Exam 3

Question 1

The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned

Answer 2

instincts

Question 3

The view that people and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential to their survival

Answer 3

instinct approaches to motivation

Question 4

how is sexual behavior an instinct?

Answer 4

There is an innate biological instinct to reproduce

Question 5

Theories suggesting that a lack of a basic biological requirement such as water produces a drive to obtain that requirement (in this case, the thirst drive)

Answer 5

drive-reduction approaches to motivation

Question 6

Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need

Answer 6

drive

Question 7

what are some examples of basic drives?

Answer 7

• Hunger
• Thirst
• Sleep
• Sex

Question 8

what is a primary drive?

Answer 8

fulfills a basic need

Question 9

what is as secondary drive?

Answer 9

prior experiences and learning bring about needs

Question 10

The body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state

Answer 10

homeostasis

Question 11

What functions operate via homeostasis?

Answer 11

needs for food, water, stable body temp, and sleep

Question 12

The belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary

Answer 12

arousal approaches to motivation

Question 13

Theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives

Answer 13

incentive approaches to motivation

Question 14

Theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts and expectations—their cognitions

Answer 14

cognitive approaches to motivation

Question 15

causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather an for any concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us

Answer 15

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 16

causes us to do something for money, grade, or some other concrete, tangible reward

Answer 16

extrinsic motivation

Question 17

Who devised a model of motivation?

Answer 17

Maslow

Question 18

places motivational needs in a hierarchy and suggests that before more sophisticated, higher order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied

Answer 18

Maslow’s Model

Question 19

These kinds of needs include the need to obtain and give affection and to be a contributing member of some group or society

Answer 19

love and belongingness needs

Question 20

The recognition that others value your competence and worth, and they admire you for your qualities

Answer 20

esteem

Question 21

What are the five sets of needs in order?

Answer 21

• Physiological
• safety
• love and belongingness
• esteem
• self actualization

Question 22

A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in their own unique way

Answer 22

self- actualization

Question 23

Who created the self-determination theory?

Answer 23

ryan and deci

Question 24

What are the three basics of the self determination theory?

Answer 24

• competence
• autonomy
• relatedness

Question 25

the need to produce desirable outcomes

Answer 25

competence

Question 26

the perception that we have control over our own lives

Answer 26

autonomy

Question 27

the need to be involved with close, warm relationships with other

Answer 27

relatedness

Question 28

how many people in the united states are overweight?

Answer 28

200 million

Question 29

how much of the US population is obese?

Answer 29

more than 1/3

Question 30

Body weight that is more than 20 percent above the average weight for a person of a particular height

Answer 30

obesity

Question 31

how many people around the globe are overweight or obese?

Answer 31

a billion people

Question 32

what kind of BMI is considered obese?

Answer 32

> 30

Question 33

The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain

Answer 33

weight set point

Question 34

The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body

Answer 34

metabolism

Question 35

this says that the presence of too many fat cells from earlier weight gain may result in the set point’s becoming stuck at a higher level than is desirable

Answer 35

weight-set-point hypothesis

Question 36

A severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance—which can become skeleton-like—are unusual

Answer 36

anorexia nervosa

Question 37

A disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to purge the food through vomiting or other means

Answer 37

bulimia

Question 38

involved in signaling when we should stop eating

Answer 38

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 39

Male sex hormones secreted by the testes

Answer 39

androgens

Question 40

A female sex hormone secreted by the ovaries

Answer 40

progesterone

Question 41

what are the two female sex hormones?

Answer 41

estrogen and progesterone

Question 42

The point at which an egg is released from the ovaries

Answer 42

ovulation

Question 43

The view that premarital sex is permissible for males but not for females

Answer 43

double standard

Question 44

A stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence

Answer 44

need for achievement

Question 45

A test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a story

Answer 45

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 46

An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people

Answer 46

need for affiliation

Question 47

A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual

Answer 47

need for power

Question 48

Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior

Answer 48

emotions

Question 49

basic emotions

Answer 49

happiness, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust

Question 50

Who were the first researchers to explore the nature of emotions?

