Exam #1 Flashcards
Why is the scientific method so important?
it minimizes biases and helps create reliable data
what is a experimental group?
the item that has what the researchers are studying
in the chip study it was the olestra chips that were the experimental group
what is a control group?
the item in the study that does not recieve any manipulation….used to compare to the experimental group
in the chip study it was the chips that did not have olestra
when does a theory develop?
a theory is created when the tests results can be repeated by other in other places and the same results occur
what is natural selection?
the process of the most fit to survive in an environment live on to pass on their genes
what is antibiotic resistance?
when a bacteria can survive being exposed to a antibiotic
how does antibiotic resistance occur?
when people do not take their antibiotics as prescribed………bacteria develop over time
what is homeostasis?
when there is balance in the body…..examples of homeostasis are temperature, pH, blood sugar, fluid balance, blood pressure
what are the ranges for pH?
1-14
1 being acidic and 14 being basic
what is the blood pH range for humans?
7.34 to 7.38
what is considered a neutral pH?
7
what is the range of osmolarity in the blood
290-300
what is the range for body temp?
97-100
what is the purpose of a feedback loop?
helps body maintain homeostasis
what is a negative feedback loop?
a feedback loop that reduces stimulus
how does a feedback loop work?
you start with a stimulus….the stimulus is sensed by a receptor….that causes hormones to turn on…the hormones then make you have a response.
what is a positive feedback loop?
a feedback loop that increases a stimulus
give examples of negative feedback loop.
shivering when cold….sweating when hot…blood sugar regulation
give examples of positive feedback loop.
when giving birth stretching of the uterus allows baby to exit…..blood clotting when you get a cut…..lactation that continues when baby is breast feeding.
do positive feedback loop stop automatically?
no they are self limiting
what is an atom?
the smallest unit of life…can not be broke down anymore
how do compounds form?
through connection of bonds
what does a buffer do?
it helps maintain the appropriate pH level
what is the multiplication factor between numbers on the pH scale?
x10
when speaking about pH what does the cell get more of as the number increases?
more OH…More basic
when speaking about pH what does the cell get more of as the number decreases?
more H+ or more acidic
what is considered Acidosis?
blood pH below 7.34
what is considered Alkalosis?
blood pH above 7.38
what way does the equation go if the body get too much H+ or too acidic?
to the left
what way does the equation go if the body get too much OH or too basic?
to the right
what does the body do if you get too much acid in your system?
your body turn it into bicarbonate….then carbonic acid….then into carbon dioxide to be breathed our from the body…which raises your pH
what is carbonic acid?
an acid that is used in converting bases into H+ to lower pH and Acids into carbon dioxide to raise pH
What does your body do when it get too much base?
it turns that into carbonic acid….then into bicarbonate….then into H+ which would lower your pH
what is adhesion in a liquid?
happens when a liquid sticks to a surface….can be on a leaf or a graduated cylinder
what is capillary action?
when water is pulled up in a graduated cylinder
what is cohesion in a liquid?
it is what holds water molecules together….this is why water can create a bubble on a surface
what are phospholipids?
they are what creates a cell membrane
what are the two parts of phospholipids?
head and tails
are the heads hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
are the tails hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
what does hydrophilic mean?
means that it interacts with water
what does hydrophobic mean?
it does not interact with water?
why do we want hydrophobic tails on our phospholipids?
to keep liquid in between the phospholipid membranes
are the heads of phospholipids polar or non polar?
polar
are the tails of phospholipids polar or non polar?
non polar
do polar or non polar things enter between phospholipids?
non polar items
where do polar things enter the cell?
through the protein channel
what does selective permeability mean when referencing phospholipids?
it means that the phospholipids only let certain things enter through them
what happens if an item is too big to enter phospholipids and the protein channel?
the phospholipids capture the item using phagocytosis
what happens in phagocytosis?
the phospholipids make an indentation in the membrane….bring the item closer….enclose the item in phospholipids and bring it into the cell
what is in-between the double layer of phospholipids?
water
how does water stay in between the phospholipids and not escape the cell?
the tails are hydrophobic and will not allow the water to pass through them
what is extracellular fluid?
the fluid outside the cell
what is the abbreviation for extracellular fluid?
ECF
what is intracellular fluid?
the fluid inside the cell
what is the abbreviation for intracellular fluid?
ICF
what is Interstitial fluid?
fluid that is between the cells
what is the abbreviation for interstitial fluid?
ISF
What is the difference between ISF(interstitial fluid) and ECF(extracellular fluid)?
ISF(interstitial fluid) is a part of ECF(extracellular fluid)
What are the two parts of ECF(extracellular fluid)?
