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Biology > Exam 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

negative frequency-dependent selection

A

the fitness of a genotype decreases when its frequency becomes higher

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2
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

difference between the morphologies of the 2 sexes of a species

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3
Q

neutral variation

A

changes in genes and proteins that don’t effect reproductive success

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4
Q

assortative mating

A

individuals with similar phenotypes are more likely to make

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5
Q

systematics

A

study of evolutionary relationships

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6
Q

anagenesis

A

single species => another different species

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7
Q

cladogenesis

A

species diverges into 2 or more new species

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8
Q

homology

A

similarity due to a common ancestor

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9
Q

ecology

A

stud of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

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10
Q

biotic factor

A

interaction between organisms

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11
Q

abiotic factor

A

interaction between organisms and environments

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12
Q

organismal ecology

A

studies how individuals meet challenges in environmentsp

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13
Q

physiological ecology

A

how organisms physically adapt

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14
Q

beahvioral ecology

A

how behavior contributes to survival and reproductive success

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15
Q

population ecology

A

interbreeding individuals and factors that affect population growth/density

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16
Q

community ecology

A

how populations of species interact => tree types in a forest

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17
Q

ecosystem

A

interactions between a community of organisms and the physical environment => flow of energy and cycling of nutrients in the ecosystem

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18
Q

abiotic factors

A

temp, wind, water, light, salinity, pH

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19
Q

convection

A

transfer of heat by movement of air next to the body

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20
Q

photic zone

A

zome close to the surface where light is sufficient in aquatic areas

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21
Q

hyperosmotic

A

more concentration of solutes in cells than the environment (freshwater) => gain water

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22
Q

hyopoosmotic

A

lower concentration of solutes in cells than the environment (saltwater) => secreted by gills and kidneys

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23
Q

halophytes

A

species that tolerate higher salt concentrations than regular plants => sald glands

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24
Q

climate

A

the prevailing weather pattern of a region => temp., wind, precipiation

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25
Q

subsidence zones

A

20-30 degrees away from equater where hot deserts have dry air

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26
Q

intertropical convergence zone

A

equatorial flow from both hemispheres (high precipitation)

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27
Q

how are biomes determined?

A

temperature and precipitation

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28
Q

coriolis force

A

wind direction is deflected by the rotation of the earth

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29
Q

adiabatic cooling

A

increased elevation leads to decreased air pressure

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30
Q

desertification

A

overstocking of pasturage land which reduces grass and makes the land desert like

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31
Q

epilimnion, thermocline, hypolinmion

A

upper, middle, and cool layer of a lake

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32
Q

lentic

A

standing water

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33
Q

lotics

A

running water

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34
Q

pelagic zone

A

open ocean

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35
Q

oligotrophic vs eutrophic

A

young lakes and little plant life; uptake of nutrients that result in cyanobacteria and algae

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36
Q

disjunct distributions

A

species can evolve into 2+ closely related species widely geographically separated

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37
Q

greenhouse effect

A

sunlight penetrates the atmospheric layer, short wave solar radiation passes through and bounces off of earth, long wave radiation comes back and bounces off greenhouse gases where it is sent to earth again

38
Q

greenhouse gases

A

water, CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons

39
Q

demography

A

study of birth rates, death rates, age distribution, and pop sizes

40
Q

clonal

A

patches of genetically identical individuals

41
Q

mark-recapture technique

A
42
Q

semelparity

A

when organisms produce all offspring in a single event and die

43
Q

cohorts

A

semelparous organisms that are the same age and grow at the same rates

44
Q

iteroparity

A

repeated reproduction at intervals throughout the life cycle

45
Q

type 1,2, and 3 survivorship curves

A
46
Q

R naught

A

age specific fertility (mx) x age specific survivorship (lx) summed

47
Q

finite rate of increase

A

ratio of population size from one year to the next. R0 = FRI if reproduction is annual

48
Q

per capital growth rate

A

(r) = births - deaths

49
Q

intrinsic rate of increase

A

max => when conditions are optimal for population growth and r is at its max

50
Q

Logistic EQ

A
51
Q

density dependent factor; independent

A

mortality factor that increase influence with the density of the population; influence isn’t affected by pop size

52
Q

landscape ecology

A

the spatial arrangement of suitable habitats for various populations

53
Q

metapopulation

A

series of small separate populations where individual habitat patches mutually affect one another => support breeding, prone to extinction, recolonization, growth/decline asynchronous

54
Q

mutualism

A

both species gain

55
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefits and the other isnt affected

56
Q

bottom up vs top down

A
57
Q

nitrogen limitation hypothesis

A

organisms select food in terms of nitrogen content => animal tissue 10x plant tissue nitrogen

58
Q

indispensable mortality

A

amount of mortality due to one factor that cannot be replaced due to another factor

59
Q

compensatory mortality

A

alternative scenario kills % of the pop

60
Q

additive mortality

A

adds to the current mortality rate

61
Q

total fertility rate

A

avg births of a woman during her lifetime in a population

62
Q

ecological footprint

A

the amount of productive land needed to support a person

63
Q

influences of pathogen population

A

immune response, competition with other pathogens, and increased transmission

64
Q

Calculating herd immunity

A

1- 1/R0

65
Q

basic reproductive number

A
66
Q

adaptive immunity

A

immune system cells encounter and later recognize a foreign cell/protein

67
Q

innate immunity

A

general molecular features are recognized by the body

68
Q

antigen

A

any molecule that triggers an adaptive immune response

69
Q

lymphocytes

A

type of leukocytes for specific immunity (B or T)

70
Q

B cells; plasma cells

A

mature within bone marrow and differentiate into plasma cells; synthesize antibodies to help destroy foreign molecules by binding to them

71
Q

humoral immunity

A

plasma cells secrete antibodies that bind to antigens

72
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

cytotoxic T cells directly encounter and destroy infected body cells

73
Q

opsonization

A

the physical linkage of pathogens by antibodies that triggers the attack mechanism to destroy them

74
Q

epitope

A

fragment of the antigen presented to helper T cells by the macrophage

75
Q

primary immune response

A

antigen response to initial contact with a pathogen

76
Q

secondary immune response

A

rapid and heightened product of additional specific antibodies against an antigen

77
Q

passive immunity

A

protect against disease through direct transfer of antibodies from one to another

78
Q

fundamental niche

A

physiologically optimal range of conditions a species performs best under

79
Q

realized niche

A

the range an organism is limited to from competition

80
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

use of substances other than O2 as the final electron acceptor in the ETC

81
Q

fermentation

A

produces ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation => without organic oxidation of molecules

82
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

energy obtained by chemical modifications of inorganic compounds to make organic compounds

83
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

use light energy to generate ATP but must take in organic compounds as a source of carbon

84
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

obtain organic molecules for energy as a source of carbon

85
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

dont us O2 but tolerate it

86
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can use O2 but obtain energy by fermentation or chemosynthesis

87
Q

osmoregulators

A

maintain stable internal ion concentrations in very different environments from their internal norms

88
Q

osmoconformers

A

conform to the salinity of their environment so their cells match

89
Q

associative learning

A

establishing a +/- association between stimulus and response

90
Q

optimal foraging

A

animals seek to obtain the most energy from the least expenditure of it (also applied to territory)

91
Q

___ is the result of anaerobic orgnaisms

A

reduction

Biology (5 decks)

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