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Biology > Exam 2 Deck > Flashcards

Exam 2 Deck Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

competition

A

-/- affects all interacting species negatively

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2
Q

amensalism

A

-/0 one organism is negatively affected and the other is neutral

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3
Q

predation

A

feeding on other organism +/-

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4
Q

herbivory

A

feeding on plants +/-

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5
Q

parasitism

A

living off other organisms +/-

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6
Q

pathogens

A

parasites that cause disease symptoms in humans and other speciesm

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7
Q

mutualism

A

+/+ interactions that benefit both species

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8
Q

commensalism

A

+/0 benefits one species and other is neutral

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9
Q

intraspecific

A

between individuals of the same species

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10
Q

interspecific

A

between individuals of other species

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11
Q

exploitation competition

A

organisms compete indirectly through consumption of limited resources

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12
Q

interference competition

A

individuals interact directly with one another by physical force or imtimidation

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13
Q

allelopathy

A

allelochemicals secreted by knapweed to surrounding soil that kills other species

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14
Q

niche

A

unique set of habitat resources a specific species requires as well as its effect on ecological systems

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15
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

two species that have the same requirements cannot coexist together with the same resource use

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16
Q

resource partitioning

A

differentiation of niches in both space and time to enable similar species to coexist

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17
Q

symaptric

A

same geographic area

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18
Q

allopatric

A

different geographic areas

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19
Q

character displacement

A

tendency for 2 species to diverge in morphology and resources due to competition

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20
Q

antipredator strategies

A

chemical defense, camoflauge, aposematic coloration (warning), intimidation, mimicry, armor, weaponry

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21
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

two or more toxic species converge to look alike

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22
Q

batesian mimicry

A

mimicry of a toxic species by a non toxic one

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23
Q

secondary metabolites

A

chemicals that arent compunds in the primar metabolic pathway for energy

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24
Q

host plant resistance

A

ability of plants to prevent herbivory via chemical/mechanical resistance

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25
Q

holoparasites

A

lack chlorophyll and depend on plants for water/nutrients

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26
Q

hemiparasites

A

can carry out photosynthesis but depend on hosts for water and nutrients

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27
Q

monophagous

A

parasites that infect one species or a few closely related hosts

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28
Q

polyphagous

A

can infect many different host species and often from more than one family

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29
Q

microparasites

A

multiply within their hosts and sometimes the host cells => hosts have strong immunological responses

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30
Q

macroparasites

A

live in the host but release infective juvenile stages outside the host body => hosts have short immunological responses

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31
Q

ectoparasites

A

live outside the hosts body => ticks and flea types

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32
Q

endoparasites

A

live inside the host body => pathogenic bacteria or tape worms

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33
Q

community

A

assemblage of populations of different species live inthe same place at the same time

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34
Q

succession

A

recovery of species after an event in a predictable pattern

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35
Q

biomass

A

the total mass of living matter in a given area

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36
Q

species richness

A

the factors that influence the number of different species in a community

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37
Q

key factors of species richness

A

time, area, productivity

38
Q

species time hypothesis

A

temperate habitats have fewer species rich communities than tropic because they are younger due to ice ages

39
Q

species area hypothesis

A

larger areas contain more species than smaller ones because of habitat range

40
Q

species area affect

A

number of species increases with increasing area

41
Q

species productivity hypothesis

A

greater production by plants results in a greater overall species richness

42
Q

evapotranspiration rate

A

rate at which water moves into the atmosphere through evaporation from the soil and other surfaces

43
Q

species diveristy

A

measure of the diversity of an ecological community that incoporates both number of species and their abundance

44
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

disturbance tends to promote maximal diversity at a medium rate . Too little or too much disturbance decreases diversity

45
Q

primary succession

A

succession of a newly exposed site that has no biological legacy in terms of animals and microbes => volcanic eruptions, glacial seidment, etc.

46
Q

secondary succession

A

succession on a site previously supporting life but suffered from disturbance => natural disasters, fam soil, etc.

47
Q

climax community

A

succession proceeds through several stages to a distinct end point

48
Q

facilitation

A

species will invage and out compete earlier residents

49
Q

inhibition

A

early cologists prevent colonization by other species

50
Q

tolerance

A

Species that establish themselves and remain

51
Q

equilibrium model of island biogeography

A

the number of species on an island trends toward equilibrium balanced by extinction and immigration

52
Q

source pool

A

species available to colonize an island

53
Q

3 principles of island biogeogrpahy

A

species area, species distance, species turnover => the same species seem to colonize first and others appear in order

54
Q

diversity stability hypothesis

A

species rich communities are more stable than those with fewer species

55
Q

redundancy hypothesis

A

ecosystem function rapidly increases at low levels of species richness => log growth

56
Q

keystone hypothesis

A

ecosystem function rises dramatically as species richness approaches its natural level

57
Q

idosyncratic hypothesis

A

ecosystem function can change as the number increases or decreases but unpredictably

58
Q

Lotka Volterra model

A
59
Q

2 features of food webs:

A

chain length and pyramid numbers

60
Q

total energy from trophic level to trophic level

A

10%, H = G + TS => S is entropy

61
Q

production effiecienty

A

energy that becomes new biomass

62
Q

pyramid of numbers

A
63
Q

pyramid of biomass

A
64
Q

pyramid of energy

A
65
Q

gross primary production (GPP)

A

biomass production from producers => carbon fixed during photosynthesis

66
Q

net primary production (NPP)

A

GPP - respiration energy => abailable energy for primary producers

67
Q

why are tropical forests less productive?

A

they have more soil erosion which creates nutrient loss

68
Q

why are praries and savannas highly productive?

A

plant biomass dies and decomposes which returns nutrients to the soil

69
Q

why are deserts and tundra not productive?

A

lack of water or low temperatures

70
Q

why are northern and southern oceans productive?

A

seasonal storms, vertical mixing of water, and phytoplankton growth in the spring

71
Q

salt marsh ecology

A
72
Q

global warming

A

increase in earths average surface temperature

73
Q

climate change

A

long term change in earths climate or a change in climate in a particular region

74
Q

biogeochemical cycles

A

movements of chemicals through ecosystems involing biologh, geology, and chemical transport mechanisms

75
Q

biological mechansism

A

absorption of chemicals by living organisms and release back to the environment

76
Q

geological mechanisms

A

weathering and erosion of rocks and surface/subsurface drainage

77
Q

chemical mechanisms

A

dissolved matter in rain and snow, atmospheric gases, and wind

78
Q

3 main elements required by living organisms

A

C,H,O followed by phosphorus

79
Q

carbon cycle

A
80
Q

nitrogen cycle

A
81
Q

the hydrologicla cycle ahs 2 components:

A

evaporation and precipiation

82
Q

phosphorus cycle

A

no atmospheric component

83
Q

eutrophication

A

elevatednutrient levels lead to algal blooms and depletion of oxygen in water

84
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

bacteria, lightening, and synthetic measures can break nitrogen apart into NH4+ and NH3

85
Q

nitrification

A

soil bacteria convert ammonia to nitrite (NO2-)

86
Q

nitrification part 2

A

nitrite (NO2-) to nitrate (NO3-) => oxidation process

87
Q

ammonification

A

conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia and ammonium by decomposers

88
Q

assimilation

A

inorganic substances are incorporated into organic molecules

89
Q

denitrification

A

NO3 (nitrate) is converted back to N2

90
Q

biomagnification

A

certain chemicals that are lipophilic will concentrate in organisms at higher trophic levels

Biology (5 decks)

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