Exam 2 Flashcards
nutrition
the study of the body’s need and mechanisms of acquiring, digestion, transporting and metabolizing nutrients
ruminant
hooved animals that have a rumen and chew their cud
nutrient
a substance in the diet that supports the normal functions of the body
**6 nutrients
water carbs proteins fats vitamins minerals
**water
most important lubricant regulate body temp as a solvent for the body's solid components helps transport body fluid
**Direct relationship between
the body’s water needs and the amount of other nutrients that need to be consumed
**carbohydrates (CHO)
chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that can be hydrolyzed to them
**protein
compounds composed of combinations of a-amino acids
maintenance
the needs of the animal exclusive of those required for a productive function such as growth, work, or milk production
growth
the process of adding tissues similar to those already present in the body to increase the size of an organism toward the goal of maturity when growth stops
for growth, the body requires
good quality nutrients in large amounts
finishing
usually refers to the final feeding stage when animals are readied for the market
Production
the general term used to describe the output and services by animals
producing milk, eggs, or wool requires specific diets for production
**Energy for work
physical exertion as a production function
increased energy is required
feeds rich in carbs are used to provide energy
**energy for reproduction
the combined set of actions and biological functions of a living being directed at producing offspring
energy and protein content must increase as well as minerals and vitamins
digestibility
a measure of the degree to which a feedstuff can be chemically simplified and absorbed by the digestive system of the body
palatability
the acceptability of a feedstuff or ration for consumption
Ether Extract
in proximate analysis, the portion of a sample removed by extraction with a fat solvent such as ethyl ether
determining fat content called crude fat
Types of nutritional trials: feeding
a comparatively simple experimental tool in which animals are fed to determine their performance on specific feeds or substances added to feeds
Types of Nutritional Trials: Digestion trial
An experimental tool used to determine the digestibility of a specific feedstuff, nutrient or ration
Nutrients in the feed vs. nutrients lost in the feces
nutrient digestibility(%)=nutrient intakex100
Types of Nutritional Trials: Metabolism
An advanced form of digestion trial that measures the body’s use of nutrients
Measure of energy
Calorie
amount of heat required to raise 1g of water to 1 degree celcius
Kilocalorie
(Kcal)=1000 cal
Mega calorie
(mcal)= 1000 Kcal
Gross energy
total energy
Gross Energy of a Feed Stuff
- 4 kcal x CHO in a gram
- 65 kcal x protein in a gram
- 0 kcal x fat in a gram
Digestible energy
Gross energy-fecal loss energy= digestible energy
Metabolizable Energy
Digestible energy-energy lost in gas and urine = metabolizable energy
net energy
metabolizable energy - heat loss of energy = net energy
Feed cost range from %-% of the cost production (animals)
45%-75%
Feed cost ranges
60-80% for hogs 70% for Feedlot cattle 65% for Broilers and Turkeys 50-60% for Dairy Cattle 55% for layers 50% for lamb feeding
monogastric
having one stomach
Monogastric animals
poultry, swine, horses, dogs, cats, fish, mice, guinea pigs, monkeys, some zoo animals
Ruminant animals
sheep, goats, dairy/beef cattle, elk, deer, antelope
Basic Nutrition
molecular level
Production nutrition
feed that type of hay to that type of animal for this reason
**Examples of Carbohydrates
sugar, starches, cellulose
Carbohydrates do what
provide energy to animals
Where do animals get most of their sugar
Cellulose in plants- only ruminants can digest
**Cellulose
a carbohydrate composed of thousands of glucose molecules that form the support structure of plants
Cellulose is an important energy source for
cattle, sheep, llamas, and horses (ruminant animals)
Proteins used in the body for
lean tissue (muscle contraction)
enzymes
hormones
body metabolites
What requires more protein
Young animals for growth
Pregnancy and milk production
Protein supplements
Cotton seed
soybean meal
80s and 90s used to ground up dead animals and
feed them back to animals but don’t do it anymore because it causes mad cow disease
**Fat (lipids)
One of a class of bimolecular called lipids. Chemically, fats are triacylglycerides, which are composed of alcohol glycerol, with three fatty acids attached
Lipids also contain
other inorganic soluble components beside fat
**Lipids produce
high amounts of energy
Feedstuffs that give a lot of lipids
tallow
lard
vegetable
**What gives the most energy?
fat then carbs then protein
Too much fat not good because
coat bacteria and thats toxic to the bacteria
**Vitamins
A term used to group a dissimilar set of organic substances required in very small quantities by the body
Two types of vitamins
fat soluble and water soluble
**Fat soluble vitamins
regulate body functions such as vision, blood clotting, tissue maintenance and growth
**Water soluble vitamins
used in metabolic regulation
**Minerals definition
in nutrition, the specific set of inorganic elements thus far established as necessary for life in one or more animal species
Minerals
inorganic constituents of bones and teeth
important part of the body’s enzyme system
Mineral supplements
salt, trace mineralized salt, oyster shells (calcium), lime stone, bone meal
Diet
generally referred to as a ration
-all the feeds being consumed by an animal including water
Each species has different needs of
nutrients
Animals need nutrients to run the body’s metabolic machinery for
maintenance, production and reproduction
Feeds must be selected to
provide a balanced diet
nutrients help
regulate the body
Need to maintain weight?
energy for maintenance best
Ration
the specific feed allotment given to an animal in a 24-hour period
rations are formulated for
growth, finishing, production, work, reproduction
Maintenance
the needs of the animal exclusive of those required for a productive function such as growth, work, or milk production
Maintenance- Maintaining the body at a
constant weight and temperature
Feeds high in what are used for maintenance diets?
fat and CHO
What has a BIG influence on maintenance requirements?
environmental temperature
Panting or shivering
increase food intake
maintenance is the
first before anything else
Growth
the process of adding tissues similar to those already present in the body to increase the size of an organism toward the goal of maturity when growth stops
For growth the body requires
good quality nutrients in large amounts
energy for finishing
usually refers to the final feeding stage when animals are readied for the market
Energy for production
the general term used to describe the output of usable products and services by animals
Producing milk, eggs, or wool requires
specific diets for production
Poor nutrition can be manifested in
abnormal or delayed estrous cycle which leads to reduced calf, lamb or pig crops and egg production
estrous cycle
the time from one period of sexual receptivity in the female (estrous or heat) to the next
feed
foods used to feed animals
Three basic analytical methods to analyze feed:
chemical, biological, microbiological
dry matter
everything in feed other than water
dry feed at 105 degrees F in vacuum oven
in dry feed nutrients are
concentrated
ash
the mineral content of a feed
burn the feed in a muffle furnace at 500-600 C
ash also called
inorganic material
crude protein (CP)
an estimate of protein content obtained by multiplying the nitrogen content of a substance by a factor, usually 6.25
CP is generally what % of the ration
10-20%
Crude fiber
the insoluble CHO remaining in a feed after boiling in acid and alkali solution
crude fiber made up of
cellulose, hemicellulose, and insoluble lignin
nitrogen free extract (NFE)
measure of available CHO
which is determined by subtracting water, ash, crude protein and fat and fiber found in the feed from 100
equipment used to analyze feedstuffs
bomb calorimeter
bomb calorimeter
a device which a substance can be placed and ignited under a pressurized atmosphere of oxygen
a measure of gross energy of feed expressed in calories generally expressed as mega calories (mCal)
feedstuff
any substance used in animal feed like hay, grain and gin trash
History: Aristotle
Aristotle: 350 B.C. studied animal behavior
HIstory: Charles Darwin
Set the foundation for scientific study of animal behavior in his two books:
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
The Descent of Man and Selection in Relationship to Sex (1871)
Two views advanced in animal behavior
Animals learn everything they do
Animals know what to do instinctively
Neither are fully correct
Behavior is the result of
conditioning based on experience of the animals
Classical Conditioning
signal placed before reflex Pavlov aka respondent conditioning works with involuntary behavior said to be elicited typified by Pavlov's dog
Operant Conditioning
A reinforcing or punishing stimulus given after a behavior Developed in US Skinner aka instrumental conditioning works with voluntary behavior said the be emitted typified by skinner box
Ethology
study of animal behavior in a natural environment
Deals with instinctive behavior rather than learned behavior
Instinct
Fixed patterns of action exhibited by animals
Not learned but may be modified by learning experiences
Habituation
Mechanism whereby animals change their level of responsiveness to stimuli
Reasoning
Animals cannot reach conclusions based on reasoning in the same sense that humans do
Intelligence
Much of animal behavior is instinctive; however, animals learn through imprinting and conditioning
Intelligence of the animal
The relative ability to learn varies among species of animals
Imprinting
A behavior pattern whereby the young of a species learns to recognize and follow a member of this species, usually the mother
Imprinting occurs very early in life
How do animals communicate?
Vocalization
Body Posture
Change of gait
Animals also communicate danger signals, warning signals, social status, hunger, calls for feed, distress, sexual courtship, territorial marking, maternal contact, and core signals
Factors that Influence Behavior in Animals
Genetics Environment Domestication Physiology Sensory System
Genetics
genetic info controls the production of proteins that influence chemical reactions within the body cells that in turn control the development of the body tissues
Behavior is an integrated interaction of genetic and environmental factors
Environment
Animals respond to and adopt their behavior based on environment in which they live
Some environmental factors that influence behavior
ambient temperature length of day (photoperiod) type of living space availability of food social grouping behavior of humans
Domestication
Selection of breeding animals:
controlled conditions
mothering ability
Physiology
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Sensory System
Visual: eye location on the head Auditory range Sense of smell Taste sensing organs Tactile sense: slight touch or rub
Ingestive Behavior
Eating and drinking
Ruminant: 4-9 hours grazing and 4-9 hours ruminating
Teeth positions relative to lips and jowls
Eliminative Behavior
Cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry eliminate feces and random
Horses defecate in specific locals
Swine eliminate feces and urine away from sleeping
Sexual and Reproductive Behavior
Sexual behavior patterns vary among species
Mating calls, mating dances, visual cues, pheromones (scents odors)
Animals generally mate only within their own species
exceptions: female horse mated to a male donkey produces a mule, female donkey and a male horse produce a hinny, also, sheep and goats confined together will mate
Mother and Young Behavior
Cows, ewes, does, and mares lick their young at birth
Licking helps develop a strong bond between mother and offspring
Sows do not lick their young
Combative Behavior (Agonistic)
Involves fighting, flight and establishment of social dominance in the group
Combative behavior displayed in different way
cattle: butting or pawing
swine: slashing and biting
sheep: charging
goats: butt or swing heads
horses: kicking, biting. striking
poultry: striking with their beak
Ostrich: kicking
Gregarious Behavior and Allelomimetic Behavior
Farm animals and poultry band together in a head or flock
This is an instinctive behavior that probably provides better protection
Investigative Behavior
Curiosity about their environment
Shelter seeking Behavior: Hot weather
Seek shade
Swine seek wet areas
Pant, drool, sweat, and increase water consumption
Shelter seeking Behavior: Cold weather
Swine will huddle
Face away from wind
Some Abnormalities of Behavior
Chickens: cannibalism Swine: tail and ear biting certain species: homosexual behavior horses: cribbing, wind sucking, halter pulling, kicking Females: rejecting young
growth curves
linear until puberty, then become curved until it levels off at maturity
after maturity weight fluctuations occur: fat vs muscle
-protein loss occurs with aging
carcass composition
need to understand growth and development to know optimal time for harvest
3 primary products
- fat
- lean
- bone
frame size
breed type can influence whether early-maturing (increases fat deposition earlier) than late-maturing (fat deposition is later)
frame size
measured as hip height
-helps define maturity type
effect of gender
primarily on fat
heifers mature slower than steers/bulls
effect of muscling
large differences between species
muscle is inversely proportional to
fat
Weight relative to live weight can estimate
yield
Most cattle in U.S.
do not show large muscling differences
double muscled
do not have a second set of muscles; hypertrophy
extreme muscling
in swine can lead to stressful conditions and PSE (pale, soft, exudates meat); can also have negative effects on reproduction
mouthed
using teeth to tell age of animal; not always accurate
Ruminants do not have
upper incisors
Broken mouthed
missing some permanent incisors
priorities sof nutrient utilization
- nervous system
- circulatory and respiratory systems
- digestive system
- reproductive system
- skeletal system
- muscle
- adipose tissue
overnutrition
can’t push growth of any tissue beyond maximal pre-determined growth rate except adipose tissue
fetal undernutrition
alterations in organ function and birth weight and body composition
neonatal undernutrition
stunting: may not ever reach mature potential
growth and finishing undernutrition
compensatory gain
Poultry production
increasing yearly: 50,000,000 lbs/year for boiler meat
Poultry applies to
chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks, pigeons, peafowl, and guineas
most to least supply of chickens
China United States Indonesia Brazil Mexico India Russia Japan Iran Turkey
Poultry is a category of
domesticated birds kept by humans for the purpose of collecting their eggs, harvesting for meat and/or feathers
Poultry also includes
other birds which are harvested for their meat, such as pigeons, doves or birds considered to be game, like pheasants
Poultry comes from the
French/Norman word, pool, itself derived from the latin word Pulls which means small animal
Poultry farming
the practice of raising poultry as a subcategory of animal husbandry for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food
Broilers
chickens farmed for meat
More than 50 billion chickens are
reared annually as a source of food, for both their meat and their eggs
Chickens and turkeys dominate more because
bigger, white meat (breast)
Egg Laying hens
those farmed for eggs
Some hens can produce
over 300 eggs a year
Poultry produce fat
on the outside
Chickens will naturally live for
6 or more years
eggs consumed per capita
250(255) per person per year
Hen’s productivity will start to decline
after 12 months
Places that are underdeveloped eat more eggs because
its easy and cheap (a lot of protein)
broiler chicken production is concentrated primarily in the
southern and southeastern U.S.
Turkey production occurs primarily in the
Corn Belt and in North Carolina
Egg production is
distributed throughout the U.S.
Chickens producing eggs
layers
Meat production
broilers
Poultry nutrition is more critical and complicated, thus a greater challenge to producers became
rapid digestion
higher metabolic rates
faster inspection and circulation
higher body temperature (107 degrees)
1 chicken
1 egg/day
Poultry are considered an
omnivore and they will eat a variety of plant materials and animal foods
Why is the broiler industry only in this area but egg production all over?
Easier and less risky to bring feed/ eggs will break
Flock management
Outside, cages, (broiler, turkey industry) really crowded
Poultry consume
gain, soybean meal and high quality by product feeds
Feed is the
largest cost in the production of poultry
the feeds are offered as
a mash or pelleted
Breeding flocks
lighting plays a very important role in bird growth, development and maturity
feeding is very important to maximize poultry production
Hatchery
Eggs typically collected from breeder farms
taken to hatchery
stored from 14 days prior to being set inn an incubator
stored at temps btw 55-68 degrees F depending on when they are to be incubated
Chickens hatch
21 days while turkeys and ducks need 28 days
hatchlings are processed (vaccinated, gender sorted, and/or other procedures in incubators, embryonic development begins)
feed is the
largest cost of production for chickens
Broilers take
1.9 lbs feed to make 1 lbs of mea
Eggs take 2 lbs feed
to make 1 lb meat`
Fish take less to make more meat
because they float around almost 1:1
Modern laying hen begins laying eggs at
approx 18 weeks old and by the end of her first year, she may have produced upwards of 200 eggs (nearly 25 lbs)
Hen reaches peak egg production (95+%) within
4-6 weeks after she begins to lay eggs
In order to produce a hen who reaches peak production 4-6 weeks after she begins to lay eggs, it is critical that the hen
be carefully managed during her first 17 weeks of life
Broilers easy to raise, require
42-50 days to market
A turkey sent to market is
between 15-25 weeks old
At 20 weeks old, a male turkey should weigh
about 35-40 lbs
Duck is
the most rapidly growing animal of all poultry species (will weigh 7 lbs in only 6-7 weeks)
Chickens are kept indoors with more space
12-14 birds per square meter
Chickens have richer environment
natural light or straw bales that encourage foraging and perching
Chickens grow more slowly and live for up to
two weeks longer than normal
Average egg production per hen
is about 263 with an increase per year of 1 egg/hen
Egg consumption in the U.S. in 1948
403 eggs per capita
Mexico has the highest average egg consumption at
438 per person
Why a decrease in consumption?
Eggs are washed and graded for consumer quality and protection
Eggs must be refrigerated and sold within 1 to 7 days after washing
Free range poultry farming
consists of poultry permitted to roam freely instead of being contained
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs says that free range chickens must have
daytime access to open air runs during at least half of their life
Game birds
feed cost and chick cost represent 80% of the total cost of production
Housing costs will vary for
production of meat vs release
Pheasants or guinea fowl raised for meat production can be
reared in confinement
What are Ratites?
family of flightless birds with small wings and flat breastbones
Ostrich, emu and rhea
are a member of ratites
Ostrich is native to what while emu is native to what and rhea native to what
Ostrich: Africa
Emu: Australia
Rhea: South America-particularly the grasslands of Argentina
Ostriches, fully grown (largest animal) stand about
7-8 ft tall and can weigh 300-400 lbs
Emus are about
6 ft tall and weigh 125 to 140 lbs
Adult rheas are about
5ft tal and weigh 60-100lbs
Birds are 95% usable as
meat, feathers, oil and leather
Ostrich
mainly vegetarian but eat insects
live in flocks of 5-50 birds and are nomadic
Ostrich has several means of protecting itself
vicious kicks and can protect through force
use legs to run away from danger
can lie flat on the ground and hide from danger
Emu
common over most of mainland Australia but it avoids heavily populated areas, dense forest and arid areas
Ostriches have
most meat on their legs, not breast
Emus can travel
great distances at fast, economical trot and can sprint at 50 km/h (31mph) for some distance at a time
Rhea
large, flightless birds with gray brown plumage, long legs and necks
males can reach 1.5 meters (4.9ft) and weigh up to 40 kg
Rhea are omnivorous and prefer to eat
broad leafed plants, but also seeds, roots, fruit, lizards, beetles, grasshoppers and carrion
How are poultry carcasses shipped?
in ice (or frozen) for consumer concerns (salmonella)
Harvesting poultry
easier to use machinery because poultry are normally uniform in size
What do we do with an egg that isn’t graded?
sell yolk without shell