Answer 50

James and Lange

Question 51

gut reaction to emotion

Answer 51

visceral experience

Question 52

The belief that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation (“I feel sad because I am crying”)

Answer 52

James-Lange theory of emotion

Question 53

The belief that both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus

Answer 53

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Question 54

The belief that emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues

Answer 54

Schacter-Singer theory of emotion

Question 55

Activation of a set of nerve impulses that make the face display the appropriate expression

Answer 55

facial-affect program

Question 56

The hypothesis that facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience but also help determine how people experience and label emotions

Answer 56

facial-feedback hypothesis

Question 57

positive emotions

Answer 57

love and joy

Question 58

negative emotions

Answer 58

anger, sadness, fear, disgust

Question 59

The branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life

Answer 59

developmental psychology

Question 60

influence of parents, siblings, family, schooling, nutrition

Answer 60

environmental causes of behavior

Question 61

causes based on an individuals genetic makeup that influences growth and development throughout life

Answer 61

hereditary causes

Question 62

The issue of the degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior

Answer 62

nature-nurture issue

Question 63

the unfolding of biologically predetermined patterns of behavior

Answer 63

maturation

Question 64

Twins who are exactly the same genetically; allows us to see the importance of hereditary

Answer 64

identical twins

Question 65

A research method that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

Answer 65

cross-sectional research

Question 66

a group of people who grow up at similar times, in similar places, and in similar conditions

Answer 66

cohort

Question 67

A research method that investigates behavior as participants age

Answer 67

longitudinal research

Question 68

what is the difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional research?

Answer 68

Longitudinal assess change in behavior over time, whereas cross-sectional assess differences among groups of people

Question 69

A research method that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research by considering a number of different age groups and examining them at several points in time

Answer 69

sequential research

Question 70

Rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information

Answer 70

chromosomes

Question 71

how many pairs of chromosomes are there?

Answer 71

23

Question 72

The parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted

Answer 72

genes

Question 73

how many different genes do humans have?

Answer 73

20,000 - 25,000

Question 74

The new cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm

Answer 74

zygote

Question 75

first two weeks after conception

Answer 75

germinal period

Question 76

this developmental period lasts from week 2 to week 8

Answer 76

embryonic period

Question 77

A developed zygote that has a primitive heart, a brain, and other organs

Answer 77

embryo

Question 78

developmental period from week 8 until birth

Answer 78

fetal period

Question 79

A developing individual, from eight weeks after conception until birth

Answer 79

fetus

Question 80

The point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely

Answer 80

age of viability

Question 81

around what time in a pregnancy is the age of viability?

Answer 81

22 weeks

Question 82

the time when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli

Answer 82

sensitive or critical periods

Question 83

a child born with this inherited disease cannot produce an enzyme required for normal development. If untreated, this disease can cause profound intellectual disabilities

Answer 83

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 84

this disease causes abnormally shaped red blood cells and is more common in the African American population

Answer 84

sickle-cell anemia

Question 85

this disease is characterized by the inability to break down fat and is more commonly found in Jews of Eastern European Ancestry

Answer 85

Tay-Sachs disease

Question 86

this is characterized by an extra chromosome at development and results in severe mental disabilities

Answer 86

down syndrome

Question 87

Environmental agents such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produce a birth defect

Answer 87

teratogens

Question 88

what are the major prenatal environmental influences on the fetus?

Answer 88

mothers
- nutrition
-illness
-drug use
-alcohol use
-nicotine use

Question 89

What are the effects of fetal alcohol syndrome disorder (FASD)?

Answer 89

-below-average intelligence
-growth delays
-facial deformities

Question 90

newborn child

Answer 90

neonate

Question 91

a white, greasy covering for protection before birth

Answer 91

vernix

Question 92

a soft fuzz over the entire newborns body for protection

Answer 92

lanugo

Question 93

An automatic, involuntary response to an incoming stimulus

Answer 93

reflex

Question 94

this reflex causes a neonate to turn their head toward things that touch their cheek

Answer 94

rooting reflex

Question 95

prompts infants to suck at things that touch their lips

Answer 95

sucking reflex

Question 96

reflex to clear the throat

Answer 96

gag reflex

Question 97

a series of movements in which an infant flings out the arms, fans the fingers, and arches the back in response to a sudden noise

Answer 97

startle reflex

Question 98

a baby’s toes fan out when the outer edge of the sole of the foot is stroked

Answer 98

Babinski reflex

Question 99

what are the basic reflexes?

