Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P2 Lecture > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

name the structures of the male reproductive system

A

testes
epididymis
penis
ducts and glands that produce and secrete semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what makes up the contents of semen?

A

60% seminal vesicles
30% prostate
10% sperm (from? epididymis/testis)
trace mucus - bulbourethral gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does sperm flow through the male duct system?

A 
seminiferous tubules
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct 
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
penile urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how long do sperm take to mature in the epididymis?

A

approximately 20 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the content of the seminal vesicles

A

produces viscous alkaline (female is acidic)

contains coagulating enzyme vesiculase (clotting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the contents of the prostate gland

A

contains:
citrate
enzymes
prostatic-specific antigen/protein (PSA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

prostate gland problems

A

*benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH):
hypertrophy (enlargement) of the prostate gland; will affect nearly all males
*prostatis:
inflammation of the prostate; immune response to bacteria (often)

^^^both can lead to difficulty urinating/bladder infection/kidney damage^^^

*prostate cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

primary risk factors for prostate cancer

A

high fatty diet

high testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe the vas deferens and ejaculatory duct relationship

A

vas deferens runs from the epididymis until it joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to create the ejaculatory duct

the contents of the ejaculatory duct (10% sperm & 60% seminal vesicle) then join with the prostatic urethra (30%)

peristaltic smooth muscle contractions of the corpus spongiosus propel sperm from the epididymis to the penile urethra during ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

vasectomy

A

cutting and ligating the vas deferens in the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the scrotum

A

sac of skin
superficial fascia
where testes are located
separates testes into individual components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the temperature requirements of the scrotum

A

for sperm production and viability, scrotum must be 3 degrees C lower than the core body temperature

temperature kept constant by 2 muscles: dartmos and cremaster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the dartmos and cremaster mucles

A

dartmos (involuntary control):
smooth muscle that wrinkles and relaxes scrotal skin

cremaster (volunatory control):
bands of skeletal muscle that elevate or descend (jump) testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the blood supply of the testis

A

pampiniform plexus - network of vessels that enclose the artery and absorb the excess heat (another way of cooling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

spermatic cord

A

encloses branches of the autonomic nervous system, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply the testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cryptorchidism

A

failure of the testes to descend (most important risk factor for testicular cancer & inadequate or nonviable sperm will be produced)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe erections and ejaculations

A

erection - parasympathetic nervous system reflex

ejaculation - sympathetic nervous system reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

nitric oxide (NO)

A

neurotransmitter responsible for the dilation of blood vessels causing the vascular spaces of erectile tissue to fill with blood

also stimulates the bulbourethral glands to release their fluid, cleansing the passageway of the semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe spermatogenesis

A

begins at puberty

produces sperm from seminiferous tubules of the testes through a series of events:

  1. mitosis - spermatagonia (sperm stem cell) form Type A & Type B
  2. meiosis - Type B become spermatocytes to form spermatids
    • one spermatagonium becomes 4 spermatozoa through Meisos 1 & 2
  3. spermiogenesis - (late in spermatogenesis) spermatids lose excess cytoplasm and form a tail; become spermatozoa (sperm)

immature cells begin as diploid (2n) but become haploid (n) when mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how are male and female sex cells divided?

A

by Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe oogenesis

A

production of female gametes
begins in fetal period (females born with finite number of eggs)
primary oocytes begin meiosis but stall in Prophase 1 until puberty
each month after puberty, one primary oocyte per month completes meiosis 1 and produces 2 haploid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

spermatogenesis v oogenesis

A

spermatogenesis produces 4 mature sperm from one spermatagonium

oogenesis produces 1 mature egg and 3 polar bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

name and describe the major regions of sperm

A

head (genetic region) - contains nucleus and helmet-like acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate the egg

midpiece (metabolic region) - contains mitochondria

tail (locomotor region) - for “swimming”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe seritoli cells

A

tight junctions form the blood-testis barrier

prevents sperm antigens from entering blood where they could activate immune system
since sperm isn’t made until after puberty (after immune system is formed) their presence could be recognized as foreign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describe the internal structures of the penis

A

corpus spongiosum - surround urethra and expands to form glans penis; keeps urethra open during erection

corpus cavernosa - on dorsal side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

priapism

A

persistent abnormal erection (4+ hours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

erection

A

enlargement and stiffening of the penis from engorgement of erectile tissue with blood

28
Q

LH stimulation and men

A

stimulates Interstitial Cells of Leydig of the testes to produce testosterone

29
Q

FSH stimulation and men

A

stimulates the Seminiferous Tubules of testes to produce sperm

**a decrease in release may result in a man being sterile (produce no sperm or an inadequate amount)

30
Q

effects of testosterone

A

prompts spermatogenesis

targets all accessory organs; deficiency leads to atrophy

basis of sex drive (libido) in males

secondary sex characteristic
pubic, axillary, facial hair
growth of chest width and deepening of voice
increase growth and density of bones and muscles

31
Q

male: scrotum
female:

A

labia majora

32
Q

male: penis
female:

A

clitoris

33
Q

male: bulbourethral glands
female:

A

greater vestibular glands

34
Q

describe the role of the uterine tubes

A

aka fallopian tubes or oviducts

carries ovulated oocyte from the ovaries to the uterus (oocyte is carried along by peristalsis and ciliary action)

