Exam 3 study guide Flashcards
Feed efficiency for large producers
3 pounds of feed per 1 pound of gain
Feed efficiency for small scale producers
3.5-4 pounds of feed per pound of gain
Improving feed efficiency
- Processing of feed can help increase efficiency (grinding)
- Feed additions: antibiotics, chemotherapeutic, anthelmintics
Cost of feed for swine
-feed costs range from 22-70% of total cost of raising hogs
Feeding from 40 pounds to market weight for swine costs:
60-70% of total cost of production
Swine: age at puberty
5-7 months
Swine: weight at estrus
150-250 pounds
Swine: length of estrus cycle
18-24 days
Swine: Duration of estrus
1-5 days
Swine: Time of ovulation
12-48 hours
Swine: best time to breed
2nd day of estrus
Swine: gestation period
111-115 days
Swine: weaning to first estrus
3-7 days
Swine: Average pigs per litter
10
swine: average pigs per litter weaned
9
Typical number of litters per sow
2.5
What is specific pathogen free (SPF)
free of a specific list of pathogens
SPF can control
diseases: swine dysentery, pneumonia, mycoplasma, atrophic rhinitis
Problems with hog carcasses: muscling
-genetic progress has resulted in increased muscling in hogs which resulted in reduced palatability due to reduced fat content
Problems with hog carcasses: marbling
Hogs are going to harvest at 5-6 months of age which means little to no marbling
Problems with hog carcasses: PSS
selection for improved muscling resulted in a greater incidence of the porcine stress syndrome
What kind of breeders are there: sheep
Seasonal breeders
Seasonal breeders: sheep
based on photo period which depends on light, temperature and relative humidity
Seasonal breeding results in
uneven supply of lambs and therefore some producers have gone into an accelerated lambing program
Sheep: management problems
- Predators
- Diseases
- Availability of trained personnel
- External parasites
Sheep: management problems: Predators
Coyote biggest problem
Stray dogs
Sheep: management problems: Diseases
-respiratory disease
-Enterotoxaemia
Both of which result in a 15-20% death loss
Sheep: management problems: External parasites
- stomach worms
- intestinal worms
- –round worms
- –tape worms
- lung worms
- nose bots
Sheep: range flock
- lambs fed in CA, TX, CO
- Summer in high country and winter in desert
Sheep: farm flock
-less than 100 head per farm
Beef phases of operation
- cow-calf
- stocker yearling
Cow-calf operation
- 32.5 million head of cows
- 68% of total cow operations are 50 cows or less
- 70% of beed cow inventory is in operations with more than 100 cows
- cow numbers fluctuate over the years depending on: drought, beef prices and land prices
Stocker yearling operation
- feed cattle for growth prior to their going into the feedlot for finishing
- replacement heifers
- desirable for early maturing cattle
- larger framed/later maturing cattle usually are more efficient and profitable if they go directly to the feedlot after weaning
Stocker yearling operation: marketing
- available forage
- high roughage feeds
- crop residues
- –corn stalks
- –grain stubble
- –beet tops
- wheat pasture
- silage
Feedlot operation
- harvested feed brought to cattle
- pasture fed cattle represent 10-15% of steers and heifers slaughtered
- 21.6 million head fed
Feedlot operation: commercial feeders (%)
95%
over 1000 head
feedlot operation: farmer feeders
under 1000 head
Seedstock operation
- producing cattle for breeding purposes
- more expensive
- higher control of records
- better facilities
Nutrient demand of cattle (3)
- maintain
- lactate
- gestate
Maintain
her health and body condition
Lactate
provide enough milk for her calf
gestate
she has to conceive and be able to grow another fetus while raising another calf
feed efficiency for cattle
- hormone implants
- melengestrol acetate
- compudose
- ralgro implant
hormone implant
estrogenic hormones implanted in the ear widely used to improve feed efficiency and ADG in cattle
Melengestrol acetate
synthetic progesterone which is a common feed additive used in feedlot heifers’ diets to suppress estrus and thus improve feed efficiency
compudose
ear implant that demonstrates a 10-15% increase in ADG and a 5-10% increase in FE
ralgro implant
produces 10% incr ADG and 5-10% incr in FE
three most important factors for enhancing genetic progress
- selection differential
- heritability
- generation interval
Selection differential
- difference in performance of selected individuals vs. average
- increased group size allows greatest SD
- performance records important
- as number of traits selected increase, SD decreases
- largest SD attained by selecting exceptional animals
- limit selection to economically important traits
Heritability
- degree of variation in performance due to genetics
- strength of inheritance
- low heritability traits affected more by environment
- low heritability traits should not be ignored
Generation interval
- Average age of parents in the herd when selected progeny are born
- older breeding animals lead to longer genetic change per year
- decreased GI leads to faster genetic progress as long as better animals are used as replacements
- replace old parents
Premise ID number
- 1st step: identification of the premise or location where animal is housed
- 2nd: identification of the individual animals
- 3rd: track animal movement between various premises
Records and performance data important for selection
- premise ID number
- tag all cows and calves
- keep calving record in something(includes dam and calf ID, calving date and sex)
- recommended tagging with RFID tags
Grades of beef
once the grade has been determined using marbling and maturity:
- if lean is 4- lower the grade by 1/3
- if lean is 3- lower the grade by 2/3
- if lean is 2- lower the grade by a grade
Grades of lamb: maturity A
if break joints are red in color
Grades of lamb: maturity B
if the break joints are lighter in color
Factors used to determine grade
- maturity
- marbling
- color of lean
- firmness of lean
- texture of lean
maturity based on
physiological age which is determine by ossification of cartilage to bone and meat color
- -cartilage starts in sacral vertebra area through the lumbar and thoracic vertebra areas
- -if sacral vertebra is fused then use meat color
Maturity grades
- A: 9-30 months
- B: 30-42 months
- C: 42-72 months
- D: 72-96 months
- E: more than 96 months
Marbling grading
- Abundant: high prime
- Moderately abundant: average prime
- slightly abundant: low prime
- moderate: high choice
- modest: average choice
- small: low choice
- slight: select
- traces: high standard
- practically devoid: low standard
- devoid: utility
Color, firmness and texture of lean
- should be RFN
- –Reddish pink
- –Firm
- –Non exudative
- color scores should be 3-4
How are horses classified
- hot blood
- cold blood
- pony
- warm blood
Hot blood
lighter ones, more speed, fiery in personality
Cold blood
more used for work, bigger boned, not waste energy unless they have to
Pony
used for places where they need smaller animals
warm blood
in between hot and cold
Uses of horses
- Agriculture
- war
- transport
Agriculture: horses
- food source
- help with working fields
War
- pull chariots
- calvalry
Transport
-Riding developed by 2000-1500 BC
Number of horses in the U.S.
9.2 million (2 million owned)
Number of horses in world
23 million (95% for work) internet says 58 million
How horses are evaluated
- balance
- structure
- legs and feet
- tracking
- muscling
pari mutuel betting
racing and betting against yourself (pool money from wagers, house takes a cut and winners split the rest
Types of horses used for types of racing (3 main)
- thoroughbred (long distance)
- quarter horse (short distance)
- standardbred (harness racing)
Types of horses used for types of racing (4 others)
- appaloosa (sprint)
- paint (short distance)
- arabian ( long distance but endurance, not very fast)
- mule
triple crown
an award or honor for winning a group of three important events in a sport, in particular victory by one horse in the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness, and the Belmont Stakes.
Who won the last triple crown
American Pharaoh
Victor Espinoza
Different types of dairy breed
- holstein (main)
- ayshire
- brown swiss
- guernsey
- jersey
- milking shorthorn
Brown swiss cow
- not very popular in the US
- a lot of milk and protein fat but less than jersey
jersey cow
- produce high levels of milk and protein fat
- about 5 herds in AZ
- not best heat tolerant
TMR
total mixed ration: mix everything needed into one feed
Freestalls
- most popular in US
- bedding important (rubber, sand most popular)
Dry lots
- most significant dairy system in AZ
- Shade only provided in one area
Colostrum
first milk of a calf (important in the first 12 hours)
Lactation facts
- Lactation average: 305 days
- Dry period: 2 months
Stages of lactation
- early
- mid
- late
Early stage of lactation
- 14-100 days
- achieve peak (60 days for holsteins)
- milk yield increases more rapidly than dry matter intake
Mid stage of lactation
- 100-200 days
- goal is to maintain peak milk production as long as possible
Late stage of lactation
- 200 days after calving and end when cow dries off: average of 305
- cow regains
Common herd problems: herd health
- Milk fever
- Ketosis
- Laminitis and other foot problems
- Mastitis
Milk fever
onset of lactation can lead to low circulatory levels of calcium in blood
Ketosis
onset of lactation can lead to prolonged negative energy balance
Laminitis and other foot problems
mobility issues are a major source of cow culling
Mastitis
inflammation of the mammary gland is the most common heard health issue in modern dairy production
TMR based diets
most common
- allows for well balanced diet and to reduce sorting
- typically made of 40-50% roughage which ensures proper rumen microflora
- concentration feeds and vitamin/mineral mix formulated to meet animals production requirements
commercial cattle operation
- usually takes advantage of registered bulls, either to maintain same bloodlines or to crossbreed to grade cows
- most herds have spring calving but some split into spring and fall
- offspring used for beef
- 3 phases
swine rate of gain
2 pounds per day or more