Answer 99

-rooting
-sucking
- gag
- startle
- Babinski

Question 100

The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual

Answer 100

attachment

Question 101

Who studied attachment?

Answer 101

Harry Harlow

Question 102

a sequence of events involving a child and typically his or her mother

Answer 102

Ainsworth strange situation

Question 103

In what percentage of families with children does the father stay home to care for preschoolers?

Answer 103

13%

Question 104

a chemical imbalance in hypothalamus or pituitary gland; differences in how the brain processes info about food

Answer 104

biological causes of eating disorder

Question 105

society values slenderness and obesity is undesirable; overly demanding parents or other family problems

Answer 105

social causes of eating disorders

Question 106

How much does an infant develop in one year?

Answer 106

they triple their birth weight and their height increases by 50%

Question 107

nature of attachment is similar to mother’s but engage in more physical activities, less verbal

Answer 107

father’s role

Question 108

how man children worldwide are malnourished?

Answer 108

1/4 of children under 5

Question 109

what percentage of children with working mothers spend their days in child care?

Answer 109

30%

Question 110

Parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children

Answer 110

authoritarian parents

Question 111

Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although warm, require little of them

Answer 111

permissive parents

Question 112

Parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them

Answer 112

authoritative parents

Question 113

Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached

Answer 113

uninvolved parents

Question 114

what are the four types of child rearing styles?

Answer 114

• authoritarian
• permissive
• authoritative
• uninvolved

Question 115

The basic, innate disposition that emerges early in life

Answer 115

temperment

Question 116

change in our interactions and understanding of each other and our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society; passing through each stage necessitates resolution of a crisis or conflict

Answer 116

Eriksons theory of psychosocial development

Question 117

Development of individuals’ interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society

Answer 117

psychological development

Question 118

According to Erik Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to age 1½ years, during which time infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust

Answer 118

trust-versus-mistrust stage

Question 119

The period which, according to Erik Erikson, toddlers (ages 1½ to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected

Answer 119

autonomy versus shame and doubt stage

Question 120

According to Erik Erikson, the period during which children ages 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action

Answer 120

initiative versus guilt stage

Question 121

According to Erik Erikson, the last stage of childhood, during which children ages 6 to 12 years may develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less sociable

Answer 121

industry versus inferiority stagee

Question 122

The process by which a child’s understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience

Answer 122

cognitive development

Question 123

suggested that children around the world proceed through a series of four stages in a fixed order; quantity of info and quality of knowledge

Answer 123

Piaget

Question 124

What are the four stages of Piaget’s theory of devlopment?

Answer 124

• sensorimotor
• preoperational
• concrete operational
• formal operational

Question 125

According to Jean Piaget, the stage from birth to 2 years, during which a child has little competence in representing the environment by using images, language, or other symbols

Answer 125

sensorimotor stage

Question 126

The awareness that objects—and people—continue to exist even if they are out of sight

Answer 126

object permanence

Question 127

According to Jean Piaget, the period from 2 to 7 years of age that is characterized by language development

Answer 127

preoperational stage

Question 128

A way of thinking in which a child views the world entirely from his or her own perspective

Answer 128

egocentric thought

Question 129

The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects

Answer 129

principle of conservation

Question 130

According to Jean Piaget, the period from 7 to 12 years of age that is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism

Answer 130

concrete operational stage

Question 131

According to Jean Piaget, the period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought

Answer 131

formal operational stage

Question 132

The way in which people take in, use, and store information

Answer 132

information processing

Question 133

An awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes

Answer 133

metacognition

Question 134

the culture in which we are raised significantly affects the nature of our cognitive development

Answer 134

Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development

Question 135

According to Lev Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own

Answer 135

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 136

support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth

Answer 136

scaffolding

Question 137

similarities with biological children in same family show importance of environment

Answer 137

adopted children

Question 138

The developmental stage between childhood and adulthood

Answer 138

adolescence

Question 139

The period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning at about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys

Answer 139

puberty

Question 140

At this level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, the concrete interests of the individual are considered in terms of rewards and punishments

Answer 140

preconventional morality

Question 141

at this level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, people approach moral problems as members of society. They are interested in pleasing others by acting as good members of society.

