ch 15 part 2: pain

Question 1

pain

Answer 1

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience

Question 2

what are the 3 types of pain

Answer 2

inflammatory, neuropathic, and nociceptive pain

Question 3

inflammatory pain

Answer 3

pain caused by damage to tissue or inflammation of joints or by tumor cells

Question 4

neuropathic pain

Answer 4

pain caused by lesions or other damages to the nervous system (ex: carpal tunnel)

Question 5

nociceptive pain

Answer 5

pain caused by activation of receptors in the skin called nociceptors

Question 6

nociceptors

Answer 6

fiber that responds to stimuli that are damaging to the skin

Question 7

direct pathway model of pain

Answer 7

1st explanation of pain
idea that pain occurs when nociceptor receptors in the skin are stimulated and send their signals to the brain (doesn’t account for the fact that pain can be affected by other factors in addition to stimulation of the skin)

Question 8

phantom limbs

Answer 8

a person’s continued perception of a limb even tho the limb has been amputated

Question 9

gate control model (GCM)

Answer 9

the accepted model of pain perception. perception of pain is controlled by a neural circuit that takes into account the relative amount of activity in nociceptors, mechanoreceptors and central signals

Question 10

transmission cells

Answer 10

according to the GCM, the cell that receives + and - inputs from cells in the dorsal horn. T cell activity determines the perception of pain; more t cells = more pain

Question 11

what top-down processes affect pain perception

Answer 11

expectation, attention, and emotion

Question 12

how does expectation affect pain perception

Answer 12

1. positive expectations = lower pain rating and vice versa
2. placebos and placebo effect

Question 13

placebo

Answer 13

substance a person believes will relieve symptoms but contain no chemicals to do so

Question 14

placebo effect

Answer 14

decrease in pain from a substance that has no pharmacological effect

Question 15

nocebo effect

Answer 15

negative placebo effect, characterized by a negative response to negative expectation

Question 16

how does attention affect pain perception

Answer 16

attention to the source of the pain can cause pain.
- pain can occur not when. you’re injured but when you REALIZE you’re injured

Question 17

how do emotions affect pain perception

Answer 17

pain perception can be influenced by a person’s emotional state.
-positive emotions = decreased pain

Question 18

multimodal nature of pain

Answer 18

the experience of pain has both sensory and emotional components

Question 19

sensory component of pain

Answer 19

pain perception described w/ terms like throbbing, hot or dull

Question 20

affective/emotional component of pain

Answer 20

emotional experience associated w/ pain. described as annoying, sickening, frightful

Question 21

opioids

Answer 21

chemical like opium that reduce pain and induces feelings of euphoria

Question 22

naloxone

Answer 22

substance that inhibits the activity of opiates

Question 23

endorphins

Answer 23

chemical that’s naturally produces in the brain and causes an inability to feel pain (analgesia)

Question 24

what are the social aspects of pain?

Answer 24

1. social touch can reduce pain
2. observing someone else’s pain can affect the observe (empathy)
3. social pain: pain caused by negative social situations like rejection