Exam 4 Flashcards
function of the respiratory system
supply the body with oxygen/dispose of carbon dioxide
sound/voice production
regulation of plasma ph
removal/destruction of airborne pathogens and toxins
name and describe the processes that define respiration
1 pulmonary ventilation - breathing
2 external respiration - O2 loading/CO2 unloading (occurs in lungs)
3 transport - via blood circulation
4 internal respiration - O2 unloading/CO2 loading (occurs in tissues)
describe the pharyngotympanic tubes
aka eustachian tubes
location: above the nasopharynx
pharyngeal tonsil
aka adenoid
above the pharyngotympanic tube
describe the nasal cavity
bottom - palate - separates from oral cavity
hard palate - maxilla and palatine bones
soft palate - muscle
middle (above nostrils) - nasal vestibule
lined with vibrissae - hairs that filter coarse debris
top (rest of cavity) - nasal conchae - lined with mucous membranes
superior, middle, and inferior
*olfactory mucosa: superior; smell receptors
* respiratory mucosa - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (mucus)
describe paranasal sinuses
open areas in bones that surround the nasal cavity
lighten the skull
help to warm and moisten the air
sinusitis
inflamed sinuses - can lead to blocked passageways that lead from the sinus to the nasa
which bronchus is more vertical?
right primary bronchus
*therefore, inhaled objects tend to get lodged here
describe type 1 cells
simple squamos
form a part of the respiratory membrane that gases diffuse across
gas exchange occurs via simple diffusion/movement from high concentration to low concentration
describe type 2 cells
secrete a lipoprotein (surfactant!) that coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces
it interferes with the cohesiveness of water molecules which reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid
describe the visceral and parietal pleuras
visceral: touching the lungs
parietal: lining the outside of the lungs
describe intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures
intrapleural (outside of lung): 756 mmHg ( -4 mmHg)
intrapulmonary/intra-alveolar (inside of lung): 760 mmHg (0 mmHg)
if the pressures are equal, it leads to atelectasis (lung collapse)
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity
describe diaphragm contraction and relaxation
contraction: inspiration
relaxation: expiration
describe expiration
passive process (except for forced expiration)
relaxation of inspiratory muscles
depends on elasticity of lungs (recoil)
alveoli size decreases to smallest diameter , but does not stick together or collapse because of surfactant
describe the respiratory volumes
inspiratory reserve volume (forcefully inhaled) - 3100
tidal volume (normal breathing) - 500ml
expiratory reserve volume (forcefully exhaled) -1200 ml
residual volume (air remaining in lungs after forced expiration) - 1200 ml
boyle’s law
the relationship between the pressure and volume of gases
when the lung volume changes, the pressure in the lungs change
when temperature is constant, pressure is inversely related to volume
dalton’s law of partial pressure
the total pressure (760 mmHg) exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture
partial pressure
the pressure exerted by each gas
henry’s law
when a gas is in contact with a liquid, the gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
*gases move into/out of liquids until equilibrium is attained
describe carbon dioxide transport
70% transported as HCO3- (bicarbonate) in plasma
20% bound to globin of Hb (carbaminohemoglobin)
10% dissolved in blood
*crabon dioxide diffuses into RBCs and combines with water to form carbonic acid which quickly dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
haldane effect
decreased oxygen saturation allows more carbon dioxide to enter and be carried within a red blood cell
carbonic anhydrase
enzyme that converts CO2 and H2O to carbonic acid
chloride shift
outrush of negative bicarbonate ions from the RBCs is balanced as chloride ions move in from the plasma
bohr effect
declining blood ph and increasing CO2 weaken the hemoglobin/oxygen bond
define acidosis and alkalosis
acidosis: high CO2, high H, low ph
alkalosis: low CO2, low H, high ph
what controls respiration?
under neural control of the medulla pons
sets eupnea (normal breathing)
*12-20 bpm (adult at rest)
hering-breur
inflation reflex
prevents excessive stretching of the lungs (protective)
when the lungs inflate, inhibitory signals are sent to the medullary inspiration center to stop inhalation and start expiration
list the respiratory stimuli chemicals from greatest to least
1 carbon dioxide
2 H (BLOOD PH!!!)/hydrogen ions
3 oxygen
define hyper and hypoventilation
hyperventilation: increase in the rate and depth of breathing
hypoventilation: insufficient ventilation
dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
apnea/sleep apnea
apnea: cessation of breathing
sleep apnea: cessation of breathing during sleep
when is the respiratory system of a fetus developed enough for survival?
