Exam #3 Flashcards by Brooks Beyerlein

what are voluntary muscles?

muscles that you can control yourself

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What are some examples of voluntary muscles?

skeletal muscles

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what are involuntary muscles?

muscles that you can not control

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what are some examples of involuntary muscles?

smooth muscles found in organs and cardiac muscles found in the heart

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what are the two parts of skeletal muscles?

striations and nucleus

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what is the one part of smooth muscles?

nucleus

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what are the three parts of cardiac muscles?

striations, intercalated discs, nucleus

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what do intercalated discs do?

they allow electrical signals to pass through the cells allowing synchronized contraction

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what does contractible mean when referring to muscles?

the muscle can shorten and lengthen

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what does elastic mean when referring to muscles?

can stretch out and return to regular shape

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what does extensible mean when referring to muscles?

can lengthen without tearing

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what does excitable mean when referring to muscles?

can be contracted with electricity

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what do muscles do for the human body?

movement, stability, glycemic control, thermoregulation, control of body opening and passages

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what allows muscles to move the body parts?

muscles span joints….for example bicep spans the elbow joint..quad spans the knee

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how do muscles shorten?

by bringing fiber closer together

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do muscles pull or push?

pull

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what are agonist muscles?

move muscles out of anatomical position

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what are antagonist muscles?

move muscles into anatomical position

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name all the structure of the muscles.

Muscle belly, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofilaments

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what are the two kinds of myofilaments?

myosin filaments and actin filaments

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what makes up the two different filaments?

protein

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what is the thick filament?

myosin filament

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what is the thin filament?

actin filament

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what are the structure of myosin/thick filament?

composed of thick protein strand and myosin hairs

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what are the myosin hairs composed of?

the tail, hinge, neck, and two heads

what are the parts to actin/thin filament?

actin, actin site, troponin, and tropomyosin

what is a sarcomere?

the actin and myosin filament structure

what structure caused muscles to contract?

the sarcomere

what are ligand-gated protein channels?

found in the synaptic cleft and open when the neurotransmitter ACH bonds to them

what are voltage-gated protein channels?

open when the voltage charge around them changes

what is the charge of the body?

negative

what does the Transverse Tubule/ T Tubule do?

passes electrical signals for opening protein channels

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?

store calcium that is needed for contraction

what is a regulatory protein that regulates active site availability?

troponin

what is the neuromuscular junction?

where the synapse and synaptic cleft meet

what does botox do?

inhibits ACH from being released into the synaptic cleft causing you to not be able to contract the muscle

what is ACH?

a neurotransmitter that is released by the synapse that opens the ligand-gated protein channels

what is ACHE?

a neurotransmitter that takes away ACH at the synaptic cleft so that the ligand-gated protein channels can close and allow the muscle to relax

how does nerve gas work?

it inhibits ACHE so that makes it to were you are stuck in contraction

how does Rigor Mortis work?

the SR can no longer hold back the calcium....which causes the body to become stiff

what is muscle atrophy?

breaking down of muscle due to not using it

what structures are affected in muscle atrophy?

the number of myofibrils in each muscle cell decreases

what happens to people's muscles that are into endurance training?

the number of blood vessels increases....number of mitochondria increases...oxidative enzymes increases

what happens to people's muscles that are into strength training?

increase in the number of myofibrils....increase in the diameter of myofibrils and muscle fiber

what happens to muscles when they experience disuse?

decrease in oxidative enzymes...decrease in the number of mitochondria....decrease in the diameter of myofibrils

what is another name for type 1 muscles?

slow-twitch

what is another name for type 2 muscles?

fast-twitch

what are type 1/slow twitch muscles used for?

aerobic exercise, muscle endurance, moderate weight, 12-20 reps, 30-50% of 1rm, made to last long period

what are type 2 /fast-twitch muscles used for?

anaerobic, muscle strength, heavyweight, 3-5 reps, 80%+ of 1rm, made for a short burst

what is a sport that you would have to have good type 2 /fast-twitch muscles?

weightlifters and sprinters

what is a sport that you would have to have good type 1 /slow-twitch muscles?

marathons, cyclist, soccer

can the body go through respiration without oxygen?

yes

what is the respiration called that does not have oxygen?

anaerobic respiration

what is the respiration called that have glucose and oxygen?

aerobic respiration

what type of respiration does the body prefer?

aerobic respiration

what type of respiration includes the burn in the muscles from lifting weight?

anaerobic respiration

what causes the burn in the muscles during anaerobic respiration?

the build-up of lactic acid

what is glycolysis?

break down of glucose to make energy

what does lactic acid do?

breaks down sugars

what is DOMS?

delayed onset muscles soreness

what causes DOMS?

small tears in the muscle fibers

what is a common misconception that people have about lactic acid?

that it causes muscle soreness

what is recruitment?

using multiple motor units to create power

what is the order from spine to muscle fiber when talking about nerves?

spine...nerve...axon motor neuron...neuromuscular junction

are motor units composed of multiple muscle fibers?

yes

can the axon motor neuron be connected to multiple muscle fibers?

yes

what are some things that can cause muscle fatigue?

depletion, decreased oxygen, interference, and envioroment

what is depletion when referring to muscle fatigue?

running out of energy

what is decreased oxygen when referring to muscle fatigue?

breathing heavily

what is interference when referring to muscle fatigue?

when things get in the way of moving nutrients....for example waste

what is the envioroment when referring to muscle fatigue?

when it gets too hot or too cold

where are the dendrites?

on the ends of neuron

what is the purpose of the dendrites?

collect electrical signals

what is the purpose of the axon?

move electrical signals between end of neurons

what is the synapse?

converts electrical signals to chemical aka neurotransmitters

what is included in the central nervous system?

brain and spine

what is included in the peripheral nervous system?

nerves that branch off the spine