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A&P2 Lecture > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

function of the respiratory system

A

supply the body with oxygen/dispose of carbon dioxide
sound/voice production
regulation of plasma ph
removal/destruction of airborne pathogens and toxins

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2
Q

name and describe the processes that define respiration

A

1 pulmonary ventilation - breathing
2 external respiration - O2 loading/CO2 unloading (occurs in lungs)
3 transport - via blood circulation
4 internal respiration - O2 unloading/CO2 loading (occurs in tissues)

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3
Q

describe the pharyngotympanic tubes

A

aka eustachian tubes

location: above the nasopharynx

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4
Q

pharyngeal tonsil

A

aka adenoid

above the pharyngotympanic tube

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5
Q

describe the nasal cavity

A

bottom - palate - separates from oral cavity
hard palate - maxilla and palatine bones
soft palate - muscle

middle (above nostrils) - nasal vestibule
lined with vibrissae - hairs that filter coarse debris

top (rest of cavity) - nasal conchae - lined with mucous membranes
superior, middle, and inferior
*olfactory mucosa: superior; smell receptors
* respiratory mucosa - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (mucus)

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6
Q

describe paranasal sinuses

A

open areas in bones that surround the nasal cavity
lighten the skull
help to warm and moisten the air

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7
Q

sinusitis

A

inflamed sinuses - can lead to blocked passageways that lead from the sinus to the nasa

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8
Q

which bronchus is more vertical?

A

right primary bronchus

*therefore, inhaled objects tend to get lodged here

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9
Q

describe type 1 cells

A

simple squamos

form a part of the respiratory membrane that gases diffuse across

gas exchange occurs via simple diffusion/movement from high concentration to low concentration

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10
Q

describe type 2 cells

A

secrete a lipoprotein (surfactant!) that coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces

it interferes with the cohesiveness of water molecules which reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid

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11
Q

describe the visceral and parietal pleuras

A

visceral: touching the lungs
parietal: lining the outside of the lungs

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12
Q

describe intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures

A

intrapleural (outside of lung): 756 mmHg ( -4 mmHg)

intrapulmonary/intra-alveolar (inside of lung): 760 mmHg (0 mmHg)

if the pressures are equal, it leads to atelectasis (lung collapse)

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13
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in the pleural cavity

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14
Q

describe diaphragm contraction and relaxation

A

contraction: inspiration
relaxation: expiration

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15
Q

describe expiration

A

passive process (except for forced expiration)
relaxation of inspiratory muscles
depends on elasticity of lungs (recoil)
alveoli size decreases to smallest diameter , but does not stick together or collapse because of surfactant

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16
Q

describe the respiratory volumes

A

inspiratory reserve volume (forcefully inhaled) - 3100
tidal volume (normal breathing) - 500ml
expiratory reserve volume (forcefully exhaled) -1200 ml
residual volume (air remaining in lungs after forced expiration) - 1200 ml

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17
Q

boyle’s law

A

the relationship between the pressure and volume of gases
when the lung volume changes, the pressure in the lungs change
when temperature is constant, pressure is inversely related to volume

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18
Q

dalton’s law of partial pressure

A

the total pressure (760 mmHg) exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

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19
Q

partial pressure

A

the pressure exerted by each gas

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20
Q

henry’s law

A

when a gas is in contact with a liquid, the gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
*gases move into/out of liquids until equilibrium is attained

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21
Q

describe carbon dioxide transport

A

70% transported as HCO3- (bicarbonate) in plasma
20% bound to globin of Hb (carbaminohemoglobin)
10% dissolved in blood

*crabon dioxide diffuses into RBCs and combines with water to form carbonic acid which quickly dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

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22
Q

haldane effect

A

decreased oxygen saturation allows more carbon dioxide to enter and be carried within a red blood cell

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23
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme that converts CO2 and H2O to carbonic acid

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24
Q

chloride shift

A

outrush of negative bicarbonate ions from the RBCs is balanced as chloride ions move in from the plasma

25
Q

bohr effect

A

declining blood ph and increasing CO2 weaken the hemoglobin/oxygen bond

26
Q

define acidosis and alkalosis

A

acidosis: high CO2, high H, low ph
alkalosis: low CO2, low H, high ph

27
Q

what controls respiration?

A

under neural control of the medulla pons
sets eupnea (normal breathing)
*12-20 bpm (adult at rest)

28
Q

hering-breur

A

inflation reflex
prevents excessive stretching of the lungs (protective)
when the lungs inflate, inhibitory signals are sent to the medullary inspiration center to stop inhalation and start expiration

29
Q

list the respiratory stimuli chemicals from greatest to least

A

1 carbon dioxide
2 H (BLOOD PH!!!)/hydrogen ions
3 oxygen

30
Q

define hyper and hypoventilation

A

hyperventilation: increase in the rate and depth of breathing
hypoventilation: insufficient ventilation

31
Q

dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

32
Q

apnea/sleep apnea

A

apnea: cessation of breathing

sleep apnea: cessation of breathing during sleep

33
Q

when is the respiratory system of a fetus developed enough for survival?