28 weeks
*surfactant must be given to prevent another collapse
valsalavas maneuver
a forceful attempt at expiration when the airway is closed
- results in low blood pressure and a high heart rate
examples: lifting heavy weight
what are the functions of the kidney?
exocrine functions:
removal of toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions from the blood
regulation of blood volume, chemical composition, and pH
glucogenesis (creation of new sugar) during prolonged fasting
endocrine functions:
renin is released to decrease/regulate bp & regulate kidney function
erythropoietin released due to hypoxia - regulation of rbc production
activation of vitamin D
nephron
functional and structural unit of the kidney
what forms the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus - tuft of capillaries
renal tubule - begins and glomerular (bowman’s) capsule surrounding glomerulus
what is the path of blood flow through renal blood vessels?
aorta> !!!Renal Artery!!! > segmental artery > interlobar artery > arcuate artery > cortical radiate artery > !!!Afferent Arteriole!!! > !!!Glomerulus (Capillaries)!!! > !!!Efferent Arteriole!!! > !!!Peritubular Capillaries & Vasa Recta!!! > cortical radiate vein > arcuate vein > interlobar vein > !!!Renal Vein!!! > inferior vena cava
peritubular capillaries
a continuation of the efferent arteriole
vasa recta
the peritubiular capillaries around the loop of henle
describe the function of the afferent and efferent arteriole?
afferent arteriole: feeds blood to the glomerulus
efferent arteriole: drains blood from the glomerulus
what is the flow of urine?
minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter peristalsis > urinary bladder > urethra
describe the renal tubules
series of tubules from bowmans capsule
proximal convoluted tube
loop of henle (descending and ascending limb)
distal convoluted tube
collecting duct (drains^)
describe the proximal convoluted tube
filtrate enters here first after glomerular capsule
site of the most tubular reabsorption (75-80%)
H20
Na
K
*will not absorb creatine
describe the loop of henle
located in the medulla
establishes medullar osmotic gradient - allows osmosis to occur in medulla
descending limb: thin segment/simple squamos/freely permeable to water
ascending limb: thick segment/ cubodial to columnar
describe the distal convoluted tube
tubular secretion occurs here
location for drug secretion drugs creatine excess H, K, Na (some reabsorption of Na and secretion of K under the influence of aldosterone) biocarbonate wastes
describe the collecting ducts
receive filtrate from draining the distal convoluted tube
travel through renal pyramids where the fuse into papillae that empty urine into the minor calyces
describe bowman’s capsule in relation to filtrate and urine
site of filtrate formation (180 L/day)
*99% will be reabsorbed - only 1%/1-1.8L will leave as urine
what are the mechanisms of urine formation?
1 glomerular filtration
2 rubular reabsorption
3 tubular secretion
describe the juxtaglomerular apparatus
next to the glomerulus
regulates rate of filtration formation & systemic bp
acts as a stretch receptor and senses changes in bp
can secrete renin (vasoconstriction/increased bp)
describe what causes the secretion of renin and its path
cause: low blood pressure
rening - angio - angio l - angio ll - stimulates hypothalmus to release adh
describe adh
inhibits pee/keeps urine in the body or
increases permeability of the cells of the collecting duct to water reabsorption
describe the effects of increased and decreased levels of adh
increased adh - decreased urination
decreased adh - increased urination
describe alcohol and adh
alcohol is a diuretic
inhibits/prevents the release of adh
*therefore, you pee a lot
kidney stones
aka renal caliculi
high ca and gout/uric acid can be causes
*lithotripsy - ultrasonic shock waves are used to shatter the caliculi
describe the 2 parts of the urethra
internal sphincter: involuntary
exteternal sphincter: voluntary
micturition
aka urination
controlled by the PNS
describe incontinence and urinary retention
incontinence: inability to control voiding (urination)
urinary retention: the inability to void