Answer 141

conventional morality

Question 142

In this level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, people accept that there are certain broad principles of morality that should govern our actions. These principles are more critical than the particular laws in society.

Answer 142

Postconventional morality

Question 143

What is the difference between kohlberg and gilligan approach?

Answer 143

Kohlberg focuses on stages and gilligan focuses on gender differences

Question 144

According to Erik Erikson, a time in adolescence of major testing to determine one’s unique qualities

Answer 144

identity-versus-role-confusion stage

Question 145

The distinguishing character of the individual: who each of us is, what our roles are, and what we are capable of

Answer 145

identity

Question 146

According to Erik Erikson, a period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships

Answer 146

intimacy-versus-isolation stage

Question 147

According to Erik Erikson, a period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society

Answer 147

generativity-versus-stagnation stage

Question 148

According to Erik Erikson, a period from late adulthood until death during which we review life’s accomplishments and failures

Answer 148

ego-integrity-versus-despair stage

Question 149

is the characterization of a story adolescence fact or fiction?

Answer 149

its a myth

Question 150

What is the third-leading cause of death for adolescents in the United States?

Answer 150

suicide

Question 151

How often does a teenager in the united states commit suide?

Answer 151

every 90 minutes

Question 152

in the US, what group is more likely to commit suide?

Answer 152

males are 5x more likely to succeed in committing suicide; however, females attempt suicide more often

Question 153

What are the possible causes of suicide?

Answer 153

-depression
-social anxiety
-family background
-adjustment difficulties
-parental conflict
-alcohol and drug use

Question 154

The period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into the mid-20s

Answer 154

emerging adulthood

Question 155

The period during which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile; usually occurring in late 40s or 50s

Answer 155

menopause

Question 156

How can symptoms of menopause be treated?

Answer 156

Hormone therapy: replaces estrogen and progesterone
-problems: increased risk of breast cancer, blood clots, and coronary heart disease

Question 157

a time of questioning their lives, they are influenced by the idea that life will end and they question past accomplishments; generally occurs in the early 40s

Answer 157

midlife transition

Question 158

dissatisfaction with life

Answer 158

midlife crisis

Question 159

how does the average age of marriage compare with the average age 50 years ago?

Answer 159

the average age now is higher

Question 160

What percentage of first marriages end in divorce?

Answer 160

50%

Question 161

what percentage of married women with school-age children are employed outside the home?

Answer 161

75%

Question 162

what percentage of married women with children under the age of 6 are employed outside the home?

Answer 162

65%

Question 163

the study of older adults and aging

Answer 163

gerontology

Question 164

Theories that suggest that our DNA genetic code includes a built-in time limit into the production of human cells and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time

Answer 164

genetic preprograming theories of aging

Question 165

Theories that suggest that the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently

Answer 165

wear-and-tear theories of aging

Question 166

information processing skills such as memory, calculations, and analogy solving; shows decline in late adulthood

Answer 166

fluid intelligence

Question 167

accumulation of information, skills, and strategies learned through experience; remain steady

Answer 167

crystallized intelligence

Question 168

A progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities

Answer 168

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 169

A theory that suggests that aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels

Answer 169

disengagement theory of aging

Question 170

A theory that suggests that the elderly who are more successful while aging are those who maintain the interests and activities they had during middle age

Answer 170

activity theory of aging

Question 171

The process by which people examine and evaluate their lives

Answer 171

life review

Question 172

What are the 5 stages of dealing with impending death?

