Exam 3 - Volz Flashcards
What is guanxi
Translated as “connections” or “relations.” Reflects the importance of Chinese collectivism and relations with others. One can work very hard, but if they have no guanxi with the people who provide resources, they will get nowhere.
Individualists vs Collectivists - Sense of Self
Individualists see themselves as the basic unit of their self-image. Working towards personal goals, their experience, or their preferences.
Collectivists view their participation in groups as their self-image. They place emphasis on relationships rather than the self.
Individualists vs Collectivists - Goals
Individualists like to put forth their own efforts and be judged on their own ability.
Collectivists don’t mind integrating four or five people together to work on something and be judged.
Individualists vs Collectivists - Attitudes towards norms
Individualists will be more interested in what they like and what will please themselves.
Collectivists will adhere more to what relationships ask of them.
Individualists vs Collectivists - Decision Making
Individualists are more likely to consider decisions that they consider are rational.
Collectivists are more likely to consider decisions that effect other people.
Gender Relations differences between China and America
China: Women were used to make boys. Stay at home. And didn’t, until recently, have much say in marriages. Chinese married for status, guanxi, and money.
America: More romantic. Caring about compatibility, romance, and personal attraction.
How did the hierarchical nature of China manifest?
Confucian teachings emphasized respecting elders and authority. Accomplishments of one’s ancestors conferred high status upon some members of society.
Ownership in China vs. America
America: more prone to individual ownership of things
China: Less likely to be possessive of items, often sharing with others.
Three things that America criticized China regarding Human Rights
- China did not treat their people with dignity.
- China did not permit basic democracy and freedom.
- China treating Tibetans so poorly (Taiwan)
How does China view the criticisms from the US?
China sees them as a way for the US to expand their own power onto their land and to realize their national interests across seas. (It’s not about the people, it’s about power)
Who are the Uighur?
A Turkic ethnic group native to a region in Northwest China. They are predominantly Muslim and have their own distinct Islamic traditions.
How is China treating the Uighur?
China is being accused of abusing the human rights of the Uighur. Arbitrary detention, forced labor, cultural suppression, and religious persecution. China has detained over a million Uighur and other Muslim minorities. Sterilizing and abortions.
How has China responded to the criticism regarding their treatment of the Uighurs?
China has denied that they are violating any human rights and have been trying to suppress the information about what is truly happening. They are trying to invite people to see the good parts of China, yet continue the mistreatment of the Uighur.
Influence of traditional beliefs in China today
Rooted in the religious patterns of late-imperial times. Chinese government keeps careful watch over any organized group, religious or otherwise. The government asserts the rightr to Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, Daoism, and Islam.
Falun Gong
A traditional form of mental and physical training and faith healing. Unlicensed religious group, therefore was ultimately outlawed.
Religious freedom before Mao
More free and accepting. It was Mao’s cultural revolution that led to the crackdown.
What was the Three Self Patriotic Movement?
A Chinese Cristian organization that wanted to promote Christianity in China with the backing of the Communist party.
How has China increased religious freedom since 1976?
-1976 was end of Cultural Revolution
-1982 Constitution, enshrined the principle of freedom of religious belief for all Chinese.
-Government is restoring religious buildings
5 officially recognized religions in China
Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, Daoism, and Islam
Eastern Lightening
Religious movement that claims Jesus Crhist has returned as a Chinese woman named Yang Xiangbin. Classified as a cult due to its secretive nature and extreme beliefs. Criminal activities.
Purpose of funerary and ancestral rites for common people
It is to ease superstitions and ease worries.
Purpose of funerary and ancestral rites for elite, orthodox Confucians
It was the right thing for any Confucian gentleman.
Difference between western and Chinese religion
In China, Hell was still a place to be punished but one was not condemned there forever. The Chinese could perform rituals to help the soul get through it.
Popular Chinese religious practices
- Chinese funeral and memorial services
- The new Year’s festival, celebrating the yearly cycle of cosmos
- The use of a spirit medium to help cure sickness or other bad ailments.
