Exam 2 Flashcards
nutrition
the study of the body’s need and mechanisms of acquiring, digestion, transporting and metabolizing nutrients
ruminant
hooved animals that have a rumen and chew their cud
nutrient
a substance in the diet that supports the normal functions of the body
**6 nutrients
water carbs proteins fats vitamins minerals
**water
most important lubricant regulate body temp as a solvent for the body's solid components helps transport body fluid
**Direct relationship between
the body’s water needs and the amount of other nutrients that need to be consumed
**carbohydrates (CHO)
chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that can be hydrolyzed to them
**protein
compounds composed of combinations of a-amino acids
maintenance
the needs of the animal exclusive of those required for a productive function such as growth, work, or milk production
growth
the process of adding tissues similar to those already present in the body to increase the size of an organism toward the goal of maturity when growth stops
for growth, the body requires
good quality nutrients in large amounts
finishing
usually refers to the final feeding stage when animals are readied for the market
Production
the general term used to describe the output and services by animals
producing milk, eggs, or wool requires specific diets for production
**Energy for work
physical exertion as a production function
increased energy is required
feeds rich in carbs are used to provide energy
**energy for reproduction
the combined set of actions and biological functions of a living being directed at producing offspring
energy and protein content must increase as well as minerals and vitamins
digestibility
a measure of the degree to which a feedstuff can be chemically simplified and absorbed by the digestive system of the body
palatability
the acceptability of a feedstuff or ration for consumption
Ether Extract
in proximate analysis, the portion of a sample removed by extraction with a fat solvent such as ethyl ether
determining fat content called crude fat
Types of nutritional trials: feeding
a comparatively simple experimental tool in which animals are fed to determine their performance on specific feeds or substances added to feeds
Types of Nutritional Trials: Digestion trial
An experimental tool used to determine the digestibility of a specific feedstuff, nutrient or ration
Nutrients in the feed vs. nutrients lost in the feces
nutrient digestibility(%)=nutrient intakex100
Types of Nutritional Trials: Metabolism
An advanced form of digestion trial that measures the body’s use of nutrients
Measure of energy
Calorie
amount of heat required to raise 1g of water to 1 degree celcius
Kilocalorie
(Kcal)=1000 cal
Mega calorie
(mcal)= 1000 Kcal
Gross energy
total energy
Gross Energy of a Feed Stuff
- 4 kcal x CHO in a gram
- 65 kcal x protein in a gram
- 0 kcal x fat in a gram
Digestible energy
Gross energy-fecal loss energy= digestible energy
Metabolizable Energy
Digestible energy-energy lost in gas and urine = metabolizable energy
net energy
metabolizable energy - heat loss of energy = net energy
Feed cost range from %-% of the cost production (animals)
45%-75%
Feed cost ranges
60-80% for hogs 70% for Feedlot cattle 65% for Broilers and Turkeys 50-60% for Dairy Cattle 55% for layers 50% for lamb feeding
monogastric
having one stomach
Monogastric animals
poultry, swine, horses, dogs, cats, fish, mice, guinea pigs, monkeys, some zoo animals
Ruminant animals
sheep, goats, dairy/beef cattle, elk, deer, antelope
Basic Nutrition
molecular level
Production nutrition
feed that type of hay to that type of animal for this reason
**Examples of Carbohydrates
sugar, starches, cellulose
Carbohydrates do what
provide energy to animals
Where do animals get most of their sugar
Cellulose in plants- only ruminants can digest
**Cellulose
a carbohydrate composed of thousands of glucose molecules that form the support structure of plants
Cellulose is an important energy source for
cattle, sheep, llamas, and horses (ruminant animals)
Proteins used in the body for
lean tissue (muscle contraction)
enzymes
hormones
body metabolites
What requires more protein
Young animals for growth
Pregnancy and milk production
Protein supplements
Cotton seed
soybean meal
80s and 90s used to ground up dead animals and
feed them back to animals but don’t do it anymore because it causes mad cow disease
**Fat (lipids)
One of a class of bimolecular called lipids. Chemically, fats are triacylglycerides, which are composed of alcohol glycerol, with three fatty acids attached
Lipids also contain
other inorganic soluble components beside fat
**Lipids produce
high amounts of energy
Feedstuffs that give a lot of lipids
tallow
lard
vegetable
**What gives the most energy?
fat then carbs then protein
Too much fat not good because
coat bacteria and thats toxic to the bacteria
**Vitamins
A term used to group a dissimilar set of organic substances required in very small quantities by the body
Two types of vitamins
fat soluble and water soluble
**Fat soluble vitamins
regulate body functions such as vision, blood clotting, tissue maintenance and growth
**Water soluble vitamins
used in metabolic regulation
**Minerals definition
in nutrition, the specific set of inorganic elements thus far established as necessary for life in one or more animal species
Minerals
inorganic constituents of bones and teeth
important part of the body’s enzyme system
Mineral supplements
salt, trace mineralized salt, oyster shells (calcium), lime stone, bone meal
Diet
generally referred to as a ration
-all the feeds being consumed by an animal including water
Each species has different needs of
nutrients
Animals need nutrients to run the body’s metabolic machinery for
maintenance, production and reproduction
Feeds must be selected to
provide a balanced diet
nutrients help
regulate the body
Need to maintain weight?
energy for maintenance best
Ration
the specific feed allotment given to an animal in a 24-hour period
rations are formulated for
growth, finishing, production, work, reproduction
Maintenance
the needs of the animal exclusive of those required for a productive function such as growth, work, or milk production
Maintenance- Maintaining the body at a
constant weight and temperature
Feeds high in what are used for maintenance diets?
fat and CHO
What has a BIG influence on maintenance requirements?
environmental temperature
Panting or shivering
increase food intake
maintenance is the
first before anything else
Growth
the process of adding tissues similar to those already present in the body to increase the size of an organism toward the goal of maturity when growth stops
For growth the body requires
good quality nutrients in large amounts
energy for finishing
usually refers to the final feeding stage when animals are readied for the market
Energy for production
the general term used to describe the output of usable products and services by animals
Producing milk, eggs, or wool requires
specific diets for production
Poor nutrition can be manifested in
abnormal or delayed estrous cycle which leads to reduced calf, lamb or pig crops and egg production
estrous cycle
the time from one period of sexual receptivity in the female (estrous or heat) to the next
feed
foods used to feed animals
Three basic analytical methods to analyze feed:
chemical, biological, microbiological
dry matter
everything in feed other than water
dry feed at 105 degrees F in vacuum oven
in dry feed nutrients are
concentrated
ash
the mineral content of a feed
burn the feed in a muffle furnace at 500-600 C
ash also called
inorganic material
crude protein (CP)
an estimate of protein content obtained by multiplying the nitrogen content of a substance by a factor, usually 6.25
CP is generally what % of the ration
10-20%
