Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psy 441 > exam 3 study guide - ch 15 + ch 16 > Flashcards

exam 3 study guide - ch 15 + ch 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three parts of the somatosensory system

A

cutaneous senses, proprioception, kinesthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cutaneous senses

A

the ability to sense the position of the body and limbs (equilibrium and balance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

kinesthesis

A

the ability to sense movement of body and limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the function of the skin?

A

Protects us by keeping damaging agents from penetrating the body and protects whats inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

epidermis

A

outer layer of skin, which is made up of dead skin cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

dermis

A

Layer of skin below the epidermis and contains mechanoreceptors that respond to stimuli like pressure and stretching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 2 main mechanoreceptor

A

merkel receptor and meissner corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Merkel receptor

A

a disk-shaped receptor in the skin associated w/ slowly adapting fibers and the perception of fine details

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Meissner corpuscle

A

receptor in skin associated with RA1 mechanoreceptors. important for controlling hand grip and motion across skin
-Fires only when a stimulus is first applied and when its removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cutaenous receptive field

A

area of skin that when stimulated, influences the firing of a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the pathways from the skin to the cortex

A

Medial lemniscal pathway and spinothalamic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Medial lemniscal pathway

A

consists of large fibers that carry proprioceptive and touch information (high speed) // pathway in spinal cord that transmits signals from the skin toward the thalamus (related to position of limbs and perceiving touch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Spinothalamic pathway

A

consists of smaller fibers that carry temperature and pain information // nerve pathway in the spinal cord that conducts nerve impulses from the skin to the somatosensory area of the thalamus (has to do with signals related to temp. and pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

tactile acuity

A

the capacity to detect details of stimuli presented to the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how is tactile acuity measured

A

way of measuring tactile acuity that is the minimum separation needed between two points to perceive them as two units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Grating acuity

A

lacing a grooved stimulus on the skin and asking the participant to indicate the orientation of the grating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Identify the receptor mechanisms and cortical mechanisms that are responsible for tactile acuity

A

Body areas with high acuity have larger areas of cortical tissue devoted to them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 3 types of pain

A

inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, nociceptive pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pain

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

inflammatory pain

A

caused by damage to tissues and joints or by tumor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

pain caused by activation of receptors in the skin called nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nocicetprs

A

fiber that responds to stimuli that are damaging to the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

pain caused by damage to the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Direct pathway model of pain

A

1st explanation of pain
idea that pain occurs when nociceptor receptors in the skin are stimulated and send their signals to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

problems w/ the direct pathway model of pain

A
  • Pain can be affected by a person’s mental state (e.g., American soldiers wounded in World War II)
    -Phantom limbs
    -Pain can occur when there is no stimulation of the skin
    -Pain can be affected by a person’s attention
26
Q

gate control model of pain

A

the accepted model of pain perception. perception of pain is controlled by a neural circuit that takes into account the relative amount of activity in nociceptors, mechanoreceptors and central signals

27
Q

mechanoreceptors

A
28
Q

Opioids

A

chemical like opium that reduce pain and induces feelings of euphoria

29
Q

endorphins

A

chemical that’s naturally produces in the brain and causes an inability to feel pain (analgesia)

30
Q

placebos

A

substance a person believes will relieve symptoms but contain no chemicals to do so

31
Q

placebo effect

A

decrease in pain from a substance that has no pharmacological effect

32
Q

what cognitive factors affect pain perception

A

emotion, attention, and expectation

33
Q

how does emotion affect pain perception

A

pain perception can be influenced by a person’s emotional state.
-positive emotions = decreased pain

34
Q

how does attention affect pain perception

A

attention to the source of the pain can cause pain.
- pain can occur not when. you’re injured but when you REALIZE you’re injured

35
Q

how does expectation affect pain perception

A

positive expectations = lower pain rating and vice versa
placebos and placebo effect (The key to the effect is that the patient believes that the substance is an effective therapy)

36
Q

what is the function of taste

A

Gatekeepers of the body
-Identify things that should be consuemd for survival
-Detect things that may be harmful and should be rejected

37
Q

what are the 5 basic taste qualities

A

sweet, salty, sout, bitter, and umami (savoriness)

38
Q

tongue

A

receptor sheet for taste

39
Q

Papillae/Receptor Sites

A

structures that give the tongue its rough appearance. Has 4 types

40
Q

filiform

A

shaped like cones and located over entire surface
-Does not contain taste buds

41
Q

Fungiform

A

shaped like mushrooms and found on sides and tip

42
Q

foliate

A

series of folds on back and sides

43
Q

Circumvilliate

A

shaped like flat mounds in a trench located at back

44
Q

taste buds

A

sensory organs found on the tongue

45
Q

taste cells

A

cells that make up the taste bud

46
Q

Explain what occurs when eating spicy food:

A

The molecule found in hot peppers, capsaicin, activates the pain receptors in the tongue, creating a “hot-painful” sensation

47
Q

specificity coding for taste

A

taste quality is signaled by the activity in individual neurons that are tuned to respond to specific qualities

48
Q

evidence for specificity coding:

A

Mueller experiment or A series of experiments showed that when the taste receptor for a substance is eliminated, this is reflected in the nerve firing and the animal’s behavior – therefore confirming that there are receptors that are specifically tuned to sweet, bitter, and umami tastes.

49
Q

population coding for taste

A

taste quality is signaled by the pattern of activity distributed across many neurons

50
Q

individual differences in taste

A

-There are genetic differences that affect people’s ability to sense the taste of certain foods.
-Tasters: people who can detect bitter compound PTC
-Nontasters: people who cannot detect bitter compound PTC except at very high concentration

51
Q

anosmia

A

is the partial or full loss of smell

52
Q

Describe how anosmia demonstrates the importance of olfaction

A

Isolated congenital anosmia (ICA): individuals would feel more socially insecure, worrying about their own body odor, having problems in interactions with people, avoiding eating with others and men with ICA reported having fewer sexual relationships

53
Q

Explain why a dog’s odor (and rodents) detection is better than that of a human:

A

Rodents and dogs are more sensitive to odors than human because they have way more olfactory receptors

54
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

located at the top of the nasal cavity, part of the nasal mucosa that carries the specialized sensory organ for the modality of smell

55
Q

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)

A

bipolar receptor neurons for odorant detection

56
Q

Describe how olfaction is affected by COVID-19

A

COVID-19 molecules attached to the enzyme ACE2. ACE2 is found in a type of cells named sustentacular cells, which assist with metabolic and structural support to the olfactory sensory neurons
* Therefore, COVID-19 does not cause loss of smell because of directly attacking sensory neurons but affecting their supporting cells.

57
Q

Describe how olfaction is affected by Alzheimer’s disease

A

In alzheimers, the los of olfaction begins decades before the clinical symptoms, it cn be a predictor of the disease.

58
Q

flavor

A

created by interactions among taste, olfaction, vision, and touch

59
Q

Perception of flavor

A

The perceptual experience of taste and smell combined comes from the orbital frontal cortex (OFC).
Interactions between taste, olfaction, vision and touch underscore multimodal nature of our experience of flavo

60
Q

proust effect

A

certain smells cause you to remember vivid memories or events

61
Q

bimodal neurons

A

neurons that respond to more than one sense

psy 441 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions