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Intro to Animal Science > Exam 3 study guide > Flashcards

Exam 3 study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Feed efficiency for large producers

A

3 pounds of feed per 1 pound of gain

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2
Q

Feed efficiency for small scale producers

A

3.5-4 pounds of feed per pound of gain

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3
Q

Improving feed efficiency

A
  • Processing of feed can help increase efficiency (grinding)

- Feed additions: antibiotics, chemotherapeutic, anthelmintics

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4
Q

Cost of feed for swine

A

-feed costs range from 22-70% of total cost of raising hogs

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5
Q

Feeding from 40 pounds to market weight for swine costs:

A

60-70% of total cost of production

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6
Q

Swine: age at puberty

A

5-7 months

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7
Q

Swine: weight at estrus

A

150-250 pounds

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8
Q

Swine: length of estrus cycle

A

18-24 days

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9
Q

Swine: Duration of estrus

A

1-5 days

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10
Q

Swine: Time of ovulation

A

12-48 hours

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11
Q

Swine: best time to breed

A

2nd day of estrus

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12
Q

Swine: gestation period

A

111-115 days

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13
Q

Swine: weaning to first estrus

A

3-7 days

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14
Q

Swine: Average pigs per litter

A

10

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15
Q

swine: average pigs per litter weaned

A

9

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16
Q

Typical number of litters per sow

A

2.5

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17
Q

What is specific pathogen free (SPF)

A

free of a specific list of pathogens

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18
Q

SPF can control

A

diseases: swine dysentery, pneumonia, mycoplasma, atrophic rhinitis

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19
Q

Problems with hog carcasses: muscling

A

-genetic progress has resulted in increased muscling in hogs which resulted in reduced palatability due to reduced fat content

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20
Q

Problems with hog carcasses: marbling

A

Hogs are going to harvest at 5-6 months of age which means little to no marbling

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21
Q

Problems with hog carcasses: PSS

A

selection for improved muscling resulted in a greater incidence of the porcine stress syndrome

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22
Q

What kind of breeders are there: sheep

A

Seasonal breeders

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23
Q

Seasonal breeders: sheep

A

based on photo period which depends on light, temperature and relative humidity

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24
Q

Seasonal breeding results in

A

uneven supply of lambs and therefore some producers have gone into an accelerated lambing program

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25
Q

Sheep: management problems

A
  • Predators
  • Diseases
  • Availability of trained personnel
  • External parasites
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26
Q

Sheep: management problems: Predators

A

Coyote biggest problem

Stray dogs

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27
Q

Sheep: management problems: Diseases

A

-respiratory disease
-Enterotoxaemia
Both of which result in a 15-20% death loss

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28
Q

Sheep: management problems: External parasites

A
  • stomach worms
  • intestinal worms
  • –round worms
  • –tape worms
  • lung worms
  • nose bots
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29
Q

Sheep: range flock

A
  • lambs fed in CA, TX, CO

- Summer in high country and winter in desert

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30
Q

Sheep: farm flock

A

-less than 100 head per farm

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31
Q

Beef phases of operation

A
  • cow-calf

- stocker yearling

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32
Q

Cow-calf operation

A
  • 32.5 million head of cows
  • 68% of total cow operations are 50 cows or less
  • 70% of beed cow inventory is in operations with more than 100 cows
  • cow numbers fluctuate over the years depending on: drought, beef prices and land prices
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33
Q

Stocker yearling operation

A
  • feed cattle for growth prior to their going into the feedlot for finishing
  • replacement heifers
  • desirable for early maturing cattle
  • larger framed/later maturing cattle usually are more efficient and profitable if they go directly to the feedlot after weaning
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34
Q

Stocker yearling operation: marketing

A
  • available forage
  • high roughage feeds
  • crop residues
  • –corn stalks
  • –grain stubble
  • –beet tops
  • wheat pasture
  • silage
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35
Q

