Exam #3 Study Guide Flashcards by Amber Barnhart

How long does it take for a biennial plant to complete its life cycle?

A) One growing season
B) Two growing seasons
C) Several growing seasons
D) Indefinitely

B) Two growing seasons

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Which type of plant completes its life cycle in one season?

A) Biennial
B) Perennial
C) Annual
D) Evergreen

C) Annual

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What is a key characteristic of perennial plants?

A) They complete their cycle in one season
B) They persist for many seasons and may flower on new growth
C) They die after two growing seasons
D) They only reproduce vegetatively

B) They persist for many seasons and may flower on new growth

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How many apertures do dicot pollen grains have?

A) One
B) Three
C) Five
D) Seven

B) Three

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How many apertures do monocot pollen grains have?

A) One
B) Three
C) Five
D) Seven

A) One

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What structure do flowers arise from?

A) Stigma
B) Ovary
C) Embryonic primordium
D) Peduncle

C) Embryonic primordium

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What is the function of the receptacle?

A) It protects the flower bud
B) It is a swollen end of the peduncle that attaches floral whorls
C) It contains the pollen-producing structures
D) It supports the stigma and style

B) It is a swollen end of the peduncle that attaches floral whorls

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Which floral whorl is the outermost and functions to protect the flower bud?

A) Corolla
B) Calyx
C) Pistil
D) Stamen

B) Calyx

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What is the collective term for sepals?

A) Corolla
B) Perianth
C) Calyx
D) Stamen

C) Calyx

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What is the collective term for petals?

A) Corolla
B) Perianth
C) Calyx
D) Stamen

A) Corolla

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What structures make up the perianth in a flower?

A) Sepals and petals
B) Stamens and pistils
C) Filaments and anthers
D) Stigma, style, and ovary

A) Sepals and petals

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What is the function of petals?

A) To protect the developing bud
B) To attract pollinators
C) To support the ovary
D) To carry out photosynthesis

B) To attract pollinators

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What are the two main parts of a stamen?

A) Stigma and style
B) Filament and anther
C) Ovary and ovule
D) Sepal and petal

B) Filament and anther

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Which part of the flower produces pollen?

A) Stigma
B) Anther
C) Ovary
D) Style

B) Anther

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Which floral whorl contains the female reproductive structures?

A) Calyx
B) Corolla
C) Stamen
D) Pistil

D) Pistil

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Which structures make up the pistil?

A) Sepals, petals, and stamens
B) Stigma, style, and ovary
C) Filament and anther
D) Perianth and corolla

B) Stigma, style, and ovary

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In which type of flower position are floral whorls attached below the ovary?

A) Hypogynous
B) Perigynous
C) Epigynous
D) None of the above

A) Hypogynous

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In which type of flower position are stamens and petals attached to the calyx, forming a cup around the ovary?

A) Hypogynous
B) Perigynous
C) Epigynous
D) None of the above

B) Perigynous

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In which type of flower position are floral whorls attached above the ovary?

A) Hypogynous
B) Perigynous
C) Epigynous
D) None of the above

C) Epigynous

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Which of the following statements is true about a hypogynous flower?

A) The ovary is superior, and all other floral parts are attached below it
B) The ovary is inferior, and the floral parts are attached above it
C) The ovary is surrounded by a cup-like structure
D) The floral parts are attached at the same level as the ovary

A) The ovary is superior, and all other floral parts are attached below it

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Which flower position has a half-inferior ovary, where the stamens, petals, and sepals are attached to a cup-like structure (hypanthium)?

A) Hypogynous
B) Perigynous
C) Epigynous
D) Syngynous

B) Perigynous

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A flower with a superior ovary and free floral parts is classified as:

A) Hypogynous
B) Perigynous
C) Epigynous
D) Syngynous

A) Hypogynous

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What is the term for a flower where the floral whorls are attached above the ovary, making it inferior?

A) Hypogynous
B) Perigynous
C) Epigynous
D) Epiphyllous

C) Epigynous

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What do ovaries produce that develop into seeds after fertilization?

