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Physiology Renal > Exam 3 with answers > Flashcards

Exam 3 with answers Flashcards

1
Q

An increase in plasma potassium concentration causes the release of

A

aldosterone

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2
Q

What primarily acts to increase sodium channels in the luminal membrane of the principal cells of the collecting duct?

A

aldosterone

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3
Q

What are surrounded by peritubular capillaries that carry approximately 90% of the renal blood supply?

A

cortical nephrons

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4
Q

What produces 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (calcitriol)

A

kidneys

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5
Q

The normal renal plasma flow rate is _____ ml/minute

A

125

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6
Q

What includes:

  • Filtration from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule
  • secretion from peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen
  • reabsorption from tubules into peritubular capillaries
A

basic renal processes

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7
Q

The amount of potassium that is exreted in the urine is the result of potassium being: (3)

A
  • filtered
  • reabsorbed
  • and secreted
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8
Q

These release paracrines that regulate the resistance in the afferent arteriole of the nephron

A

the cells of the macula densa

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9
Q

This changes as the filtrate passes through the tubule

A

the composition of the glomerular filtrate

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10
Q

If the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries - 65 mmHg the oncotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries = 29 mmHg and the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space = 16 mmHg, the glomerular filtration pressure is ___ mmHg

A

20

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11
Q

Most of the filtered calcium load is reabsorbed in the :

A

proximal tubule

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12
Q

The kidneys help restore a fall in plasma Ca concentration by

A

producing 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol)

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13
Q

The principal cells of the cortical collecting duct respond to aldosterone by increasing the number and open time of luminal ENaC channels. True or false?

A

false

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14
Q

The principal cells of the cortical collecting duct respond to aldosterone by increasing the number of basolateral H/K-ATPases. True or false?

A

false

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15
Q

The principal cells of the cortical collecting duct respond to aldosterone by increasing the number and open time of luminal calcium channels. True or false?

A

false

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16
Q

Loop diurectics at on the basolateral membrane of the cells of the thick acending limb of the loop of Henle to inhibit Na/K-ATPase activity. True or false?

A

false

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17
Q

Loop diuretics disrupt the medullary concentration gradient and cause the excretion of a large volume of 300 mOsm urine. True or false?

A

True

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18
Q

Loop diuretics inhibit the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter in the luminal membrane of the cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. True or false?

A

true

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19
Q

Loop diuretics can cause hypokalemia and alkalosis. True or false?

A

true

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

______ sparing diuretics act by decreasing sodium reabsorption by principal cells in the cortical collecting duct.

A

Potassium

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22
Q

______ inhibiors act in the distal tubule to inhibit the Na-Cl cotransporter

A

Thiazide

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23
Q

Parathyroid hormone acts to cause an increase in _____ reabsorption.

A

calcium

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24
Q

Potassium secretion increases in responses to a decrease in plasm _____ ion concentration

A

potassium

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25
Q

What:

  • have long loops of Henle that dip deep into the medulla
  • generate and maintain the medullary interstitial concentration gradient
  • are serviced by branches of the peritubular capillaries termed vasa recta
  • have an afferent and efferent arteriole
A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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26
Q

______ _____ ____ cause acidosis because they block intracellular generation of hydrogen and bicarbonate in proximal tubule cells.

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

27
Q

Among the following filtered substances, which is most completely reabsorbed in the renal tubule?

A

glucose

28
Q

Most of the Na that is filtered in the glomerulus is reabsorbed in the ____ _____

A

proximal tubule

29
Q

The tubule segment where reabsorption of Na is linked to secretion of hydrogen ions is the ____ ____

A

proximal tubule

30
Q

The tubule segment where reabsorption of Na is linked to secretion of potassium ions is the ____ ___.

A

collecting duct

31
Q

The tubule segment where reabsorption of Na is linked to absorption of amino acids is the ___ ___.

A

proximal tubule

32
Q

The tubule segment where reabsorption of Na is linked to absorption of bicarbonate ions is the ____ ___

A

proximal tubule

33
Q

The tubule segment where Na reabsorption is hormonally regulated is the ___ ___.

A

collecting duct

34
Q

In the proximal tubule, primary active transport of Na ions occurs in the _____ _____

A

basolateral membrane

35
Q

Which of the choices below is NOT involved (directly or indirectly) in the regulation of body sodium content:

A

erthropoietin

36
Q

Vasopressin regulates plasma osmolarity. True or false?

A

true

37
Q

Elevated plasma levels of vasopressin lead to an increased water permeability in the collecting duct. True or false?

A

true

38
Q

Vasopressin can cause a higher urine osmolarity. True or false?

A

true

39
Q

Vasopressin closes apical ENaC channels in the collecting duct. True or false?

A

False

40
Q

Drinking a lot of water will cause a drop in the plasma vasopressin concentration. true or false

A

true

41
Q

The renal clearance of glucose is ___

A

zero

42
Q

The renal celarance of creatinine is slightly higher than ______ _____ ____ but much lower than glomerular plasma flow rate.

A

glomerular filtration rate

43
Q

The renal clearance of bicarbonate is higher in severe ____ than severe ______

A

alkalosis

acidosis

44
Q

At high plasma vasopressin levels, the urine osmolarity would be ____ than the plasma osmolarity.

A

higher

45
Q

A function of filtered phosphate in the urine is to ____ urine pH against secreted _____ ions.

A

buffer

hydrogen

46
Q

A function of filtered sulfate in the urine is to alkanize the urine. True or false?

A

false

47
Q

The filtered sulfate has no impact on urine pH. True or false?

A

True

48
Q

The way the kidney compensates for respiratory acidosis is by incompletely/completely reabsorbing and/or creating “new” ______.

A

completely

bicarbonate

49
Q

Renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis ______ plasma ______ and/or CO2 levels

A

lowers

bicarbonate

50
Q

Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis _____ plasma _____ and/or CO2 levels.

A

lowers

bicarbonate

51
Q

Under a “normal” protein-containing diet, an individual’s urine is: ______ acidic and pH is approximately ____

A

slightly

6.0

52
Q

What excretes metabolic waste products from the body?

A

kidneys

53
Q

What is formed when monoiodotyrosine is linked to diiodotyrosine?

A

3,5,3 triiodothyronine

54
Q

What works by elevating cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentration in the target cells?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

55
Q

Suppose that a steroid hormone, Q, is pressent at a low concentration in plasma. If the concentration of Q doubles in plasma, both free and bound Q concentrations will ____.

A

increase

56
Q

A new hormone called ghrelin was discovered. It is comprised of several amino acids. From this information we could reasonably surmise that ghrelin is stored within ____ _____ in its endocrine cell origin.

A

secretory granules

57
Q

The half-life of thyroid hormones is determined by the fact that they are mostly bound in the plasma to _____ ______ globulin.

A

thryoud binding

58
Q

TsH increases the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid follicular cells by stimulating the iodide pump. True or false?

A

true

59
Q

TSH increases the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid follicular cells by stimulating the formation of pseudopodia which engulf and internalize colloid. True or false?

A

true

60
Q

TSH increases the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid follicular cells by stimulating the activity of thyroperoxidase. True or false?

A

true

61
Q

What are released into the blood in the region of the median eminence?

A

hypothalamic releasing hormones

62
Q

The advantages of the ____ ____ _____ vessels are that:

  • releasing hormones are not diluted by being secreted into the general circulation
  • the portal vessels provide the most direct route to the anterior pituitary
  • the anterior pituitary gland cells are more quickly excited to secrete their hormones
A

hypothalamo-pituitary portal

63
Q

A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted into the blood perfusing the posterior pituitary is _____ _____ .

A

antidiuretic hormone

Physiology Renal (4 decks)

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