Answer 172

-denial
-anger
-bargaining
-depression
-acceptance

Question 173

resist the idea they are dying

Answer 173

denial

Question 174

angry at people in good health around them, at medical professionals, at God

Answer 174

anger

Question 175

trying to postpone death

Answer 175

bargaining

Question 176

bargaining will not work; “preparatory grief”
for their own death

Answer 176

depression

Question 177

made peace with themselves; usually unemotional and uncommunicative

Answer 177

acceptance

Question 178

Who is credited with opening the discussion of death with 5 stages?

Answer 178

Kubler-Ross

Question 179

The pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person

Answer 179

personality

Question 180

Approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control

Answer 180

psychodynamic approaches to personality

Question 181

Who was the pioneer of the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 181

Freud

Question 182

Sigmund Freud’s theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality

Answer 182

psychoanalytic theory

Question 183

A part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware

Answer 183

unconscious

Question 184

contains material not threatening and is easily brought to mind

Answer 184

preconscious

Question 185

The instinctual and unorganized part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses

Answer 185

ID

Question 186

reduce tension and maximize satisfaction

Answer 186

pleasure principle

Question 187

The rational, logical part of personality that attempts to balance the desires of the id and the realities of the objective, outside world

Answer 187

ego

Question 188

instinctual energy is restrained to keep individual safe and to help integrate the person into society

Answer 188

reality principle

Question 189

The part of personality that harshly judges the morality of our behavior

Answer 189

superego

Question 190

makes you feel guilty if you do something morally wrong

Answer 190

conscience

Question 191

Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges

Answer 191

psychosexual stages

Question 192

Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur

Answer 192

fixations

Question 193

According to Sigmund Freud, a stage from birth to age 12 to 18 months, in which an infant’s center of pleasure is the mouth

Answer 193

oral stage

Question 194

According to Sigmund Freud, a stage from age 12 to 18 months to 3 years of age, in which a child’s pleasure is centered on the anus

Answer 194

anal stage

Question 195

According to Sigmund Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals

Answer 195

phallic stage

Question 196

A child’s sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent, typically resolved through identification with the same-sex parent

Answer 196

oedipal conflict

Question 197

The process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person’s behavior and adopting (taking on) similar beliefs and values

Answer 197

identification

Question 198

According to Sigmund Freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which children’s sexual concerns are temporarily put aside

Answer 198

latency period

Question 199

According to Sigmund Freud, the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior

Answer 199

genital stage

Question 200

In Freudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves and others

Answer 200

defense mechanisms

Question 201

The primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious

Answer 201

repression

Question 202

people behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development

Answer 202

regression

Question 203

the expression of an unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more threatening powerful person to a weaker one

Answer 203

displacement

Question 204

people refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information

Answer 204

denial

Question 205

people attribute unwanted impulses and feeling to someone else

Answer 205

projection

Question 206

people divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

Answer 206

sublimation

Question 207

unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness

Answer 207

reaction formation

Question 208

Psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points

Answer 208

non-Freudian psychoanalysts

Question 209

According to Carl Jung, a common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors, the whole human race, and even nonhuman ancestors from the distant past

Answer 209

collective unconscious

Question 210

According to Carl Jung, universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience

Answer 210

achetypes

Question 211

championed womens issues; believed personality develops in the context of social relationships and depends on the relationship between parents and children

Answer 211

Karen Horney

Question 212

Coined “inferiority conplex”

Answer 212

Alfred Adler

Question 213

feelings of inferiority in adults that they developed as children. when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world

Answer 213

inferiority complex

Question 214

Consistent, habitual personality characteristics and behaviors that are displayed across different situations

Answer 214

traits

Question 215

A model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality

Answer 215

trait theory

Question 216

Theories that emphasize the influence of a person’s cognitions—thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values—as well as observation of others’ behavior, in determining personality

Answer 216

social cognitive approaches to personality

Question 217

Who coined the 3 dimensions of personality

Answer 217

Eysenck

Question 218

degree of sociability

Answer 218

extraversion

Question 219

emotional stability

Answer 219

neuroticism

Question 220

degree to which reality is distorted

Answer 220

psychoticism

Question 221

3 dimensions of personality?

Answer 221

• extraversion
• neuroticism
• psychoticism

Question 222

what are the “big five” traits or factors?

