Exam 3 Weekly project and slides

Question 1

methicillin

Answer 1

beta-lactam antibiotic => inhibits the formation of the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall in bacteria and can also kill good bacteria in our gut

Question 2

how to bacteria develop resistance to methicillin

Answer 2

they acquire genes that encode proteins that don’t bind to methicillin and prevent it from killing the organism=> eukaryotes don’t have peptidoglycan walls so they are safe

Question 3

clotrimazole

Answer 3

fungal cell with large holes in it that form due to the drug inhibiting an enzyme that catalyzes ergosterol synthesis in fungal cells (cant construct a functioning membrane)

Question 4

how clotrimazole is safe

Answer 4

ergosterol is only found in fungi cell membranes not animal cells so they are left unharmed ==> we have cholesterol instead

Question 5

raltegravir

Answer 5

antiretroviral integrase stand transfer inhibitor that inhibits the pre-integration complex by binding to magnesium in the integrase enzyme => decreases HIV in the blood

Question 6

why raltegravir is safe for humans

Answer 6

mostly targets integrase in HIV compared to other transferases such as human cells

Question 7

azithromycin

Answer 7

antibiotic that inhibits the 23S rRNA in the 50S subunit in protein synthesis for ribosomes => permeates the cell membrane and breaks through the glycocalyx

Question 8

why is azithromycin safe?

Answer 8

only targets prokaryotic ribosomes instead of eukaryotic ones so human cells are unaffeced

Question 9

exemestane

Answer 9

goes after aromatase enzyme so it cannot produce estrogen and keeps it as testosterone => no aromaticity and treats breast cancer or other cancers involving estrogen production (hormone sensitive tumors)

Question 10

side effects and diseases treated by exemestane

Answer 10

lower estrogen => hot flashes, developmental issues, flushing, loss of period, headaches, etc. and causes testosterone to increase leading to acne, hair loss, and infertility

Question 11

why is exemestane not used in pre-menopausal women

Answer 11

prevents puberty and wouldn’t work because most cancers rely on all estrogens instead of only testosterone being converted to estrogen

Question 12

taxol

Answer 12

interferes with microtubule functions in some cancer treatments => actin helps maintain cell structure and a breakdown of it causes cells to lose shape and loss of function like signaling, mobility, and division => nonspecific and target all cells in the body causing side effects and inability to replicate

Question 13

If mena is deleted, how is Lpd affected?

Answer 13

lamellipodin remains localized on the leading edge still which tells us it plays a role in the movement of it

Question 14

if LPD is deleted, how is mena affected?

Answer 14

mena would not be localized at the leading edge because it couldn’t bind to Lpd

Question 15

how to make a fusion protein

Answer 15

1. cut gene sequences out of fibroblast cell with restriction enzymes correlating to each gene segment
2. optional: use PCR to amplify each gene sequence
3. ligate each gene sequence together after they are mixed and hydrogen bonded
4. ligate gene back into the plasmid vector
5. get bacteria to take up plasmid with antibiotic solution
6. bacteria transcribes gene over and over again

Question 16

which is the control fusion protein. D or E?

Answer 16

HELP

Question 17

how can you test if mena and Lpd bind together directly?

Answer 17

1. put the plasma/gene in a bacteria culture and make copies of each of the proteins separately
2. purify the proteins from the solutions
3. put the two proteins in a solution and immunoprecipitate them so that would allow them to make a complex like in a cell
4. perform a Co-IP to see if the proteins formed the complex as we predicted

Question 18

what happens?

Answer 18

Will undergo apoptosis due to continued flipping of inner leaflet

Question 19

Intracellular Na and ATP but no extracellular K+ what conformation state?

Answer 19

the pump would be stuck facing outward with no K+ to trigger the inward movement back into the cell. The inside of the cell would be positive and unable to return to resting state

Question 20

differences between channels and pumps

Answer 20

1. channels only go one way with gradient and pumps go against gradient
2. pumps are antiporters (2 different molecules) while channels are uniporters (1 molecule)
3. channels use passive facilitation vs pumps use active transport

Question 21

if Na/K+ pump is working and the Na+ channel is open at the same time what happens?

Answer 21

Na+ would constantly be entering the cell and exiting the cell (via the pump) at the same time but K+ would only be pumped back into the cell against the gradient => the internal of the cell would constantly be positive and it wouldn’t be able to fire a new action potential because it wouldn’t return to resting state

Question 22

how do channels regulate their ions?

Answer 22

voltage gated (electrical signals) via charge distributions in and outside the cell (Sodium and potassium internally) and chemical signals triggered by concentration gradients wanting to be in equilibrium

Question 23

how does living in salt water affect fishes cells?

Answer 23

water wants to constantly diffuse out of the cell to find isotonicity

Question 24

why do fish drink salt water in the ocean and excrete excess salt?

Answer 24

1. to make sure their cells don’t shrivel due to osmolarity and water diffusing out of the cell
2. to keep salt concentrations lower in their external cellular environments to prevent osmosis diffusion

Question 25

active or passive transport for H+ and Pi?

Answer 25

–> active for Pi
–> passive for H+

Question 26

if a plant wants to transport phosphate into the cell why does it coordinate with H+?

Answer 26

the H+ passive gradient allows the phosphate to be actively transported without the use of energy because H+ is already moving in that direction

Question 28

T/F the PHS transporter is responsible for establishing the H+ and/or Pi gradient?

Answer 28

True for Pi but false for H+. H+ is getting pumped out of the cell via a different pump such as NADH

Question 29

4 compartments of a eukaryote

Answer 29

cytosol, nucleus, endomembrane system, semiautonomous organelles

Question 30

cytosol

Answer 30

ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centromeres (centrioles)

Question 31

nucleus

Answer 31

nucleolus, nuclear matrix, nuclear pores, chromatin/chromosomes

Question 32

endomembrane system

Answer 32

plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, RER, SER, golgi, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes, peroxisomes

Question 33

semiautonomous

Answer 33

mitochondria and chloroplasts