35
Q

name and describe the regions of the uterine tubes

A

infundibulum (with ciliated fimbriae; funnel shaped region near the ovary) - creates currents to move ooctye into uterine tube

ampulla (expanded area) - usual site of fertilization

isthmus - constricted region joining the uterus

36
Q

describe the uterus

A

main function: receiving, retaining, implantation, and nourishment of the fertilized ovum

consists of body, fundus, and isthmus

37
Q

describe the cervix

A

separates the uterus from the vagina

cervical glands secrete mucus
prevents spread of bacteria from vagina to uterus
blocks sperm entry, except during midcycle when mucus becomes less viscous and allows sperm to pass through

38
Q

name and describe the layers of the uterine wall

A

perimetrium (outermost) - serous membrane layer

myometrium - layers of smooth muscle; contracts during menses and parturition (birthing)

endometrium (deepest) - mucosal lining; divided into stratum functionalis and stratum basalis

39
Q

describe the 2 layers of the endometrium

A

stratum functionalis (functional)
sheds during menstruation
spasm of spiral arteries leads to menstruation
deepest; responds to hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

stratum basalis (basal)
 * forms new functionalis after menstruation*
40
Q

cervical cancer

A

80% of cases caused by HPV (human papillomavirus) *Gardisil

can be detected by a pap smear

41
Q

endometrius

A

inflamed endometrium
growth of endometrial cells on ovaries

aka pelvic inflammatory disease?

42
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation of fertilized egg in fallopian tube or peritoneum (instead of ampulla)

43
Q

mammary glands

A

modified sweat glands (male and female)

44
Q

sentinel nodes

A

(pertaining to breast cancer)

first lymph node(s) draining and spreading a cancer

45
Q

breast cancer

A

usually arises from epithelial cells of the DUCTS

70% of women with breast cancer have no known risk factors

46
Q

what causes menstruation to occur?

A

blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

47
Q

ovulation does or does not always occur 14 days after the beginning of menstruation

A

does not

48
Q

describe the effects of estrogen

A

promotes oogenesis
exerts growth on female reproductive tract
supports growth spurts and epiphyseal closure
secondary sex characteristics: breast growth, increased deposit of subcutaneous fat (breasts and hips), widening/lightening of pelvis for birth
metabolic effects: maintain low blood cholesterol and increase Ca intake

49
Q

describe the effects of progesterone

A

works with estrogen to establish and regulate the uterine cycle
maintains uterus during pregnancy
prepares breast for lactation

50
Q

describe the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase (days 1-14): late secondary follicle becomes a graffian follicle and is ready for ovulation

  • ovulation occurs around day 14 due to surge of LH*
  • produces inhibin (inhibts FSH/LH release & additional follicle development), estrogen and progesterone*
Luteal phase (days 14-28): ruptured follicle collapses to form the corpus luteum: luteum secretes estrogen & progestrone
  If not pregnant, corpus luteum degenerates in 10 days leaving a scar (corpus albicans); If pregnant, corpus luteum produces hormones until the placenta takes over at 3 months
51
Q

describe ovulation

A

occurs as the secondary oocyte is expelled from the ovary

if two oocytes are expelled: fraternal twins
one fertilized cell splits in 2: identical twins

52
Q

describe the corpus luteum

A

“yellow body” within the ovary
the ruptured follicle following the ejection of an oocyte
IF FERTILIZATION OCCURS it produces estrogen and progesterone for 3 months before the placenta takes over; embryo release hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) (chemical tested for in pregnancy tests) to keep the corpus lutem around

53
Q

describe the 3 phases of the uterine/menstrual cycle

A

menstrual phase (days 1-5): shed stratum functionalis; menstrual flow begins; lowest hormones

proliferative phase (days 6-14): stratum basalis layer rebuilds stratum functionalis (estrogen increases)

secretory phase (days 15-28): progesterone increases; further development of the endometrium

estrogen builds & progesterone maintains/prepares

54
Q

FSH stimulation and women

A

controls development of the egg within the follicle of the ovary

55
Q

How long is sperm viable within the female reproductive tract?

A

approximately 5 days

56
Q

How long is an egg viable after ovulation?

A

12-24 hours

57
Q

zygote

A

first cell formed following fertilization

58
Q

fertilization

A

when a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote

59
Q

how long does pregnancy last

A

9 months/280 days

60
Q

surfactant

A

lipoprotein produced by cells of the lungs; needed to be able to breathe

61
Q

conceptus

A

the developing offspring

embryo: conception through week 8
fetus: week 9 through birth

62
Q

gestation period

A

from the last menstrual period until birth

63
Q

capacitation

A

membranes become fragile so that the acrosomes can release enzymes to digest outer layer of the oocyte (typically takes 2-10 hours)

64
Q

When does implantation of the embryo into the endometrium of the uterus occur?

A

occurs 7 days after ovulation

65
Q

trophoblasts

A

adhere to endometrium and digests its cells until it is securely attached; implantation is completed by the 12th day after ovulation

these cells of the embryo secrete hCG for 3 months until
trophoblast cells become the placenta

A&P2 Lecture (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions