Exam #3 Flashcards
what are voluntary muscles?
muscles that you can control yourself
What are some examples of voluntary muscles?
skeletal muscles
what are involuntary muscles?
muscles that you can not control
what are some examples of involuntary muscles?
smooth muscles found in organs and cardiac muscles found in the heart
what are the two parts of skeletal muscles?
striations and nucleus
what is the one part of smooth muscles?
nucleus
what are the three parts of cardiac muscles?
striations, intercalated discs, nucleus
what do intercalated discs do?
they allow electrical signals to pass through the cells allowing synchronized contraction
what does contractible mean when referring to muscles?
the muscle can shorten and lengthen
what does elastic mean when referring to muscles?
can stretch out and return to regular shape
what does extensible mean when referring to muscles?
can lengthen without tearing
what does excitable mean when referring to muscles?
can be contracted with electricity
what do muscles do for the human body?
movement, stability, glycemic control, thermoregulation, control of body opening and passages
what allows muscles to move the body parts?
muscles span joints….for example bicep spans the elbow joint..quad spans the knee
how do muscles shorten?
by bringing fiber closer together
do muscles pull or push?
pull
what are agonist muscles?
move muscles out of anatomical position
what are antagonist muscles?
move muscles into anatomical position
name all the structure of the muscles.
Muscle belly, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofilaments
what are the two kinds of myofilaments?
myosin filaments and actin filaments
what makes up the two different filaments?
protein
what is the thick filament?
myosin filament
what is the thin filament?
actin filament
what are the structure of myosin/thick filament?
composed of thick protein strand and myosin hairs
what are the myosin hairs composed of?
the tail, hinge, neck, and two heads
what are the parts to actin/thin filament?
actin, actin site, troponin, and tropomyosin
what is a sarcomere?
the actin and myosin filament structure
what structure caused muscles to contract?
the sarcomere
what are ligand-gated protein channels?
found in the synaptic cleft and open when the neurotransmitter ACH bonds to them
what are voltage-gated protein channels?
open when the voltage charge around them changes
what is the charge of the body?
negative
what does the Transverse Tubule/ T Tubule do?
passes electrical signals for opening protein channels
what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?
store calcium that is needed for contraction
what is a regulatory protein that regulates active site availability?
troponin
what is the neuromuscular junction?
where the synapse and synaptic cleft meet
what does botox do?
inhibits ACH from being released into the synaptic cleft causing you to not be able to contract the muscle
what is ACH?
a neurotransmitter that is released by the synapse that opens the ligand-gated protein channels
what is ACHE?
a neurotransmitter that takes away ACH at the synaptic cleft so that the ligand-gated protein channels can close and allow the muscle to relax
how does nerve gas work?
it inhibits ACHE so that makes it to were you are stuck in contraction
how does Rigor Mortis work?
the SR can no longer hold back the calcium….which causes the body to become stiff
what is muscle atrophy?
breaking down of muscle due to not using it
what structures are affected in muscle atrophy?
the number of myofibrils in each muscle cell decreases
what happens to people’s muscles that are into endurance training?
the number of blood vessels increases….number of mitochondria increases…oxidative enzymes increases
what happens to people’s muscles that are into strength training?
increase in the number of myofibrils….increase in the diameter of myofibrils and muscle fiber
what happens to muscles when they experience disuse?
decrease in oxidative enzymes…decrease in the number of mitochondria….decrease in the diameter of myofibrils
what is another name for type 1 muscles?
slow-twitch
what is another name for type 2 muscles?
fast-twitch
what are type 1/slow twitch muscles used for?
aerobic exercise, muscle endurance, moderate weight, 12-20 reps, 30-50% of 1rm, made to last long period
what are type 2 /fast-twitch muscles used for?
anaerobic, muscle strength, heavyweight, 3-5 reps, 80%+ of 1rm, made for a short burst
what is a sport that you would have to have good type 2 /fast-twitch muscles?
weightlifters and sprinters
what is a sport that you would have to have good type 1 /slow-twitch muscles?
marathons, cyclist, soccer
can the body go through respiration without oxygen?
yes
what is the respiration called that does not have oxygen?
anaerobic respiration
what is the respiration called that have glucose and oxygen?
aerobic respiration
what type of respiration does the body prefer?
aerobic respiration
what type of respiration includes the burn in the muscles from lifting weight?
anaerobic respiration
what causes the burn in the muscles during anaerobic respiration?
the build-up of lactic acid
what is glycolysis?
break down of glucose to make energy
what does lactic acid do?
breaks down sugars
what is DOMS?
delayed onset muscles soreness
what causes DOMS?
small tears in the muscle fibers
what is a common misconception that people have about lactic acid?
that it causes muscle soreness
what is recruitment?
using multiple motor units to create power
what is the order from spine to muscle fiber when talking about nerves?
spine…nerve…axon motor neuron…neuromuscular junction
are motor units composed of multiple muscle fibers?
yes
can the axon motor neuron be connected to multiple muscle fibers?
yes
what are some things that can cause muscle fatigue?
depletion, decreased oxygen, interference, and envioroment
what is depletion when referring to muscle fatigue?
running out of energy
what is decreased oxygen when referring to muscle fatigue?
breathing heavily
what is interference when referring to muscle fatigue?
when things get in the way of moving nutrients….for example waste
what is the envioroment when referring to muscle fatigue?
when it gets too hot or too cold
where are the dendrites?
on the ends of neuron
what is the purpose of the dendrites?
collect electrical signals
what is the purpose of the axon?
move electrical signals between end of neurons
what is the synapse?
converts electrical signals to chemical aka neurotransmitters
what is included in the central nervous system?
brain and spine
what is included in the peripheral nervous system?
nerves that branch off the spine