A) Pollen grains
B) Ovules
C) Stigmas
D) Anthers

B) Ovules

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From what structure did ovaries evolve? A) Stamens B) Carpels with margins rolled inward C) Sepals D) Receptacles

B) Carpels with margins rolled inward

Before evolution into carpels, what was their original function? A) To attract pollinators B) To support the ovary C) To hold ovules like a leaf D) To transport water and nutrients

C) To hold ovules like a leaf

What happens to ovules after fertilization? A) They turn into pollen grains B) They develop into seeds C) They dissolve D) They become petals

B) They develop into seeds

What does a pistil contain? A) Only one carpel B) One to several carpels C) Only ovules D) Only stigmas

B) One to several carpels

How many carpels does a simple pistil have? A) One B) Two C) Three D) Several

A) One

How many carpels does a compound pistil contain? A) One B) Two or more C) None D) Only three

B) Two or more

What is an inflorescence? A) A single flower on a plant B) A group of flowers on a plant C) A single ovary inside a flower D) A pollen grain moving to a stigma

B) A group of flowers on a plant

What is pollination? A) When a male and female gamete fuse B) When a pollen grain moves from the anther to the stigma C) When the ovary develops into fruit D) When petals attract pollinators

B) When a pollen grain moves from the anther to the stigma

What is fertilization? A) When the ovule turns into a pollen grain B) When the petals attract pollinators C) When male and female gametes fuse D) When a plant absorbs water from the soil

C) When male and female gametes fuse

What do flowering plants produce inside fruits after fertilization? A) Seeds B) Pollen C) Sepals D) Chlorophyll

A) Seeds

What is double fertilization in flowering plants? A) Two pollen grains fuse with the stigma B) One sperm fertilizes the egg, and another fertilizes the central cell C) The ovary develops into fruit twice D) The ovules divide into multiple seeds

B) One sperm fertilizes the egg, and another fertilizes the central cell

What is the function of endosperm in seeds? A) It produces pollen B) It supports the pistil C) It provides food for the embryo D) It attracts pollinators

C) It provides food for the embryo

What is a fruit? A) A matured ovary and its accessory parts B) A matured seed without any surrounding tissue C) Any plant part that contains chlorophyll D) A part of the plant that aids in photosynthesis

A) A matured ovary and its accessory parts

Where do all fruits develop from? A) Leaves B) Roots C) Flower ovaries D) Stem nodes

C) Flower ovaries

Which part of the fruit is referred to as the 'skin'? A) Exocarp B) Mesocarp C) Endocarp D) Pericarp

A) Exocarp

Which part of the fruit surrounds the seed(s)? A) Exocarp B) Mesocarp C) Endocarp D) Pericarp

C) Endocarp

The tissue between the exocarp and endocarp is known as what? A) Pericarp B) Mesocarp C) Seed coat D) Exocarp

B) Mesocarp

What are the three fruit layers collectively called? A) Epicarp B) Pericarp C) Seed coat D) Ovary wall

B) Pericarp

Which of the following is NOT a possible characteristic of fruits? A) Can be fleshy or dry B) Can include adjacent flower parts C) Can conduct photosynthesis D) Can develop from one or more ovaries

C) Can conduct photosynthesis

What distinguishes a dehiscent fruit from an indehiscent fruit? A) Whether the fruit has seeds B) Whether the fruit splits open at maturity C) Whether the fruit is dry or fleshy D) Whether the fruit is edible

B) Whether the fruit splits open at maturity

What type of fruit has a mesocarp that is at least partly fleshy at maturity? A) Dry fruit B) Fleshy fruit C) Aggregate fruit D) Indehiscent fruit

B) Fleshy fruit

A drupe is a simple fleshy fruit with what characteristic? A) Multiple seeds surrounded by a soft pericarp B) A single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp C) A thick, leathery rind D) A dry, dehiscent pericarp

B) A single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp

Which of the following is an example of a drupe? A) Tomato B) Almond C) Banana D) Cucumber

B) Almond

A true berry has what kind of pericarp? A) Thin skin and relatively soft pericarp B) Thick, woody shell C) Dry, papery covering D) Hard, stone-like seed coat

A) Thin skin and relatively soft pericarp

Which of the following is NOT a true berry? A) Tomato B) Blueberry C) Cucumber D) Grape

C) Cucumber

Which fruit type has a relatively thick rind and includes pumpkins and cucumbers? A) Drupe B) Pepo C) True berry D) Pome

B) Pepo

What distinguishes a pome fruit? A) The flesh comes from the enlarged floral tube or receptacle B) It has a hard, stony endocarp C) It develops from a compound ovary D) It is always dehiscent

A) The flesh comes from the enlarged floral tube or receptacle

Which of the following is an example of a pome? A) Cherry B) Peach C) Apple D) Almond

C) Apple

What is a hesperidium? A) A berry with a thick, leathery skin containing oils B) A dry fruit that splits at maturity C) A fruit derived from multiple ovaries D) A fruit that has a pit

A) A berry with a thick, leathery skin containing oils

Which of the following is an example of a hesperidium? A) Tomato B) Banana C) Lemon D) Peach

C) Lemon

Which dry fruit splits along one side at maturity? A) Capsule B) Legume C) Follicle D) Nut

C) Follicle

Which of the following is an example of a follicle? A) Peas B) Milkweed C) Acorn D) Maple

B) Milkweed

What is the difference between a silique and a silicle? A) Silique is more than three times longer than wide, while a silicle is less than three times longer B) Silique is a fleshy fruit, while a silicle is dry C) Silique does not split at maturity, while a silicle does D) They are the same fruit type

A) Silique is more than three times longer than wide, while a silicle is less than three times longer

Which of the following fruits is a silique? A) Pea B) Mustard C) Corn D) Wheat

B) Mustard

Which dry fruit consists of at least two carpels and splits in various ways? A) Achene B) Capsule C) Nut D) Schizocarp

B) Capsule

Which of the following is an indehiscent fruit? A) Pea pod B) Legume C) Achene D) Capsule

C) Achene

What is the main characteristic of an achene? A) The seed is attached to the pericarp only at its base B) It has a thick, woody pericarp C) It splits open when mature D) It has a leathery endocarp

A) The seed is attached to the pericarp only at its base

Which of the following is an example of an achene? A) Acorn B) Sunflower seed C) Coconut D) Peanut

B) Sunflower seed

Which fruit type has a hard, thick pericarp and develops from a single ovary? A) Nut B) Achene C) Legume D) Capsule

A) Nut

Which of the following is an example of a nut? A) Peanut B) Acorn C) Sunflower D) Maple

B) Acorn

What distinguishes a caryopsis (grain) from other fruit types? A) The pericarp is tightly fused to the seed B) It has a thick, hard endocarp C) It has a leathery outer covering D) It contains multiple seeds

A) The pericarp is tightly fused to the seed

What is an aggregate fruit? A) A fruit that develops from multiple flowers in an inflorescence B) A fruit derived from a single flower with multiple pistils C) A dry fruit that does not split at maturity D) A fruit with a pit inside

A) A fruit that develops from multiple flowers in an inflorescence

Which of the following is an aggregate fruit? A) Pineapple B) Raspberry C) Acorn D) Apple

B) Raspberry

What is a multiple fruit? A) A fruit derived from multiple ovaries in a single flower B) A fruit formed from multiple flowers in an inflorescence C) A fruit with multiple seeds D) A fruit that contains a large endosperm

B) A fruit formed from multiple flowers in an inflorescence

Which of the following is a multiple fruit? A) Blackberry B) Pineapple C) Tomato D) Almond

B) Pineapple

Which type of fruit dispersal involves small, lightweight seeds with plumes or wings? A) Animal dispersal B) Water dispersal C) Wind dispersal D) Explosive dispersal

C) Wind dispersal

How do some fruits ensure seed dispersal by animals? A) Their seeds pass through the digestive tract B) Their seeds float on water C) They break open explosively D) Their seeds remain dormant for years

A) Their seeds pass through the digestive tract

What are elaiosomes? A) Air pockets that allow seeds to float on water B) Fleshy structures that attract ants for seed dispersal C) Hard seed coats that prevent germination D) A type of nut

B) Fleshy structures that attract ants for seed dispersal

Which part of the seed develops into the root? A) Cotyledon B) Plumule C) Radicle D) Hypocotyl

C) Radicle

What is the function of cotyledons? A) They store food for the developing embryo B) They protect the seed coat C) They absorb water D) They develop into roots

A) They store food for the developing embryo

Which type of germination occurs when the hypocotyl lengthens and pulls cotyledons above ground? A) Hypogeous germination B) Epigeous germination C) Dormancy germination D) Scarification

B) Epigeous germination

Which type of germination occurs when the cotyledons remain underground? A) Hypogeous germination B) Epigeous germination C) Scarification D) Stratification

A) Hypogeous germination

What is scarification? A) The process of exposing seeds to cold temperatures before germination B) The breaking of seed dormancy by mechanically weakening the seed coat C) The process of delaying germination until environmental conditions are ideal D) The process of dispersing seeds by wind

B) The breaking of seed dormancy by mechanically weakening the seed coat

Which of the following is an example of scarification? A) Seeds being stored in cold temperatures before planting B) A seed naturally breaking open when exposed to warm, moist conditions C) A seed coat being scratched, burned, or damaged to allow water uptake D) A seed developing roots before sprouting above ground

C) A seed coat being scratched, burned, or damaged to allow water uptake

What is stratification? A) The artificial breaking of seed dormancy by mechanical damage B) The process of exposing seeds to specific temperature and moisture conditions to break dormancy C) The process of dispersing seeds through animal digestion D) The natural splitting of a seed coat at maturity

B) The process of exposing seeds to specific temperature and moisture conditions to break dormancy

Which of the following requires stratification to germinate? A) Corn B) Maple trees C) Wheat D) Coconut

B) Maple trees

Why do some seeds require stratification? A) Their dormancy is controlled by growth inhibitors that must break down in cold conditions B) They lack protective seed coats C) They must pass through an animal’s digestive system first D) They cannot germinate without fire exposure

A) Their dormancy is controlled by growth inhibitors that must break down in cold conditions

What is diffusion? A) Movement of molecules from lower to higher concentration B) Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration C) Movement of water through a membrane D) Active transport of solutes across a membrane

B) Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion? A) Pressure B) Temperature C) Density of medium D) Color of molecules

D) Color of molecules

What is osmosis? A) The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane B) The active transport of water into cells C) The breakdown of molecules using water D) The passive diffusion of air molecules

A) The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane

What does a hypertonic solution do to a cell? A) Causes the cell to swell B) Causes the cell to shrink C) Has no effect on the cell D) Causes the cell to burst

B) Causes the cell to shrink

What is plasmolysis? A) The gain of water by a cell B) The loss of water and shrinkage of the protoplasm C) The diffusion of solutes D) The transport of minerals into the root

B) The loss of water and shrinkage of the protoplasm

Which process is the primary way water enters plants from the environment? A) Diffusion B) Osmosis C) Transpiration D) Cohesion

B) Osmosis

What is the cohesion-tension model? A) The mechanism by which water moves from roots to leaves B) The process of photosynthesis C) The breakdown of carbohydrates in the leaf D) The pressure required to move sugars through the phloem

A) The mechanism by which water moves from roots to leaves

What causes guttation? A) Low transpiration rates at night B) Excessive transpiration during the day C) Lack of nutrients in the soil D) A decrease in photosynthesis

A) Low transpiration rates at night

Which hypothesis explains sugar transport in plants? A) Pressure-flow hypothesis B) Cohesion-tension hypothesis C) Diffusion gradient model D) Stomatal pressure hypothesis

A) Pressure-flow hypothesis

What is active transport? A) Movement of substances across a membrane using ATP B) Movement of molecules from high to low concentration C) Movement of water only D) Passive diffusion of nutrients

A) Movement of substances across a membrane using ATP

Which of the following is a macronutrient? A) Iron B) Zinc C) Calcium D) Nickel

C) Calcium

Which of the following is a micronutrient? A) Nitrogen B) Phosphorus C) Manganese D) Potassium

C) Manganese

What is the main role of potassium in plants? A) Component of chlorophyll B) Maintains cell turgidity and regulates stomatal opening C) Helps in seed germination D) Provides structural support to the plant

B) Maintains cell turgidity and regulates stomatal opening

Which mineral is an essential component of nucleic acids? A) Magnesium B) Phosphorus C) Calcium D) Sodium

B) Phosphorus

What is scarification? A) The process of breaking seed dormancy by mechanically damaging the seed coat B) The process of exposing seeds to cold temperatures C) The dispersal of seeds by animals D) The natural splitting of a seed coat at maturity

A) The process of breaking seed dormancy by mechanically damaging the seed coat

Which of the following is an example of stratification? A) Breaking seed dormancy by scratching the seed coat B) Storing seeds in cold, moist conditions before germination C) Planting seeds in direct sunlight D) Germinating seeds in complete darkness

B) Storing seeds in cold, moist conditions before germination

What is pressure potential? A) The pressure that develops against the cell wall as a result of water entering the cell B) The movement of water molecules out of the cell C) The force required for active transport D) The rate at which transpiration occurs

A) The pressure that develops against the cell wall as a result of water entering the cell

What happens when a plant cell becomes turgid? A) It loses water and shrinks B) It gains water and becomes firm C) It undergoes plasmolysis D) It breaks down due to excessive pressure

B) It gains water and becomes firm

Which of the following describes a turgid cell? A) A cell that has lost water due to a hypertonic solution B) A firm cell that has gained water through osmosis C) A cell that is undergoing plasmolysis D) A cell that has lost pressure and become flaccid

B) A firm cell that has gained water through osmosis

What happens to a plant cell placed in an isotonic solution? A) It gains water and becomes turgid B) It loses water and shrinks C) There is no net movement of water in or out of the cell D) The cell undergoes plasmolysis

C) There is no net movement of water in or out of the cell

Which statement is true about an isotonic solution? A) The solute concentration inside the cell is lower than outside B) The solute concentration inside the cell is higher than outside C) The solute concentration inside and outside the cell is equal D) Water only moves into the cell

C) The solute concentration inside and outside the cell is equal

What is the correct pathway of water through a plant? A) Soil → root hairs → cortex → endodermis → xylem → leaves → stomata B) Root hairs → soil → leaves → xylem → endodermis C) Xylem → endodermis → cortex → root hairs → leaves D) Stomata → leaves → xylem → roots → soil

A) Soil → root hairs → cortex → endodermis → xylem → leaves → stomata

What structure in the root prevents water from moving back into the soil? A) Cortex B) Casparian strip in the endodermis C) Epidermis D) Xylem

B) Casparian strip in the endodermis

What is the function of the Casparian strip in the root? A) It allows free movement of water in the root B) It prevents water from leaking back out of the vascular system C) It absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis D) It stores food in the root cortex

B) It prevents water from leaking back out of the vascular system

Through which plant tissue does water move upward from roots to leaves? A) Phloem B) Xylem C) Epidermis D) Cortex

B) Xylem

What is imbibition? A) The movement of water through the stomata B) The absorption of water by dry seeds or tissues C) The loss of water through transpiration D) The breakdown of sugars in the phloem

B) The absorption of water by dry seeds or tissues

Why is imbibition important for seed germination? A) It causes seeds to dry out before they sprout B) It helps seeds absorb water and swell, breaking the seed coat C) It prevents seeds from absorbing water D) It blocks enzyme activation

B) It helps seeds absorb water and swell, breaking the seed coat

Which type of molecules attract water during imbibition? A) Lipids B) Large molecules like cellulose and starch C) DNA molecules D) Proteins only

B) Large molecules like cellulose and starch

What is the primary function of photosynthesis? A) Release stored energy B) Convert light energy into a usable form C) Break down food molecules D) Transport water through the plant

B) Convert light energy into a usable form

What process releases stored energy in plants? A) Photosynthesis B) Respiration C) Transpiration D) Diffusion

B) Respiration

What is metabolism? A) The process of breaking down food molecules B) The sum of all biochemical processes in living organisms C) The movement of water through a plant D) The release of oxygen as a by-product

B) The sum of all biochemical processes in living organisms

What is anabolism? A) Breaking chemical bonds B) Forming chemical bonds to build molecules C) The release of oxygen as a by-product D) The loss of electrons in a reaction

B) Forming chemical bonds to build molecules

Which of the following processes is an example of catabolism? A) Photosynthesis B) Cellular respiration C) Transpiration D) Absorption of minerals

B) Cellular respiration

What occurs in oxidation reactions? A) Gain of electrons B) Loss of electrons C) Formation of glucose D) Absorption of light energy

B) Loss of electrons

Which process involves the gain of electrons? A) Oxidation B) Reduction C) Transpiration D) ATP synthesis

B) Reduction

What percentage of sunlight energy is captured and used to support life? A) 10% B) 50% C) 1% D) 25%

C) 1%

Which organisms can perform photosynthesis? A) Only plants B) Plants, algae, and some bacteria C) Only green plants D) Only bacteria

B) Plants, algae, and some bacteria

Which molecules are produced from photosynthesis? A) Oxygen and glucose B) Carbon dioxide and water C) ATP and nitrogen D) Lipids and proteins

A) Oxygen and glucose

How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf? A) Through the roots B) Through stomata by diffusion C) Through xylem tissue D) By active transport

B) Through stomata by diffusion

What impact does deforestation have on carbon dioxide levels? A) Decreases CO₂ in the atmosphere B) Increases CO₂ in the atmosphere C) Has no effect on CO₂ levels D) Eliminates photosynthesis completely

B) Increases CO₂ in the atmosphere

Which statement about water and photosynthesis is true? A) All absorbed water is used in photosynthesis B) Water provides electrons and releases oxygen as a by-product C) Water is unnecessary for photosynthesis D) Plants take in carbon dioxide through roots with water

B) Water provides electrons and releases oxygen as a by-product

What happens to stomata when light intensity is too high or water is scarce? A) They open wider B) They close to reduce water loss C) They release oxygen D) They absorb more water

B) They close to reduce water loss

What are photons? A) Pigments in chloroplasts B) Packets of light energy C) Sugar molecules used in photosynthesis D) Oxygen molecules released during respiration

B) Packets of light energy

Which colors of light do plants absorb most effectively? A) Green and yellow B) Blue and red C) Purple and orange D) White and black

B) Blue and red

Why do plants appear green? A) They absorb green light best B) They reflect green light C) They use green light for photosynthesis D) Green light is absorbed in the mitochondria

B) They reflect green light

What is the primary function of photosynthesis? A) Release stored energy B) Convert light energy into a usable form C) Break down food molecules D) Transport water through the plant

B) Convert light energy into a usable form

What process releases stored energy in plants? A) Photosynthesis B) Respiration C) Transpiration D) Diffusion

B) Respiration

B) The sum of all biochemical processes in living organisms

What is anabolism? A) Breaking chemical bonds B) Forming chemical bonds to build molecules C) The release of oxygen as a by-product D) The loss of electrons in a reaction

B) Forming chemical bonds to build molecules

Which of the following processes is an example of catabolism? A) Photosynthesis B) Cellular respiration C) Transpiration D) Absorption of minerals

B) Cellular respiration

What occurs in oxidation reactions? A) Gain of electrons B) Loss of electrons C) Formation of glucose D) Absorption of light energy

B) Loss of electrons

Which process involves the gain of electrons? A) Oxidation B) Reduction C) Transpiration D) ATP synthesis

B) Reduction

What percentage of sunlight energy is captured and used to support life? A) 10% B) 50% C) 1% D) 25%

C) 1%

Which organisms can perform photosynthesis? A) Only plants B) Plants, algae, and some bacteria C) Only green plants D) Only bacteria

B) Plants, algae, and some bacteria

Which molecules are produced from photosynthesis? A) Oxygen and glucose B) Carbon dioxide and water C) ATP and nitrogen D) Lipids and proteins

A) Oxygen and glucose

How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf? A) Through the roots B) Through stomata by diffusion C) Through xylem tissue D) By active transport

B) Through stomata by diffusion

B) Increases CO₂ in the atmosphere

B) Water provides electrons and releases oxygen as a by-product

What happens to stomata when light intensity is too high or water is scarce? A) They open wider B) They close to reduce water loss C) They release oxygen D) They absorb more water

B) They close to reduce water loss

What are photons? A) Pigments in chloroplasts B) Packets of light energy C) Sugar molecules used in photosynthesis D) Oxygen molecules released during respiration

B) Packets of light energy

Which colors of light do plants absorb most effectively? A) Green and yellow B) Blue and red C) Purple and orange D) White and black

B) Blue and red

What is the overall reaction equation for photosynthesis? A) 6 CO₂ + 12 H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 H₂O + 6 O₂ B) C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP C) 6 O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6 CO₂ + 12 H₂O + light D) 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

A) 6 CO₂ + 12 H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 H₂O + 6 O₂

Which reactions in photosynthesis require light? A) Calvin Cycle B) Light-dependent reactions C) Glycolysis D) Electron Transport Chain

B) Light-dependent reactions

What are the products of the light-dependent reactions? A) Glucose and ATP B) NADPH and ATP C) Oxygen and glucose D) Water and carbon dioxide

B) NADPH and ATP

Where do the light-dependent reactions take place? A) Stroma of the chloroplast B) Thylakoid membrane C) Mitochondria D) Cytoplasm

B) Thylakoid membrane

Which photosystem occurs first in the light-dependent reactions? A) Photosystem I B) Photosystem II C) Both occur simultaneously D) Neither; photosynthesis does not require photosystems

B) Photosystem II

What is the function of Photosystem I? A) Splits water molecules to release electrons B) Produces NADPH C) Fixes carbon dioxide D) Generates ATP through chemiosmosis

B) Produces NADPH

What happens in photolysis? A) Water molecules are split, releasing electrons and oxygen B) Carbon dioxide is fixed into glucose C) ATP is synthesized from ADP D) Oxygen is used to produce ATP

A) Water molecules are split, releasing electrons and oxygen

Which molecule carries electrons from Photosystem II to Photosystem I? A) NADPH B) Plastocyanin C) Plastoquinone D) Ferredoxin

C) Plastoquinone

What is the primary function of the Calvin Cycle? A) Capture light energy B) Convert CO₂ into organic molecules C) Produce ATP D) Transport electrons

B) Convert CO₂ into organic molecules

What is the first step of the Calvin Cycle? A) CO₂ fixation B) Electron transport C) ATP synthesis D) Glucose formation

A) CO₂ fixation

Which enzyme is responsible for carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle? A) ATP synthase B) NADP reductase C) Rubisco D) P700

C) Rubisco

What is the end product of the Calvin Cycle that can be converted into glucose? A) G3P B) 3PGA C) RuBP D) NADPH

A) G3P

What happens in photorespiration? A) Oxygen is used instead of CO₂ in the Calvin Cycle B) Carbon dioxide is fixed into a 4-carbon compound C) ATP is synthesized without light D) Water is split to release electrons

A) Oxygen is used instead of CO₂ in the Calvin Cycle

Which plants use the C4 pathway to reduce photorespiration? A) Cacti and succulents B) Pine trees C) Tropical grasses like maize and sugarcane D) