Exam #4 Flashcards
What is the CNS?
The central nervous system
what is included in the CNS?
brain and spinal cord
what is the PNS?
The peripheral nervous system
what is included in the PNS?
everything outside of the brain and spinal cord
What are sensory neurons/nerve cells?
cells that gather information and sends that information to the brain
what are motor neurons?
neurons that tell the body what to do
what do somatic sensory neurons do?
feel for pain and pressure
what do visceral sensory neurons do?
they monitor homeostasis in the body
what do visceral sensory neurons monitor in the body?
temperature….heart rate…blood pressure…digestion
What do somatic motor neurons do?
they control the body
what is an example of a somatic motor neuron?
skeletal muscles
what do visceral motor neurons do?
release hormones…..make organs function
what is another name for visceral motor neurons?
autonomic neurons
what are the parts of the neuron?
dendrites, soma, axon, synapse
what do dendrites do?
collect electrical signals
what does the soma do?
houses the nucleus and holds a negative charge
releases action potential when triggered
what does the axon do?
carriers the electrical signal from neuron to neuron
what does the synapse do?
converts electrical signals to chemicals
why does the synapse convert electrical signals to chemical signals?
to determine the intensity to use
what is the axon hillock?
houses the voltage-gated channel that releases action potential to the axon
what are myelinated axons?
axons that have Schwan cells that speed up signal conduction in the axon
what are nonmyelinated axons?
axons that a little slower at moving the action potential
why are myelinated axons faster than nonmyelinated axons?
because myelinated have less sodium channels to open
what are the neuroglial cells of the PNS?
Schwan and satellite cells
what do satellite cells do?
provide nutrients to the neuron and protects
what are the neuroglial cells of the CNS?
astrocyte, oligodendrocytes, microglial, ependyma
what are the two kinds of myelinated neuroglial cells found in the CNS and PNS
in the PNS Schwan Cells and in the CNS Oligodendrocytes
what do astrocytes do?
form a blood-brain barrier and act as a filter for the cerebral spinal fluid
what do oligodendrocytes do?
speed up signal in the CNS
what do microglial cells do?
clean up dead cell and byproducts
what do ependymal cells do?
circulate cerebral spinal fluid
what does resting membrane potential mean?
the charge that is found at rest…always negative
what does threshold mean
the charge that must be met by local potential to initiate action potential in the axon
what does depolarization mean?
this is when the charge in the axon goes from negative to positive
what does repolarization mean?
when the charge of the axon goes from positive to ne
what is hyperpolarization
when the charge becomes too negative
what happens to the threshold when you are hypercalcemic?
it raises the threshold
what happens to the threshold when you are hypocalcemic?
it lowers the threshold
what are the two kinds of local potentials?
excitatory and inhibitory
what charge are excitatory signals?
positive
what charge are the inhibitory signals?
negative
what happens to the RMP when you are hypokalemia?
lowers RMP
what happens to RMP when you are hyperkalemia?
raises RMP
what does calcium affect RMP or threshold?
threshold
what does Potassium affect RMP or threshold?
RMP
what are the three meninges in order from superficial and going deep?
Duramater….arachnoidmater….Piamater
where is CSF found?
between the arachnoid mater and the piameter in the subarachnoid space
where is meningitis found?
inflammation of the subarachnoid space
what is the purpose of the duramater?
provide protection to the brain
what is the purpsoe of the arachnoidmater?
creates space for CSF to flow
what is the purpose of the piamater?
directly attaches to the brains surface and keeps CSF out of the brain
what matter is on the inside of the brain?
white matter
what matter is on the outside of the brain?
gray
what matter is on the inside of the spine?
gray
what matter is on the outside of the spine?
white
what is white matter composed of?
axons…..send signals
what is gray matter composed of?
cell bodies that receive signals
what are the dips in the brain called?
sulcus
what are the bumps on the brain called?
gyrus
what is the purpose for the brain being bumpy?
allows for more surface area
what are projection fibers?
fibers that send signals from spinal cord to brain
what are the association fibers?
they send signals within one side of the hemisphere
what are commissural fibers?
send signals from one hemisphere to the other
what is the frontal lobe used for?
personality….judgement….logic…….motor function….eye movement…brocas area
what are the two parts neccesary for motor function in the brain?
premotor cortex
primary motorcortex
what does the premotorcortex do?
it determines what muscles to move and how many fibers
what does the primary motorcortex do?
tells the body
what happens if the brocas area is damaged?
you get aphasia which causes slow or impaired speech….no change in comprehension
what does the parietal lobe do?
sensing things…contains association area and sensory area
what does the association area of the parietal lobe do?
gets senses from the primary sensory and figues out what those senses mean
what is the primary sensory area of the parietal lobe do?
it gets signals from the outside world
what are the two syndromes you get from damage to the parietal lobe?
CL neglect
what is CL neglect?
when you ignore half of your senses on your body
what happens if you damage wernekies area?
you get aphasia that is incomprehensible words…word salad
what is the purpose of the occipital lobe?
the visual areal
what happens if you damage the occipital lobe?
illusions…hallucinations…blurred vision
what does the temporal lobe do?
hearing
memory….faces..objects
what is it called when you can not remember faces?
prosopagnosia
what is it called when you can not remember objects?
agnosia
what are the three parts of the limbic system
amygdala….hippocampus…basal nuclei
what does the amygdala do?
gratification….what we dont like
what does the hippocampus do?
memory
what happens if you damage the hippocampus?
you get amnesia
what are the two kinds of amnesia
intrograde and retrograd amnesia
what doe retrograde amensia mean?
past memories are gone
what deos intrograde amnesia mena?
you cant remember new things
what does basal nuclei do?
start and stops movement
what are the two parts of the diancephalon?
thalamus and hypothalamus
what does the thalamus do?
sorts information into the cortex
what does the hypothalamus?`
controls endocrine system…hunger and thirst
what are the parts of the brain stem?
midbrian, pons, medulla oblangoda
what does the midbrain do?
startle reflex
what does the pons do?
sleep and wake cycle…circadian rhythm
what does the medulla oblongata do?
cardiovascular control…sensory imput except for smell
