Exam 2 - Volz Flashcards
Canton System
A trade policy implemented by the Qing Dynasty named after the city Canton. Foreign merchants had to trade through a group of Chinese called the Cohong. Designed to restrict foreign trade and control the influence of foreign merchants.
Opium War
Fought between China and Great Britain. War was sparked by the British governments efforts to increase the amount of opium sold to China despite opium being illegal in China.
Treaty of Nanjing
Signed to end the first opium war between China and Great Britain. This treaty forced China to open up many trade ports to foreign trade. China also had to pay large indemnities to Britain for the damage caused during the war.
Treaty System
Because of the unfair terms signed in the Treaty of Nanjing, many of the treaties going forward were unfair to China. Because of these, the Qing dynasty’s government weakened. The unfair terms fueled resentment in China.
Taiping Rebellion
A massive civil war in China led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be Jesus Christ’s younger brother. The rebellion was fueled by the resentment and unfair treatment that much of China was going through. The Qing government defeated the Taiping rebellion with the help of foreign forces.
Boxer Rebellion
A rebellion led by a secret organization called the Boxers which consisted of many of the lower class and peasants. Fueled by resentment toward foreign businesses and foreign powers, the rebellion included many attacks upon foreign businesses and foreign people. The Qing government had a hard time suppressing it, and foreign powers had to intervene.
The Rites Controversy
Between the Jesuit missionaries and the Roman Catholic Church, the controversy regarded whether Chinese traditions were compatible with the Christian faith. The Vatican condemned the Jesuits for adopting many Chinese traditions with the verdict that Chinese traditions are incompatible with Christianity.
The two sides in the opium war
Great Britain and China
What was fought about in the Opium War
The trade in opium and trade imbalance.
Two consequences of the Opium War
Treaty of Nanjing - China was forced to sign this and open up many trade ports to foreign trade.
Loss of sovereignty - China’s government was seen as weak and led to a period of foreign intervention and domination
The 1911 Revolution
Also known as the Xinhai Revolution, was a revolution that led to the collapse of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China. It was led by Sun Yat-sen who would become the first president of the Republic of China. It was fueled by social unrest, economic hardships, and dissatisfaction with the Qing government.
Warlord Period
The period of time (1916 - 1928) was characterized by the fragmentation of China into a patchwork of regional fiefdoms. Many different groups of ideological thought fought for power through military leaders and using violence. Due to the weakened central government.
May Fourth Period.
A wave of protests, demonstrations, and cultural movements that aimed to promote democracy, modernity, and national consciousness in China.
Who led the Northern Expedition?
Was led by Chiang Kai-shek, who was the leader of the KMT at the time. Chiang’s leadership and military skill were key factors in the success of the campaign.
What were the main goals of the Northern Expedition?
To reunify China, establish a strong, centralized government, and eliminate the power of the warlords and other regional factions that had dominated China’s politics during the Warlord Period.
What was the Northern Expedition and when did it take place?
A military campaign launched by the Nationalist Party (KMT) in China in 1926. The campaign aimed to reunify China and establish a strong, centralized government under KMT leadership.
What was the Shanghai Massacre and when did it take place?
A violent purge carried out by the Nationalist Party (KMT) in China in April 1927. The massacre was directed primarily against members of the Communist Party of China (CPC), who had been cooperating with the KMT as part of the First United Front.
Who was involved in the Shanghai Massacre?
he Shanghai Massacre was carried out primarily by the KMT under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek. The KMT attacked and killed thousands of CPC members and sympathizers in Shanghai and other cities throughout China.
What was the New Life Movement and when did it take place?
A social and cultural movement launched by the Nationalist Party (KMT) in China in 1934. The movement aimed to promote traditional Confucian values and morality, and to create a new, more disciplined and ethical society in China.
Who was involved in the New Life Movement?
Led by Chiang Kai-shek, who was the leader of the KMT at the time. The movement drew support from a wide range of social and intellectual groups in China, including students, teachers, and members of the business community.
What was the Long March and when did it take place?
A military retreat undertaken by the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 1934-35. The Long March began in October 1934, and lasted for more than a year, covering a distance of over 6,000 miles.
What were the causes of the Long March?
Undertaken by the CPC in response to the ongoing conflict and persecution that the party faced at the hands of the Nationalist Party (KMT). The CPC had been forced to flee from its base in Jiangxi Province after an extended period of guerrilla warfare against the KMT.
What was the Nanjing Massacre and when did it take place?
Also known as the Rape of Nanjing, was a mass killing and atrocity committed by Japanese troops against Chinese civilians and soldiers in Nanjing, China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The massacre took place in December 1937 and January 1938.
What were some of the causes of the Nanjing Massacre?
Rooted in the broader conflict between China and Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The massacre was also fueled by nationalist and racist attitudes among Japanese soldiers, who saw Chinese people as inferior and deserving of punishment.
What was the role of the US during World War II?
The US played a major role in the Allied victory in World War II. The US entered the war in 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese, and played a key role in the fighting in both Europe and the Pacific. And the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
What was the Xi’an Incident and when did it take place?
A political crisis that took place in December 1936, when Communist Party of China (CPC) leader Mao Zedong was kidnapped by Nationalist Party (KMT) generals in Xi’an.
