Exam 1 Flashcards
How many animal species in the world?
approx 1.5 million
15,000 species of mammals
Veal Calf
A bovine 0-3 months of age
Slaughter Calf
A bovine 3-9 months
Bull
An intact male bovine
Stag
A castrated male bovine after development
Bullock
An intact male 24 months or younger
Steer
A castrated male bovine
Cow
A female bovine that has produced 2+ calves
Heiferette
A female bovine that has produced 1 calf
Heifer
A female bovine that has no calves
Spay Heifer
An overectomized heifer
Rooster
Poultry
An intact male
Capon
Poultry
A castrated male
Hen
Poultry
A female producing eggs
Also a female turkey
Pullet
Poultry
An immature female
Broiler
Poultry
A chicken raised to be eaten
Tom
Poultry
a male turkey
Barrow
Porcine
A castrated male
Gilt
A female porcine that has had no piglets
Sow
Female porcine that has had piglets
Boar
An intact male porcine
Stag
Porcine
A male castrated after development
Weaner
Porcine
A young weanling pig
Ram
An intact male ovine
Wether
A castrated male ovine
Ewe lamb
A young female that has no young
Yearling
Ovine
12-24 months of age
Ewe
A female ovine that has young
Kid
Caprine
Baby goat
Wether
Caprine
A castrated caprine
Doe
Female ovine with 1+ kids
Buck
An intact male ovine
Stud
An intact male horse
Ridgeling
A cryptorchid male horse
Gelding
A castrated male horse
Mare
A female horse over 3 years
Filly
A female horse under 3 years
Colt
A male horse under 3 years
Laboratory Animal Welfare Act (LAWA)
1966
Prevented theft of cats and dogs
Registration limited facilities of dogs/cats
holding areas only
only records of acquisition required
Developed 8 areas of minimum standards
-housing, feeding, watering, sanitation, shelter, separation of species, ventilation, adequate vet care
Animal Welfare Act (AWA)
1970 Extension to the lab Report # of animals by pain categories Require appropriate use of anesthetics Include standards for animal transport Include all warm blooded Applies to any live or dead warm blooded animal which is being used, or is in research, teaching, testing, experimentation, or exhibition purposes or as a pet
What is IACUC?
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Make sure one isn’t experimenting on animals for no good reason
Who needs to be certified for IACUC?
Investigator must submit written protocol
-describes animal use
-justification for study and animal #s
Protocol is only valid for a limited time and only for # of animals requested
-animal use and #s monitored by UAC
Inbreeding
breeding of animals more closely related than average
Linebreeding
breeding of animal to common ancestor, not closely related
Outbreeding
System of mating animals less closely related than the average for the breed
-same breeds sometimes have different characteristics
Crossbreeding
Mating animals of different breeds
Heterosis
AKA hybrid vigor
when the heterozygote of the breed crosses are more productive
-offspring superior to parents
Genes
a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring. Consists of DNA
Allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
Alternate form of that gene
Chromosome
Long, circular DNA molecule
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
How many chromosomes do animal species have?
Turkeys: 41 Chickens: 39 Horses: 32 Donkeys: 31 Goats & Cattle: 30 Sheep: 27 Humans: 23 Swine: 19
Gestation times
Period of pregnancy from fertilization to parturition Elephant: 600-660 Llama: 340-345 Mare: 337 (335-342) Cattle: 282 (279-284) Women: 266 Sheep & Goat: 145-150 Sow: 114 Bitch: 63-63 Queen: 63 Rabbit: 28-35
Cryptorchidism
one (unilateral: can still reproduce) of the testes does not descend into the scrotum OR Both (bilateral: can still reproduce but not as reliable) of the testes do not descend into the scrotum
Four parts of the estrus cycle
Proestrus
Estrus
Metestrus
Diestrus
Proestrus
CL regression
Increased FSH
-stimulates follicular growth on ovary which then starts producing estrogen
Estrus
Period of sexual receptivity
- can be affected by temperature, humidity, and stress
- -mare has the most variable estrus period 2-12 days
Metestrus
Starts as ovulation commences
“Metestrus bleeding”
-occurs 90% heifers & 45% cows
-caused by breakage of uterine capillaries that become fragile from estrogen effects
-only sign estrus has passed
-may see blood mucus on tail/pin region
-LH stimulates CL formation post-ovulation
Diestrus
Cl is fully functional
Produces progesterone by day 8
Four compartments to ruminant stomach
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
Reticulum
mixing
bypass in nursing young
rumen
fermentation of food Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) -acetate -butyrate -propionate
Omasum
Absorbs or pulls out water
VFA absorption
Abomasum
True stomach
Enzymatic digestion
-aka chemical digestion (HCl)
What animals are monogastrics (non-ruminant)?
dogs, horses, rabbits, rats
What animals are ruminants?
cattle, sheep, goats
What does saliva do?
Lubricates food
Dissolves food and allows taste
Cleanses mouth & prevents decay
Lysozyme kills bacteria
