Exam 3 Flashcards
barrows
castrated male swine
gilts
young female swine that have not farrowed
Sows
mature female swine or female swine that have farrowed
Boars
noncastrated male swine
World population of swine
china- 465,000,000
U.S.- 66,000,000
Brazil- 39,000,000
Number of farms in the U.S. has
decreased in the past 20 years
types of swine operations
feeder pig production
feeder pig finishing operations
farrow to finish operation
seed stock operation
Feeder pig production
average weight 40 lbs
feeder pig finishing operations
40-240 lbs
Cash receipts from the swine industry in 2014 was about
$18 billion
Exports
Total: 4.429 billion Japan- 1.8 billion Mexico- 853 million Canada- 432 million Chine 326- million
Age at puberty (months)
4-7 6
Weight at estrus (lb.)
150-250
Duration of estrus (days)
1-5 2-3
Length of estrous cycle (days)
18-24 21
Time of ovulation (hours after onset of estrus)
12-48 24-36
best time to breed
second day of estrus
gestation period (days)
111-115
weaning to first estrus (days)
3-7
Average pigs per litter
10
how many pigs per litter weaned
9
typical production operations can get
2.5 litters per year per sow
iron shots
given on day 3 and a booster given later
castration
usually done before the baby pigs are 2 weeks old
tail docking
a common practice to prevent tail biting (1/2 to 3/4 of an inch of tail is left)
teeth clipping
upon birth, piglet’s incisor (needle) teeth are clipped with pliers so that they can’t cause injuries to the sow or other piglets
Wean pigs over
10 lbs
weaning may be done over a
2-3 day period
weaning usually occurs at
14 to 21 days
feed cost ranges from
22-70% of total cost of raising hogs
approx how many days from conception to harvest
305
nutrient requirements
energy
protein
vitamins
water
Energy feeds
corn
barley
milo
Protein
plant source-soybean, cottonseed
animal source- tankage- meat and bone meal and fish meal
minerals
major- calcium, phosphorus, sodium
chlorine
trace- zinc, iron, copper, selenium
manganese, iodine
vitamins must be added
ADEK riboflavin niactin pantothenic acid vitamin B
Feeding from 40 lbs to market weight
cost 60-70% of the total cost of production
What is market weight?
240 lbs
260 lbs
possible 280 lbs
how many lbs of feed per pound of gain for large scale producers?
3 lbs
how many lbs of feed per pound of gain for small scale producers?
3.5-4
processing of feed can help
increase efficiency- grinding
feed additions
antibiotics
chemotherapeutics
anthelmintics
water
25 lb pig (.50 gallon)
100 lb pig (1.75 gallon)
200 lb pig (3.5 gallon)
boar selection- litter size
10 or more with 8 pigs weaned
boar selection- underline
12 or more treats
boar selection- feet & legs
wide stance with equal sized toes
boar selection- age at 230 lb
155 days or less
boar selection- feed per gain
2.4 lb or less per lb of gain
boar selection-daily gain
2 lb per day or more
boar selection- backfat
.8 or less measured by ultrasound
why isn’t pig production big in az?
pigs dont sweat
Unique things about swine
don't sweat omnivores mono gastric have litters not native to U.S. mud to maintain skin and keep cool intelligent
crossbreeding programs and swine production
used extensively in swine production
allows for genetic improvement
an effective crossbreeding program takes advantage of using hybrid vigor and selecting genetically
superior breeding animals for breeds that best compliment one another
why have pig farms decreased in last 20 years?
they consolidated the industry- pork producers own breeding stock, finishing farms and slaughter houses
farms getting bigger for efficiency
types of crossbreeding
rotational crossbreeding
terminal cross system
rotational crossbreeding
combines two or more breeds with a different breed of boar being mated to replace crossbred females (produced by the previous generation)
Terminal Cross System
a two breed single or rotational cross female is mated to a boar of a third breed
feed additives
antibiotics
payload
oxo-gen
variety meats go to
expensive meats go to
ground beef meats go to
asia
U.S.
china
Paylean
active ingredient: octopamine, hydrochlorine
a pharmaceutical product
betagonist
metabolism shifts nutrients from fat to muscle growth
recommended feeding:
-16% protein
-4.5 grams per ton
Palean- studies show that there was a tendency for 16%-13 g and 16%-18 g to have an
off flavor
Paylean
purdue university research
minimal amount protein to be fed with paylean-
lysine must be 8% or higher
If paylean is fed too long
muscle mass may be reduced
tricolosis
travel to muscle of pig- undercooked pork chop
what is too long feeding paylean?
over 6 weeks
What can’t you feed with paylean?
antibiotics- can use tylon
Quality problems
- Color of lean
- Marbling score
- degree of feathering
- soft fat
- belly wall thickness
- blood splashing
Color of lean
- dry, dark and firm (DDF)
- pale, soft and Exudative (PSE)
Why is important that we’re producing more?
trying to max production - the more produced and the more efficient the cheaper it will be for everyone
SPF herds
specific pathogen free
Atrophic Rhinitis
mycoplasma pneumonia and swine dysentery
Hot Carcass Grades
grades based on formula: 4x last rib fat thickness- muscle score
hot carcass grades can be
US #1 US#2 US #3 US #4 utility
Percentage carcass muscle
[(weight of total muscle in the carcass including 5% intramuscular fat)/(hot carcass weight)] x100
Extreme range for carcass muscle
40-70%
normal range of percentage carcass muscle
42-58%
average range of percentage carcass muscle
50%
can’t eat cottonseed meal in high amounts
toxic
too lean- reduced salability
- genetic progress has resulted in increased muscling in hogs
- this has resulted in reduced palatability due to reduced fat conent
milo
seed needs to be cracked or ground before being fed because can’t digest shell
hogs are going to harvest at
5 to 6 months of age therefore little to no marbling
what resulted in a greater incidence of the porcine stress syndrome occurring (PSS)
selection for improved muscling
American swine industry concentrated
heavily in the midsection of the country- the nations corn belt
sus
genies name
species name
scrofa-europe
vittatus
east india
pork industry has met consumer demands in
producing a leaner and more wholesome meat and one with industry standards for animal welfare
sheep not very efficient
8 lbs
how would grinding increase efficiency
takes less energy to break down food
absorption increase
if some bacterial fermentation, more surface area, organs don have to wrk as hard
viability of swine helps to alleviate what would otherwise be great fluctuations in grain prices when
weather, soil, or other conditions suddenly change projected levels of grain production
antibiotics are restricted
no more antibiotic for feed
paylean- not used as much
people kept putting more and more in, no fat, very dry
Wool production
fine wool for high-quality garments
long wool for heavy clothing, upholstery and rug making
Specific purpose of Sheep
Karakul- supply pelts for clothing such as caps and persian coats
fine wool breeds
Merino and Rambouillet
Medium wool breeds
cheviot, dorset, finnsheep, southdown, and suffolk
Long wool breed
columbia, corridale, polypay and targhee
hair type sheep
dorper, katahdin, and st croix- these sheep breeds have a coat similar to goats and are from tropical origin
Two management systems
range flocks and farm flocks
range flocks
lambs fed in CA, TX, CO
Summer in high country and winter in desert areas
farm flocks
less than 100 head per farm
ewes remain in dry lot
year round
Sheep breeding system
breeds are often classified as ewe breeds and ram breeds
ewe breeds
generally white faced sheep with fine wool
noted for reproductive efficiency, wool production, size, milking ability and longevity
ram breeds
meat type and selected on growth rate, efficiency of gain and carcass quality
What animal do we use for one specific use
fox-pelts
chinchilla
alpaca
sheep
sheep breeding
based on photo period
which depends on light, temperature and relative humidit
We don’t use as much wool as we used to
synthetic fiber
Basing on photo period results in
uneven supply of lambs and therefor, some producers have gone to an accelerated lambing program
approx 150 prenancy
Other effects on sheep breeding
estrogen content in feeds may result in low fertility especially with alfalfa hay or pasture
Ewes lamb more frequently than
once a year
one accelerated system consists of
three lamb crops in two years using synchronization estrus
Mating months
may, january, september
Lambing
october, june, february
Breed ewe lambs during
first year is another practice
Reach puberty
9-10 months of age
require special
nutrition and management
predators
coyote biggest problem
stray dogs
external parasites
External Parasites
stomach works, intestinal worms, lungworms, nose bots
get around heat
add seeder and synchronize ewes then breed them.. doesn’t always work
ewes
1, 2 or 3 babies but only have two teets
Problems
respiratory disease, enterotoxemia, availability of trained personnel, 15-20% death loss
Inherited abnormalities
cryptorchidism, dwarfism, rectal prolapsed, carlipyge
castrating and docking
wait 3-4 days after lambing
Elaboration method is used more extensively
surgical method can be used
shearing
once per year
difficult to find people to shear sheep
lambing
should be dried and encouraged to nurse as soon as possible
profit depends on
high conception rates high lambing % low lamb mortality strong marketing program high quality and yield of wool longevity of breeding stock
high conception rates
95+%
high lambing percentages
175+%
low lamb mortality
10% or less
lamb marketing
marketing option for lambs s through lamb marketing pools sorted sold in larger groups larger groups command higher price larger numbers sold on the rail
feeder lambs are sold to feeders at
60-75 lbs
lambs marketed at
110-130 lbs
range sheep operation cull ewes at
5-6 years
these ewes may be reproductively and structurally sound and are often purchased for farm flocks
ewes live longer under
farm flock conditions
salvage value
of cull ewes and rams is low in comparison to cows and sows
financially advantageous for sheep producers to
maintain ownership of ewes as long as she is regularly giving birth
Quality grade factors
maturity and degree flank fat streaking
presently, lambs being produced are
too fat which has resulted in reduced lamb consumption
Scrapie
infectious, degenerative disease which is fatal and affects the nervous system
can be eradicated through proper identification and selective breeding
rail
harvest animal and get paid for what they’re producing
What is require as a sheep and goat raiser regarding scrape
obtain a Premise Identification Number specific to flock
Record all births and new animals introduced into flock
Test all new animals for genetic susceptibility
Maintain records for 5 years after sale/slaughter/ or death on all animals
older cows taste good whereas ewes taste more
gain as they get older
co-mingling of goats and sheep
since scrapie is transmitted by direct contact, if sheep and goats are mingled together, both must be tagged and identified with a PIN
If goats and sheep kept separate, PIN not necessary
spool joint
younger lamb
break joint
older lamb
Beef production is the largest
segment of agricultural industries
U.S. produced approx ?% of the worlds beef with only ?% of the cattle
20%/7%
Brazil with ?% of the world population produces ?% of the total beef
13%/13%
Australia accounts for ?% of cattle inventory and ?% of beef tonnage
2%/4%
The meat of cattle is known as
beef
Most used use of beef cattle is meat but
other uses such as leather
beef exports: most to least
Japan: 1.8 billion Canada: 973 million Hong Kong: 784 million Mexico: 698 million South Korea: 558 million Total: 5.2 billion
Beef imports: most to least
Australia: 1.03 billion New Zealand: 817 million Canada: 797 million Mexico: 547 million Brazil: 228 million Total: 3.7 billion
Diverse Range Lands
- Humid, hot southeast
- dry and prone to drought Rio Grande Valley (South)
- Wet and cold Northwest
Myriad of environments
Different operations
Different regions suited for different phases of beef cattle industry
Three systems of production
Feeder cattle production
Slaughter cattle production
Breeder cattle production
Feeder Cattle Production
Based on finishing cattle quickly 180 days or less, gaining an average of 2 pounds per day or more; feed conversion
averaged 7 pounds to 1 pound
Slaughter Cattle Production
- Involves selecting fattened cattle by packer buyers, judging their live weight and conformation, estimating carcass
- Traits and yields, slaughtering the cattle and postmortem inspection
Breeder Cattle Production
Production of cattle (breeding), both purebred and commercial herds
Beef Industry Segmentation
Seedstock to cow-calf to stocker to feeder to packer to purveyor to retail
Commercial Cattle Operation: usually takes advantage of registered bulls, either to
-maintain the same bloodiness or to crossbreed to grade cows
Commercial Cattle Operation: Most commercial herds have spring calving although
many herds split their calving’s into a spring and fall herd
Commercial Cattle Operation: Offspring used for
beef
Three phase operation
- cow calf
- stocker-yearling
- feedlot operation
Cow Calf Operation
- 32.5 million head of cows
- 68% of total cow operations are 50 cows or less
- 70% of beef cow inventory is in operations with more than 100 cows
Cow Calf Operation: numbers fluctuate over the years depending on
- drought
- beef prices
- land prices
Stocker- Yearling
Feed cattle for growth prior to their going into the feedlot for finishing
- replacement heifers
- marketing
- wheat pasture
- silage
Marketing (stocker-yearling)
- available forage
- high roughage feeds
- crop residues
- -corn stalks
- grain stubb;e
- -beet tops
Stocker-Yearling: this operation is desirable for
early maturing cattle
-larger framed-later maturing cattle usually are more efficient and profitable if they go directly to the feedlot after weaning
Feedlot
- Harvested feed is brought to cattle
- 21.6 million head fed
Feedlot: Pasture fed cattle represent ?-?% of steers and heifers slaughtered (non fed)
10-15%
Feedlot: Commercial Feeders
95%
over 1000 head
Feedlot: Farmer feeders
under 1000 head
Seedstock operation
-producing cattle for breeding purposes
-more expensive
-higher control of records
better facilities
seedstock industry
function as the supplier of genetics to the beef cattle industry
120,000 owners
10 artificial insemination companies
100+ breeds
Idealistic Seedstock Goal
-Supply superior genetics to other feedstock breeders and commercial cow-calf industries in order to produce a highly palatable red meat that will meet the needs and desires of the consumer while increasing the efficiency and profitability of the beef industry from conception to consumption
What type of cattle should be raised
- low nutrient demand
- can produce a calf every year
- weans a big calf
What type of calf should be raised
- has great nutrient utilization
- rapid growth
- early maturing offspring if kept for breeding
Nutrient Demands
Maintain
Lactate
Gestate
Maintain
health and body condition
Lactacte
provide enough milk for calf
Gestate
conceive and be able to grow another fetus while she is raising the present calf
Factors Affecting Maintenance Energy
- body weight
- breed or genotype
- sex
- age
- season
- temperature
- physiological state
- previous nutrition
Breed differences: Bos indices require what percent less than beef breeds of dos taurus
10% (Angus, hereford, shorthorn, charolais, limousin)
Breed differences: dairy and dual purpose breeds have what percent higher/lower energy requirements
20% higher (holstein, friesian, simmental)
Breed differences: positive relationship between maintenance requirement and
genetic potential for measures of productivity (milk and growth)
Age Effects
Maintenance decreases with age Younger cows (2-3) still are growing
Environmental (heat)
Heat stress
- -increase in maintenance/ intake will decrease
- -have to dissipate heat and increase respiration
Environmental (cold)
Cold stress
- -increase heat production/increase intake
- -more feed goes to mintenance
Environmental (wet, muddy)
Wet, muddy
- -More difficult to maintain temperature
- -mud increases maintenance
Feed Situation
usually can depend on green feed from mid july to end of september
The rest of the year (other than mid july to end of september) we depend on the dry cured grass called
standing hay
Nutritional Management in Confinement
-if cattle are confined, all nutrients required for growth and production must be supplied
Normally growing cattle over what lbs will receive rations relatively high in concentrates to gain faster
700
Concentrate should be processed for
maximum benefit to the animal
How much can a cow eat?
- -approx 2.5-3% of body weight
- -approx 6-7 lb of feed per lb of gain
Supplements containing what hare dependent on the amount of protein in the forage, should also be included at manufacturers recommendations
vitamins and minerals and perhaps additional protein dependent
well designed handling facilities help to
minimize animal confusion and stress
poorly designed facilities
increase stress on the animals and may cause poor performance, which can affect meat quality
use of electric prods is not recommended because they cause
animals necessary pain and stress
Growth Promoting Substances
compounds that either occur naturally or mimic naturally occurring compounds. Most commonly they include estrogen or testosterone
Ionophores: class of antibiotics
class of antibiotics that are extensively used as feed additives for cattle. Major ionophores include strains of Streptomycin fungi and monensin (rumens), lasalocid, salinomycin, lysocellin and narasin
Methane inhibitors
Methane production reduces the efficiency of rumen fermentation
inhibition of methane production would increase/decrease the efficiency of ruminant production as well as increase/reduce the methane emissions
increase/reduce
probiotics
microbes used as feed additives
Live microbial feed supplements, which benefit the host animal by improving its
gastrointestinal microbial balance
Live microbial feed must be resistant to bile and stomach acids they inhibit
growth of pathogens, provide digestive enzymes and so forth
hormone implants
estrogenic hormones implanted in the ear and are widely used to improve feed efficiency and average daily gain in cattle
Melengestrol acetate (MGA)
a synthetic progesterone, is a common feed additive used in feedlot heifers’ diets (0.25 to 0.50 mg per head per day) to suppress estrus and thus improve feed efficiency (5%) and growth rate (5-11%)
Compudose
an ear implant that demonstrates a 10-15% increase in daily average gain (ADG) and a 5-10% increase in feed efficiency (FE)
Ralgro implant
produces a 10% increase in ADG and a 5-10% increase in FE
Genetics
phenotype= genotype + environment
- selection is the greatest force that changes gene frequency
- Records and performance data important for selection
Three most important factors for enhancing genetic progress
selection differential, heritability, and generation interval
Selection Differential
- Difference in performance of selected individuals vs. average
- Increased group size allows greatest SD
- Performance records important
- As number of traits selected increase, SD decreases
- Largest selection differential attained by selecting exceptional animals
- limit selection to economically important traits
Heritability
- degree of variation in performance due to genetics
- strength of inheritance
- low heritability traits affected more by environment
- low heritability traits should not be ignored
Generation Interval
- average age of parents in the herd when selected progeny are born
- replace old parents
Older breeding animals lead to
longer genetic change per year
Decreased GI leads to
faster genetic progress, as long as better animals are used as replacements
Premise Identification Number: first step
the first step in the system is identification of the premise or location where animals are housed
PIN: second
identification of the individual animals is the second component to be considered
PIN: third
final part of the program is to track animal movement between various premises
verification
- source and age verification must be documented and verified through a recognized USDA Program
- these programs are USDA Process Verified Program (PVP)
- or USDA Quality System Assessment (QSA)
What records does the producer need to keep
- a premise ID number
- tag all cows and calves
- keep calving records (includes dam & calf ID, calving date and sex of calf)
- Recommended tagging with RFID tags
- Keep records in a safe place
benefits
- $40-$50 increase in calf value
- control disease outbreaks
- identify cause of drug over-use or improper withdrawal times especially for antibiotics
- consumer satisfaction
