming responsibility
  • deciding and implementing help
152
Q

a persons response to events that are threatening or challenging

A

stress

153
Q

circumstances or events that produce threats to our well being

A

stressors

154
Q

strong stressors that occur suddenly, affecting many people at once (ex: natural disasters)

A

cataclysmic events

155
Q

major life events such as the death of a family member that have immediate neg consequences that generally fade with time

A

personal stressors

156
Q

everyday annoyances that cause minor irritations and may have long-term ill effects if they continue or are compounded by other stressful events

A

background stressors

157
Q

medical problems influenced by and interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties

A

psychophysiological disorders

158
Q

efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress

A

coping

159
Q

trying to manage your emotions in the face of stress

A

emotion-focused coping

160
Q

trying to modify the stressful problem or source of stress

A

problem-focused coping

161
Q

trying to use escape routes, such as wishful thinking, drug or alcohol use, or overeating; is often ineffective and can make the problem worse

A

avoidant coping

162
Q

a learned conviction that aversive stimuli cannot be controlled - and thus ceasing to try to remedy aversive circumstances

A

learned helplessness

163
Q

the ability to withstand, overcome, and actually thrive after profound adversity

A

resilience

164
Q

a mutual network of caring, interested others

A

social support

165
Q

expectations about the occurrence of a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood the event or behavior will occur

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

Intro To Psychology (4 decks)

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