Feedlot operation

A
  • harvested feed brought to cattle
  • pasture fed cattle represent 10-15% of steers and heifers slaughtered
  • 21.6 million head fed
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36
Q

Feedlot operation: commercial feeders (%)

A

95%

over 1000 head

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37
Q

feedlot operation: farmer feeders

A

under 1000 head

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38
Q

Seedstock operation

A
  • producing cattle for breeding purposes
  • more expensive
  • higher control of records
  • better facilities
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39
Q

Nutrient demand of cattle (3)

A
  • maintain
  • lactate
  • gestate
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40
Q

Maintain

A

her health and body condition

41
Q

Lactate

A

provide enough milk for her calf

42
Q

gestate

A

she has to conceive and be able to grow another fetus while raising another calf

43
Q

feed efficiency for cattle

A
  • hormone implants
  • melengestrol acetate
  • compudose
  • ralgro implant
44
Q

hormone implant

A

estrogenic hormones implanted in the ear widely used to improve feed efficiency and ADG in cattle

45
Q

Melengestrol acetate

A

synthetic progesterone which is a common feed additive used in feedlot heifers’ diets to suppress estrus and thus improve feed efficiency

46
Q

compudose

A

ear implant that demonstrates a 10-15% increase in ADG and a 5-10% increase in FE

47
Q

ralgro implant

A

produces 10% incr ADG and 5-10% incr in FE

48
Q

three most important factors for enhancing genetic progress

A
  • selection differential
  • heritability
  • generation interval
49
Q

Selection differential

A
  • difference in performance of selected individuals vs. average
  • increased group size allows greatest SD
  • performance records important
  • as number of traits selected increase, SD decreases
  • largest SD attained by selecting exceptional animals
  • limit selection to economically important traits
50
Q

Heritability

A
  • degree of variation in performance due to genetics
  • strength of inheritance
  • low heritability traits affected more by environment
  • low heritability traits should not be ignored
51
Q

Generation interval

A
  • Average age of parents in the herd when selected progeny are born
  • older breeding animals lead to longer genetic change per year
  • decreased GI leads to faster genetic progress as long as better animals are used as replacements
  • replace old parents
52
Q

Premise ID number

A
  • 1st step: identification of the premise or location where animal is housed
  • 2nd: identification of the individual animals
  • 3rd: track animal movement between various premises
53
Q

Records and performance data important for selection

A
  • premise ID number
  • tag all cows and calves
  • keep calving record in something(includes dam and calf ID, calving date and sex)
  • recommended tagging with RFID tags
54
Q

Grades of beef

A

once the grade has been determined using marbling and maturity:

  • if lean is 4- lower the grade by 1/3
  • if lean is 3- lower the grade by 2/3
  • if lean is 2- lower the grade by a grade
55
Q

Grades of lamb: maturity A

A

if break joints are red in color

56
Q

Grades of lamb: maturity B

A

if the break joints are lighter in color

57
Q

Factors used to determine grade

A
  • maturity
  • marbling
  • color of lean
  • firmness of lean
  • texture of lean
58
Q

maturity based on

A

physiological age which is determine by ossification of cartilage to bone and meat color

  • -cartilage starts in sacral vertebra area through the lumbar and thoracic vertebra areas
  • -if sacral vertebra is fused then use meat color
59
Q

Maturity grades

A
  • A: 9-30 months
  • B: 30-42 months
  • C: 42-72 months
  • D: 72-96 months
  • E: more than 96 months
60
Q

Marbling grading

A
  • Abundant: high prime
  • Moderately abundant: average prime
  • slightly abundant: low prime
  • moderate: high choice
  • modest: average choice
  • small: low choice
  • slight: select
  • traces: high standard
  • practically devoid: low standard
  • devoid: utility
61
Q

Color, firmness and texture of lean

A
  • should be RFN
  • –Reddish pink
  • –Firm
  • –Non exudative
  • color scores should be 3-4
62
Q

How are horses classified

A
  • hot blood
  • cold blood
  • pony
  • warm blood
63
Q

Hot blood

A

lighter ones, more speed, fiery in personality

64
Q

Cold blood

A

more used for work, bigger boned, not waste energy unless they have to

65
Q

Pony

A

used for places where they need smaller animals

66
Q

warm blood

A

in between hot and cold

67
Q

Uses of horses

A
  • Agriculture
  • war
  • transport
68
Q

Agriculture: horses

A
  • food source

- help with working fields

69
Q

War

A
  • pull chariots

- calvalry

70
Q

Transport

A

-Riding developed by 2000-1500 BC

71
Q

Number of horses in the U.S.

A

9.2 million (2 million owned)

72
Q

Number of horses in world

A

23 million (95% for work) internet says 58 million

73
Q

How horses are evaluated

A
  • balance
  • structure
  • legs and feet
  • tracking
  • muscling
74
Q

pari mutuel betting

A

racing and betting against yourself (pool money from wagers, house takes a cut and winners split the rest

75
Q

Types of horses used for types of racing (3 main)

A
  • thoroughbred (long distance)
  • quarter horse (short distance)
  • standardbred (harness racing)
76
Q

Types of horses used for types of racing (4 others)

A
  • appaloosa (sprint)
  • paint (short distance)
  • arabian ( long distance but endurance, not very fast)
  • mule
77
Q

triple crown

A

an award or honor for winning a group of three important events in a sport, in particular victory by one horse in the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness, and the Belmont Stakes.

78
Q

Who won the last triple crown

A

American Pharaoh

Victor Espinoza

79
Q

Different types of dairy breed

A
  • holstein (main)
  • ayshire
  • brown swiss
  • guernsey
  • jersey
  • milking shorthorn
80
Q

Brown swiss cow

A
  • not very popular in the US

- a lot of milk and protein fat but less than jersey

81
Q

jersey cow

A
  • produce high levels of milk and protein fat
  • about 5 herds in AZ
  • not best heat tolerant
82
Q

TMR

A

total mixed ration: mix everything needed into one feed

83
Q

Freestalls

A
  • most popular in US

- bedding important (rubber, sand most popular)

84
Q

Dry lots

A
  • most significant dairy system in AZ

- Shade only provided in one area

85
Q

Colostrum

A

first milk of a calf (important in the first 12 hours)

86
Q

Lactation facts

A
  • Lactation average: 305 days

- Dry period: 2 months

87
Q

Stages of lactation

A
  • early
  • mid
  • late
88
Q

Early stage of lactation

A
  • 14-100 days
  • achieve peak (60 days for holsteins)
  • milk yield increases more rapidly than dry matter intake
89
Q

Mid stage of lactation

A
  • 100-200 days

- goal is to maintain peak milk production as long as possible

90
Q

Late stage of lactation

A
  • 200 days after calving and end when cow dries off: average of 305
  • cow regains
91
Q

Common herd problems: herd health

A
  • Milk fever
  • Ketosis
  • Laminitis and other foot problems
  • Mastitis
92
Q

Milk fever

A

onset of lactation can lead to low circulatory levels of calcium in blood

93
Q

Ketosis

A

onset of lactation can lead to prolonged negative energy balance

94
Q

Laminitis and other foot problems

A

mobility issues are a major source of cow culling

95
Q

Mastitis

A

inflammation of the mammary gland is the most common heard health issue in modern dairy production

96
Q

TMR based diets

A

most common

  • allows for well balanced diet and to reduce sorting
  • typically made of 40-50% roughage which ensures proper rumen microflora
  • concentration feeds and vitamin/mineral mix formulated to meet animals production requirements
97
Q

commercial cattle operation

A
  • usually takes advantage of registered bulls, either to maintain same bloodlines or to crossbreed to grade cows
  • most herds have spring calving but some split into spring and fall
  • offspring used for beef
  • 3 phases
98
Q

swine rate of gain

A

2 pounds per day or more

Intro to Animal Science (4 decks)

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