Answer 222

openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism

Question 223

says that personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns

Answer 223

Skinner

Question 224

the important components of personality are inherited

Answer 224

biological and evolutionary approaches

Question 225

the basic, innate disposition that emerges early in life

Answer 225

temperment

Question 226

belief in one’s personal capabilities

Answer 226

self-efficacy

Question 227

The component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations

Answer 227

self-esteem

Question 228

Theories that emphasize people’s innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning

Answer 228

humanistic approaches to personality

Question 229

A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in their own unique way

Answer 229

self-actualization

Question 230

An attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does

Answer 230

unconditional positive regard

Question 231

Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively; used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves

Answer 231

psychological tests

Question 232

refers to the measurement consistency of a test

Answer 232

reliability

Question 233

when test measure what they are designed to measure

Answer 233

validity

Question 234

standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person’s score with the scores of others who have taken the same test

Answer 234

norms

Question 235

A method of gathering data about people by asking them questions about a sample of their behavior

Answer 235

self-report measures

Question 236

A widely used self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviors

Answer 236

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 RF (MMPI-2 RF)

Question 237

A technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnoses

Answer 237

test standardization

Question 238

Tests in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it in order to infer information about their personality

Answer 238

projective personality tests

Question 239

A test that involves showing a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to people who then are asked what the figures represent to them

Answer 239

Rorschach test

Question 240

A test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a story

Answer 240

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 241

Direct measures of an individual’s behavior used to describe personality characteristics

Answer 241

behavioral assessment

Question 242

The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges

Answer 242

intelligence

Question 243

The single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence

Answer 243

g or g-factor

Question 244

Intelligence that reflects the ability to think logically, reason abstractly, solve problems, and find patterns.

Answer 244

fluid intelligence

Question 245

The accumulation of information, knowledge, and skills that people have learned through experience and education, reflecting the facts that we have learned

Answer 245

crystallized intelligence

Question 246

Howard Gardner’s theory that proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence

Answer 246

theory of multiple intelligences

Question 247

what are the 8 distinct spheres of intelligence?

Answer 247

• musical
  -bodily kinesthetic
  -logical-mathematical
  -linguistic
  -spatial
  -interpersonal
  -intrapersonal
  -naturalist

Question 248

measures intelligence by the way people store material in memory and use that material to solve intellectual tasks

Answer 248

information-processing approaches

Question 249

Who coined “practical intelligence”?

Answer 249

Sternberg

Question 250

According to Robert Sternberg, intelligence related to overall success in living

Answer 250

practical intelligence

Question 251

The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions

Answer 251

emotional intelligence

Question 252

Tests devised to quantify a person’s level of intelligence

Answer 252

intelligence tests

Question 253

who first developed intelligence tests?

Answer 253

Binet

Question 254

the average age of individuals who achieve a particularl level of performance

Answer 254

mental age

Question 255

actual, physical age

Answer 255

chronological age

Question 256

A score that takes into account an individual’s mental and chronological ages

Answer 256

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Question 257

tests based on age

Answer 257

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Question 258

divided into a verbal scale and performance scale

Answer 258

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Question 259

A disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills

Answer 259

intellectual disability

Question 260

IQ scores from 55 to 69

Answer 260

mild intellectual disability

Question 261

IQ scores from 40-54

Answer 261

moderate disability

Question 262

IQ scores from 25-39

Answer 262

severe disability

Question 263

IQ scores < 25

Answer 263

profound disability

Question 264

what are 2 biological causes of intellectual disabilities?

Answer 264

fetal alcohol syndrome
down syndrome

Question 265

The most common cause of intellectual disability in newborns, occurring when the mother uses alcohol during pregnancy

Answer 265

fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 266

results from presence of extra chromosomes

Answer 266

down syndrome

Question 267

Intellectual disability in which no apparent biological or genetic problems exist, but there is a history of intellectual disability among family members.

Answer 267

familial intellectual disability

Question 268

The 2 to 4 percent of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130

Answer 268

intellectually gifted

Question 269

A test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group

Answer 269

culture-fair IQ test

Question 270

A measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors

Answer 270

heritability