What did the exemplary person have to choose from when they died?
They would get immediate release from the Underworld and leave by two bridges called the “Golden Bridge” - Escape the cosmos and go to the Pure Land and the “Silver Bridge” - Go to heaven
What happens to non exemplary people
They go to the underworld and meet with the ten magistrates. They have to be held accountable for their actions in life and harsh punishments were meted out.
The three gods of the earthly domain
- The Kitchen God - intermediary between family and other important gods. Represents the unity of the family.
- The Earth God - Local protective deity, village scale. Each village had their own Earth God.
- The City God - Represented the city. Religious link between state and society.
Yin (Po)
“Earthly Souls” move downward. perhaps returning as a ghost to haunt the living.
Yang ( Hun)
“heavenly soul” Float upward. Thought to be reborn in Heaven as another being or resident in ancestral tablets.
Qi
The basic stuff of which all things are made of.
Cantonese
Mainly spoken in southern China, including Shanghai and Suzhou
Mandarin
Official language of China and the most widely spoken language in the Country+
Tibetan
Mainly Spoken by the Tibet Autonomous Region
Wu, Min, Hakka, Uyghur
Other dialects of language spoken in China.
Unique things about Chinese language
- Character based writing system
- Limited number of pronouns
- Reduplication - repeating of words to signify intensity
Development and Reforms of Chinese writing system
- Standardization of Chinese writing system in Qin dynasty
- Simplification in the 1950s
Simplified characters of Chinese
Introduced to Mainland China in 1950’s, primarily used in Mainland China, and increased the number of people who could read and write.
Traditional Characters of Chinese
Used for over 2000 years and still used in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and many over seas communities. More strokes and more complex shapes.
The Five Classics
Collection of ancient Chinese texts that are the foundation of traditional Chinese culture and education.
1. Book of Changes
2. Poetry
3. Documents
4. Rites
5. The spring and Autumn annuals
Ancient Histories
Bamboo Annals
Records of the Grand Historian
Book of Han
Book of the Later Han
Records of Three Kingdoms
Chinese Poetry
- Li Bai
- Du Fu
- Wang Wei
- Su Shi
- Li Qingzhao
Ming and Qing novels
- Journey to the West
- Romance of the Three Kingdoms
- Dream of the Red Chamber
- Water Margin
- Golden Lotus
Revolutionary Writers
- Lu Xun
- Mao Dun
- Ba Jin
- Ding Ling
- Ai Qing
Post-Revolutionary Literature
- Revolutionary Literature
- Socialist Realism
- Scar Literature
- Historical Fiction
- Experimental Literature
Li Bai
Famous poet, Wrote Quiet Night thoughts, Drinking alone by the Moonlight, Ballad of Mount Lu, Song of Everlasting Sorrow, Night Mooring at Maple Bridge
Tu Fu
A poet, wrote Ballad of the Army Carts, Autumn Meditations, On Leaving the Imperial Capital, Song of the War Chariots, A view of Taishan
Ban Gu
A poet who wrote the book of Han.
Lu Xun
Author that challenged Confucian writings. Wrote A Madman’s Diary, The True Story of Ah Q, Medicine, The New Year’s Sacrifice, and Call to Arms
Mo Yan
Experimental author that wrote “Red Sorghum”, The Garlic Ballads, Big Breasts and Wide Hips, Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out
Wang Shuo
Writer known for his controversial themes. Wrote Playing for Thrills, Please Don’t Call me Human, Yellow Peril.
Scar Literature
Literary and artistic movement that focused on the traumatic experiences of individuals during the cultural revolution.
May Fourth Movement
A political and cultural movement focused on social and cultural reforms. Education would be more accessible for women, women were gaining liberty, and helped transform social attitudes towards women.
How did conditions improve for women during the CCP
- Land reform - Land was provided to the poor, many of which were women
- Education - Improved access for education for women
- Employment - Promoted gender equality in employment
- Legal rights - Laws and policies aimed at protecting women’s legal rights
- Family planning - Family planning and reducing populations growth which had impact on women’s health.
How is the situation better for women in China now vs the 1950’s
More women are employed and represented in politics. Women are literate and have legal rights.
How did the 1950 Marriage laws improve the situation for women?
- Equal rights in marriage. Women could divorce if they wanted to.
- Protection of Women’s Rights
- Promotion of gender equality.
How did traditional Chinese society prevent women from gaining status?
- Foot binding
- Arranged Marriages.
- Confucianism.
- Many legal restrictions
How did some women gain power in traditional Chinese societies?
- Empresses
- Religious Leaders
- Female Warriors
- Business
The three obedience for women in Traditional Chinese Society
- Obedience to Fathers
- Obedience to Husbands
- Obedience to Sons
What are some ways that women still struggle for equal status with men today?
- Workplace Discrimination
- Domestic Violence
- Gender stereotypes
- limited political Representation
- Sex trafficking
Characteristics of Chinese Names
Two-Part names
Meaningful Character
How it sounds
Honorific Titles
Zuo Yuezi
Strict postpartum tradition in which new mothers follow a strict regimen of rest, diet, and self-care for one month after giving birth. Does allow for social isolation and lack of physical activity. Potentially improved recovery and increased milk production. Enhanced bonding with the baby.
One Child Policy
Implemented in China in 1979 under Deng Xiaoping, most Chinese couples were restricted to having only one child. Many children, especially if they were girls, would be sterilized or abandoned. Many families wanted sons to carry on the family name.
How many children can the chinese have up to today?
The chinese can have up to two children today.
During Zuo Yuezi
Do: Rest, follow a healthy and balanced diet, stay warm
Don’t: Strenuous activities, go outside, eat cold drinks or raw fruits and vegetables+
Three characters in Chinese Name
- Family name, Generation name, Given name
Exceptions to the one child policy
People could have enough money to bypass the fees for one child, minorities were allowed to have more than one, and rural families.
Side effects of the one child policy
- More boys than girls.
- Less people to keep the population going
- Family dynamics “little emporer syndrome”
4 treasures of Calligraphy
Brush, Ink, Paper, Inkstone
Styles of Calligraphy
Seal, Clerical, Regular, Running, Grass
Benefits of Calligraphy
- Cultural heritage
- Artistic expression
- Health benefits
- Social Connections
Characteristics of good calligraphy
Balance, flow, clarity, consistency, creativity, harmony
Northern food
Wheat based, bland, steaming and baking
Dumplings
Mongolian Hot Pot
Beijing Duck
Cabbage
Eastern Food
Fresh fish, vegetarian, wok stir-frying, cooking wine
Steamed bird’s nest
Fish ball soup
Sweet and Sour Fish
Western Food
Heavy Sauces, dark vinegar, mushrooms, bamboo shoots, sischuan pepper
Chongqing hotpot
Ma Po Dofu
Gong Bao Ji Ding
Southern Food
Exotic, sweet sauces, seafood
Dim Sum
Shark’s fin soup
What happens at a traditional Chinese Banquet
- Host sits in the furthest corner from the door.
- Toasting and speeches. Everyone is complimenting eachother and the height of the glasses signify status
- multiple courses
Ban Zhao
Female scholar. Her work “Lessons for Women” emphasizes the importance of women’s role in society. Guide for women’s education and conduct.
Kang Youwei
Chinese Scholar Known for his contributions to the Hundred Days Reform, an attempt to modernize China’s political, social, and economic system.
Wu Zetian
Chinese empress who ruled as the only woman in history to hold the title of emperor
Liu Xiaobo
Hunger strike in tienman square. Wanted to end communisms. Scholar. Guy
Ai Weiwei
Chinese artist. and political activism. Harassed detained and beaten by the police.
Xi Jinping
The current Chinese president. CCP.
Chen Guangchen
blind lawyer.
