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psy 441 > exam 3 study guide > Flashcards

exam 3 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

physical definition of sound

A

pressure changes in the air or other medium

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2
Q

sound waves

A

Pattern of air pressure changes that travel through air at 340 m/s

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3
Q

pure tones

A

tones created by a sine wave

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4
Q

amplitude

A

the size of the pressure change

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5
Q

decibel (dB)

A

measure of loudness

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6
Q

loudness

A

quality of sound, ranging from soft to loud // perception of amplitude

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7
Q

frequency

A

the number of cycles per second that the pressure changes repeat

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8
Q

hertz

A

measurement of frequency. 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second

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9
Q

frequency spectra

A

display of harmonics of a complex sound

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10
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the repetition rate and is called the first harmonic

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11
Q

harmonics

A

component of a complex tone that has frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency
- Periodic complex tones consists of a number of harmonics

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12
Q

pitch

A

the perceptual quality we describe as high and low

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13
Q

audibility curve

A

shows the threshold of hearing in relation to frequency
-Changes on this curve show that humans are most sensitive to 2,000 to 4,000 Hz.
-Human hearing range: 20 - 20,000 Hz

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14
Q

auditory response area

A

falls between the audibility curve and the threshold for feeling.
-It shows the range of response for human audition

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15
Q

timbre

A

all other perceptual aspects of a sound besides loudness, pitch, and duration

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16
Q

How perception of timbre is related to the perception of different instruments

A

quality that distinguishes between two tones that sound different even though they have the same loudness and pitch

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17
Q

auditory system transduction

A
  1. Auditory system delivers the sound stimulus to receptors
  2. Transduces this stimulus from pressure changes into electrical signals
  3. It processes these electrical signals so they can indicate qualities of the sound source, such as pitch, loudness, timbre and location
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18
Q

outer ear

A

the pinna and the auditory canal

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19
Q

pinnae

A

part of the ear thats visible on the outside of the head

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20
Q

auditory canal

A

the canal thru which air vibrations travel from the environment to the tympanic membrane

21
Q

middle ear

A

small air-filled space between the auditory canal and the cochlea that contains the ossicles. The airborne sound waves reach the ear drum and they set the middle ear structures into vibration.

22
Q

ossicles

A

3 small bones in the middle ear that transmit vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear (MIS)

23
Q

malleus

A

1st set of ossicles that receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and transmits these vibrations to the incus

24
Q

incus

A

2nd of the ossicles. receives vibrations from the malleus to the stapes

25
Q

stapes

A

3rd of the ossicles. receives vibrations from the incus and transmits these vibrations to the oval window of the inner ear

26
Q

inner ear

A

innermost division of the ear, containing the cochlea and receptors for hearing

27
Q

Békésy’s place theory of hearing

A

frequency of sound is indicated by the place on the organ of Corti that has the highest firing rate

28
Q

Describe the different brain structures involved in the processing of the auditory signal

A

SONIC MG

29
Q

superior olivary nucleus (SON)

A

nucleus along the auditory pathway from the cochlea to the auditory cortex (brainstem)

30
Q

inferior colliculus (IC)

A

receives input from the SON (midbrain)

31
Q

medial geniculate nucleus (MG)

A

receives inputs from the inferior colliculus and transmits signals to the auditory cortex (thalamus)

32
Q

Describe the common types of hearing loss, such as presbycusis and by noise exposure

A

-Presbycusis: caused by hair cell damage from cummlaive effects of noise exposure over time, the ingestion of drugs that damage hair cells and age-related degeneration

-Noise induced hearing loss: hearing loss that occurs when loud noises cause degeneration of hair cells

33
Q

cochlear implant

A

a device used to create hearing in people with deafness caused by damage to the hair cells in the cochlea

34
Q

how do cochlear implants work

A

-A cochlear implant uses a sound processor that you wear behind your ear
-A transmitter sends sound signals to a receiver and stimulator implanted under the skin,
-which stimulate the auditory nerve with electrodes that have been placed in the cochlea.

35
Q

auditory space

A

surrounds an observer and exists wherever there is sound.

36
Q

auditory localization

A

Locating of sound sources in auditory space

37
Q

describe where auditory localization is most accurate

A

People localize sounds directly in front of them m ost accurately, and to the sides and behind their heads least accurately

38
Q

what are the different coordinates of auditory space

A

azimuth, elevation, and distance

39
Q

azimuth coordinates

A

locations left to right relative to the listener

40
Q

elevation coordinates

A

sound locations that are up and down

41
Q

distance coordinates

A

how far a stimulus is from the observer

42
Q

Interaural time difference (ITD)

A

the time difference between when a sound reaches the left ear and when it reaches the right ear

43
Q

what is ITD most effective for

A

ITD is most effective for determining the locations of low frequency sounds

44
Q

Interaural level difference (ILD)

A

the difference in the sound pressure level between the left and right ears

45
Q

what frequency is ILD more effective for?

A

ILD is an effective cue for location only for high frequency sounds

46
Q

what is the monaural cue for localization of sound

A

spectral cue: info for localization is contained in differences in the distribution/spectrum of frequencies that reach each ear

47
Q

what is spectral cue effective for?

A

This cue is the most effective for judging elevation location, especially at high frequencies

48
Q

Explain why ambiguity could exist when judging the location of sounds.

A

Cone of confusion: a surface in the shape of a cone that extends out from the ear where all sounds produce the same time and level (intensity) differences (ITDs and ILDs)

psy 441 (12 decks)

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