Exam 2 - Volz Flashcards
Canton System
A trade policy implemented by the Qing Dynasty named after the city Canton. Foreign merchants had to trade through a group of Chinese called the Cohong. Designed to restrict foreign trade and control the influence of foreign merchants.
Opium War
Fought between China and Great Britain. War was sparked by the British governments efforts to increase the amount of opium sold to China despite opium being illegal in China.
Treaty of Nanjing
Signed to end the first opium war between China and Great Britain. This treaty forced China to open up many trade ports to foreign trade. China also had to pay large indemnities to Britain for the damage caused during the war.
Treaty System
Because of the unfair terms signed in the Treaty of Nanjing, many of the treaties going forward were unfair to China. Because of these, the Qing dynasty’s government weakened. The unfair terms fueled resentment in China.
Taiping Rebellion
A massive civil war in China led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be Jesus Christ’s younger brother. The rebellion was fueled by the resentment and unfair treatment that much of China was going through. The Qing government defeated the Taiping rebellion with the help of foreign forces.
Boxer Rebellion
A rebellion led by a secret organization called the Boxers which consisted of many of the lower class and peasants. Fueled by resentment toward foreign businesses and foreign powers, the rebellion included many attacks upon foreign businesses and foreign people. The Qing government had a hard time suppressing it, and foreign powers had to intervene.
The Rites Controversy
Between the Jesuit missionaries and the Roman Catholic Church, the controversy regarded whether Chinese traditions were compatible with the Christian faith. The Vatican condemned the Jesuits for adopting many Chinese traditions with the verdict that Chinese traditions are incompatible with Christianity.
The two sides in the opium war
Great Britain and China
What was fought about in the Opium War
The trade in opium and trade imbalance.
Two consequences of the Opium War
Treaty of Nanjing - China was forced to sign this and open up many trade ports to foreign trade.
Loss of sovereignty - China’s government was seen as weak and led to a period of foreign intervention and domination
The 1911 Revolution
Also known as the Xinhai Revolution, was a revolution that led to the collapse of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China. It was led by Sun Yat-sen who would become the first president of the Republic of China. It was fueled by social unrest, economic hardships, and dissatisfaction with the Qing government.
Warlord Period
The period of time (1916 - 1928) was characterized by the fragmentation of China into a patchwork of regional fiefdoms. Many different groups of ideological thought fought for power through military leaders and using violence. Due to the weakened central government.
May Fourth Period.
A wave of protests, demonstrations, and cultural movements that aimed to promote democracy, modernity, and national consciousness in China.
Who led the Northern Expedition?
Was led by Chiang Kai-shek, who was the leader of the KMT at the time. Chiang’s leadership and military skill were key factors in the success of the campaign.
What were the main goals of the Northern Expedition?
To reunify China, establish a strong, centralized government, and eliminate the power of the warlords and other regional factions that had dominated China’s politics during the Warlord Period.
What was the Northern Expedition and when did it take place?
A military campaign launched by the Nationalist Party (KMT) in China in 1926. The campaign aimed to reunify China and establish a strong, centralized government under KMT leadership.
What was the Shanghai Massacre and when did it take place?
A violent purge carried out by the Nationalist Party (KMT) in China in April 1927. The massacre was directed primarily against members of the Communist Party of China (CPC), who had been cooperating with the KMT as part of the First United Front.
Who was involved in the Shanghai Massacre?
he Shanghai Massacre was carried out primarily by the KMT under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek. The KMT attacked and killed thousands of CPC members and sympathizers in Shanghai and other cities throughout China.
What was the New Life Movement and when did it take place?
A social and cultural movement launched by the Nationalist Party (KMT) in China in 1934. The movement aimed to promote traditional Confucian values and morality, and to create a new, more disciplined and ethical society in China.
Who was involved in the New Life Movement?
Led by Chiang Kai-shek, who was the leader of the KMT at the time. The movement drew support from a wide range of social and intellectual groups in China, including students, teachers, and members of the business community.
What was the Long March and when did it take place?
A military retreat undertaken by the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 1934-35. The Long March began in October 1934, and lasted for more than a year, covering a distance of over 6,000 miles.
What were the causes of the Long March?
Undertaken by the CPC in response to the ongoing conflict and persecution that the party faced at the hands of the Nationalist Party (KMT). The CPC had been forced to flee from its base in Jiangxi Province after an extended period of guerrilla warfare against the KMT.
What was the Nanjing Massacre and when did it take place?
Also known as the Rape of Nanjing, was a mass killing and atrocity committed by Japanese troops against Chinese civilians and soldiers in Nanjing, China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The massacre took place in December 1937 and January 1938.
What were some of the causes of the Nanjing Massacre?
Rooted in the broader conflict between China and Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The massacre was also fueled by nationalist and racist attitudes among Japanese soldiers, who saw Chinese people as inferior and deserving of punishment.
What was the role of the US during World War II?
The US played a major role in the Allied victory in World War II. The US entered the war in 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese, and played a key role in the fighting in both Europe and the Pacific. And the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
What was the Xi’an Incident and when did it take place?
A political crisis that took place in December 1936, when Communist Party of China (CPC) leader Mao Zedong was kidnapped by Nationalist Party (KMT) generals in Xi’an.
What were the consequences of the Xi’an Incident?
It helped to strengthen the position of the CPC and contributed to the eventual victory of the CPC in the Chinese Civil War. The incident also had a profound impact on the lives of the people involved, including Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, both of whom were imprisoned by the KMT for many years afterwards.
What was the role of the U.S in the Chinese Civil War?
The U.S initially supported the Nationalist Party (KMT) led by Chiang Kai-shek, but later shifted its support to the Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Mao Zedong.
Why did the U.S shift its support to the CPC in the Chinese Civil War?
Because it became increasingly clear that the KMT was unable to defeat the CPC on its own. The U.S hoped that by supporting the CPC, it could help to bring about a more stable and democratic China.
What were the main goals of the Land Reform under Mao?
To redistribute land from landlords to peasants, and to eliminate the power and influence of landlords in rural areas. The Land Reform was also intended to help mobilize support for the CPC among the rural population.
Collectivization under Mao?
A central value of communism, encompassing the idea of sacrificing for the greater whole. An example of this were work units, where individuals had a specific role and were expected to work hard for the greater good.
Work Units under Mao?
Government jobs that helped enforce the acceptability of the communist party. Using government facilities, people would show up and contribute to the work unit. Often being provided housing and food in return but little incentive to go above and beyond.
Government Control under Mao?
A central feature of the socialist system under Mao. Controlled all aspects of Chinese society, including the economy, education, media, and culture. Any opposition to the party’s ideology or policies was met with harsh repression.
Great Leap Forward
Massive social and economic campaign launched by Mao which aimed to rapidly transform China from an agricultural society to a modern industrialized nation. However, under forced labor and the use of untested methods, it is estimated that 20 - 45 million people died from starvation.
Cultural Revolution under Mao?
Massive political and social campaign launched by Mao aimed to purge the Communist party of “anti-revolutionary” elements. Used “Red guards (Young people invited to help by Mao) to attack anyone who was seen as a threat to Communist ideas. Violence and attacks were used.
Land reforms instituted by Mao after 1949?
3 Stages:
1: The redistribution of land from landlords to peasants.
2: Establishment of agricultural cooperatives. Peasants pooled together land to increase agricultural productivity.
3: Establishment of people’s communes. Large-scale agricultural cooperatives.
Red Guards
A group of high-school, college students, and young workers who were mobilized by Mao and were tasked with attacking supposed enemies of the communist party.
Tiananmen Square in 1989
A series of pro-democracy protests and government crackdowns in Beijing that culminated into a violent confrontation between protestors and the Chinese government. The protestors were thousands of students and intellectuals that demanded political reform and called for an end to government corruption. The government called for martial law and opened fire upon the students, thus ending the protests.
The 4 Modernizations
Set of goals articulated by Deng Xiaoping and other reformists that modernizing China’s economy, industry, agriculture, and national defense.
Special Economic Zones
Intended to promote economic growth and foreign investment in China. The SEZs were given preferential treatment in terms of taxes, tariffs, and other economic policies, and they were designed to attract foreign investment and promote the growth of export-oriented industries.
Three Represents (Jiang Zemin)
A theory by Jian Zemin that has the CPC represent three broad classes of the Chinese population. The advanced productive forces, the progressive culture, and the fundamental interest of the majority of Chinese people. This was to help because of the everchanging nature of China.
Sichuan Earthquake (Hu Jintao)
An earthquake that struck the Sichuan Province in 2008. It killed 69000 people and injured over 300000 . The government responded quickly with aid through food and healthcare. However, the government was also criticized for the poor quality of the buildings that collapsed, such as school buildings. While government buildings did not collapse.
End of Term Limits (Xi Jinping)
In 2018 the legislative body abolished term limits on the presidency, paving the way for Xi Jinping to remain in power indefinitely.
“One country, two systems”
Hong Kong and Macau would be granted a high degree of autonomy, allowing them to maintain their own economic and political systems, while still being a part of the People’s Republic of China.
Three things that are different between Hong Kong and Mainland China
- The political system is different. In Hong Kong has a small democracy that ensures free speech and autonomy while China is governed by the Communist party.
- The economic system is different. Hong Kong is capitalist and China is communist
- Culture.
Extradition Bill
A proposed law in Hong Kong that would have allowed individuals to be extradited to mainland China. It quickly became controversial because Hong Kong feared that it would undermine their autonomy and independence. Millions protested against it and it was eventually withdrawn.
National Security Law
Gave China the ability to crack down on dissent and opposition in Hong Kong. They can arrest the people of Hong Kong for speaking out
Who held Taiwan and who held it the longest?
Taiwan was held by the Dutch, the Spanish, and the Japanese. The Japanese held it the longest.
Government control of Taiwan after 1949?
Republic of China (ROC)
Taiwanese feelings about independence?
While some are for independence, Taiwan does have a distinct identity. Some are against independence in fear of retaliation from China.
How does Taiwan describe their National Identity
Some see themselves as distinct because of a unique historical past and some have adopted more of a Chinese identity.
Why doesn’t China want Taiwan to be independent
Because Taiwan was a part of China in the Qing dynasty. China sees it as part of its territory and not having it threatens its integrity.
Sun Yat-Sen
First president of the Republic of China.
Chiang Kai Shek
Political and military leader that led the republic of China from 1928 - death. Led the Northern Expedition. Nationalist leader.
Mao Zedong
Chairman of the communist party and led the communist forces in the Chinese Civil War. Great Leap Forward
Kang Youwei
Chinese scholar who was very pro-democracy and came up with the hundred days reform.
Puyi
The last emperor of China and the last ruler of the Qing. Used as a puppet emperor by Japan.
Lin Zexu
Had a job of decreasing the amount of opium coming into China. Because of one of his seizes of the British, that started the First Opium War.
Cixi
Empress of the Qing dynasty even after her son took to rule. Reformed economic system. Was very authoritarian.
Deng Xiaoping
China’s paramount leader in the 1970s to 1990s transformed the economical system from socialist to market-based.
Jiang Qing
Mao’s fourth wife that killed a British lawyer.
Jiang Zemin
The three reforms guy. Hong kongs return to China
Hu JinTao
President of China 2002 - 2012
Xi JinPin
China’s current leader. Abolished term limits. Belt and buckles initiative. China dream. Anti-Corruption Campaign.
Cai Yingwen
Current President of Republic of China (In taiwan)
Sidelining
Because farmers had to sell food to the collective, they often grew pigs on the side. Side jobs.