ISF(interstitial fluid) and blood plasma
what is specific heat?
the amount of heat required to raises 1 g of a substance 1 degree Celsius
why does water have a high specific heat?
it has the highest specific heat of any liquid because it has hydrogen bonds
what advantages does having water in blood bring?
most of our body is made of water which means that because it has a high specific heat it does not heat up quick…. it takes a lot of heat to raise our core temp
what does water do for the body?
Makes up majority of body, cushions/protects lubricates joints and tissues, more dense than tissues, helps brain float, and is a solvent
what is transport?
movement of molecules through a membrane…could include glucose….sodium….potassium
what is osmosis?
when only water moves from a concentrated area to a less concentrated are
what is diffusion?
both solute (water) and solvent(protein, fats, carbs, salt) particles move
what is the point of osmosis and diffusion?
to create equilibrium inside and outside of the cell
What is passive transport?
transport of molecules that does not require the use of ATP/energy
what is active transport?
transport of molecules from low to high concentration
transport that requires the use of ATP/energy
What is simple diffusion?
moving non polar particles through the phospholipids
what is facilitated diffusion?
moving of polar particles through the protein canal
what is gradient mean?
having different levels of concentration….low to high…high to low
what does does high concentration try to do to low concentration
high concentrations will always flow to lower concentrations and NEVER the other way around
how to determine concentration of water in or outside of a cell
simply use the fraction substance over water or S/W
what is osmolarity measured in?
milliosmoles/liter
the more milliosmoles you have does that increase or decrease concentration?
increases concentration
the less milliosmoles you have does that increase or decrease concentration?
decreases concentration
what is the range for blood osmolarity?
290-300 milliosmoles/liter
what does isotonic mean?
this means that both the cell and what is surrounding the cell have equal milliosmoles/liter
what does no net movement mean?
there is no movement of molecules between cell and surrounding environment
this happens when the cell and surrounding area are isotonic
what does hypertonic mean?
this is when the cell surrounding area has a higher milliosmoles/liter than the cell does
to create an equilibrium the cell releases water to dilute the surrounding environment
when the cell releases water it becomes shriveled and dies
what does hypotonic mean?
this is when the cell has a higher milliosmoles/liter than its environment does
to create an equilibrium the cell takes in water to dilute the cell
when doing this the cell will swell up and burst
what does the L in milliosmoles/L represent?
water
when do you use osmosis in the medical field?
you must match the levels of osmosis in blood when giving an IV bag.
how do we get energy from food?
food energy comes in the form of ADP….we use ATP to break that food down to turn it into ATP which is the source of energy we use
why are lipids/fats/oils important?
they help the body store energy…..help create phospholipids….they help create glycolipids
what are glycolipids?
they extend off the phospholipids and act as receptors
determine ones blood type
help with the immune system by destroying bacteria and viruses
what are the four kinds of fats?
saturated, monounsaturated, trans and polyunsaturated
what are the worst kind of fats?
saturated fats
why are saturated fats bad?
they can cause blockages in arteries because they are harder to break down compared to other fats
what is the purpose of carbohydrates?
carbs are the main source of energy for the body….aids in digestion…help you feel full
what are nucleic acids?
RNA and DNA
what is the purpose of nucleic acid?
storing genetic information in the body
what is it called when going from DNA to RNA
transcription
what is it called when going from RNA to Proteins
translation
what is the purpose of transcription?
to make an RNA
what is the purpose of translation?
to make proteins
what is the purpose of forming RNA to use proteins?
RNA must be formed to create a new cell and use the protein
what is a catabolic reaction?
breaking down of a cell….breaking down food
what is an anabolic reation
building up…building up of damaged muscle
what is the purpose of protein?
protein helps rebuild cells…..promotes growth
what is complimentary pairing
pairing of nucleotides?
what are nucleotides?
a mix of letters that build RNA and DNA
what are the 5 nucleotides?
A= Adenine G= Guanine T= Thymine C=Cytosine U=Uracil
What 4 nucleotides are in RNA?
Adenine….Guanine….Uracil…Cytosine
What 4 nucleotides in DNA?
Adenine…..Guanine….Thymine….Cytosine
What nucleotide is only found in RNA?
Uracil…..Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA
What are the codon pairings for nucleotides in RNA?
Adenine with Uracil and Guanine with Cytosine
What are the codon pairings for nucleotides in DNA?
Adenine with Thymine and Guanine with Cytosine
What is a hydrogen bound?
occurs when two h20s bond together
one h20 binds its one oxygen and with the other h20s hydrogen
not a super strong bond but when many bond together it becomes strong
what is a polar covalent bond?
can be found in h20 where the positive Hydrogen bonds with the negative oxygen
what is a covalent bond?
combining of substances in which they share orbit
what is an ionic bond?
combining of substances in which a substance gives one atom to the other substance
what are the four monomers?
sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides
what are essential amino acids?
an amino acid that can not be made in the body and must come from diet
what are non essential amino acids?
an amino acid that can be made in the body