A

28 weeks

*surfactant must be given to prevent another collapse

34
Q

valsalavas maneuver

A

a forceful attempt at expiration when the airway is closed

  • results in low blood pressure and a high heart rate
    examples: lifting heavy weight
35
Q

what are the functions of the kidney?

A

exocrine functions:
removal of toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions from the blood
regulation of blood volume, chemical composition, and pH
glucogenesis (creation of new sugar) during prolonged fasting

endocrine functions:
renin is released to decrease/regulate bp & regulate kidney function
erythropoietin released due to hypoxia - regulation of rbc production
activation of vitamin D

36
Q

nephron

A

functional and structural unit of the kidney

37
Q

what forms the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus - tuft of capillaries

renal tubule - begins and glomerular (bowman’s) capsule surrounding glomerulus

38
Q

what is the path of blood flow through renal blood vessels?

A

aorta> !!!Renal Artery!!! > segmental artery > interlobar artery > arcuate artery > cortical radiate artery > !!!Afferent Arteriole!!! > !!!Glomerulus (Capillaries)!!! > !!!Efferent Arteriole!!! > !!!Peritubular Capillaries & Vasa Recta!!! > cortical radiate vein > arcuate vein > interlobar vein > !!!Renal Vein!!! > inferior vena cava

39
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

a continuation of the efferent arteriole

40
Q

vasa recta

A

the peritubiular capillaries around the loop of henle

41
Q

describe the function of the afferent and efferent arteriole?

A

afferent arteriole: feeds blood to the glomerulus

efferent arteriole: drains blood from the glomerulus

42
Q

what is the flow of urine?

A

minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter peristalsis > urinary bladder > urethra

43
Q

describe the renal tubules

A

series of tubules from bowmans capsule

proximal convoluted tube
loop of henle (descending and ascending limb)
distal convoluted tube
collecting duct (drains^)

44
Q

describe the proximal convoluted tube

A

filtrate enters here first after glomerular capsule
site of the most tubular reabsorption (75-80%)
H20
Na
K
*will not absorb creatine

45
Q

describe the loop of henle

A

located in the medulla
establishes medullar osmotic gradient - allows osmosis to occur in medulla

descending limb: thin segment/simple squamos/freely permeable to water
ascending limb: thick segment/ cubodial to columnar

46
Q

describe the distal convoluted tube

A

tubular secretion occurs here

location for drug secretion
  drugs
  creatine
  excess H, K, Na (some reabsorption of Na and secretion of K under the influence of aldosterone)
  biocarbonate 
  wastes
47
Q

describe the collecting ducts

A

receive filtrate from draining the distal convoluted tube

travel through renal pyramids where the fuse into papillae that empty urine into the minor calyces

48
Q

describe bowman’s capsule in relation to filtrate and urine

A

site of filtrate formation (180 L/day)

*99% will be reabsorbed - only 1%/1-1.8L will leave as urine

49
Q

what are the mechanisms of urine formation?

A

1 glomerular filtration
2 rubular reabsorption
3 tubular secretion

50
Q

describe the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

next to the glomerulus
regulates rate of filtration formation & systemic bp
acts as a stretch receptor and senses changes in bp
can secrete renin (vasoconstriction/increased bp)

51
Q

describe what causes the secretion of renin and its path

A

cause: low blood pressure

rening - angio - angio l - angio ll - stimulates hypothalmus to release adh

52
Q

describe adh

A

inhibits pee/keeps urine in the body or

increases permeability of the cells of the collecting duct to water reabsorption

53
Q

describe the effects of increased and decreased levels of adh

A

increased adh - decreased urination

decreased adh - increased urination

54
Q

describe alcohol and adh

A

alcohol is a diuretic
inhibits/prevents the release of adh
*therefore, you pee a lot

55
Q

kidney stones

A

aka renal caliculi

high ca and gout/uric acid can be causes
*lithotripsy - ultrasonic shock waves are used to shatter the caliculi

56
Q

describe the 2 parts of the urethra

A

internal sphincter: involuntary

exteternal sphincter: voluntary

57
Q

micturition

A

aka urination

controlled by the PNS

58
Q

describe incontinence and urinary retention

A

incontinence: inability to control voiding (urination)

urinary retention: the inability to void

A&P2 Lecture (4 decks)

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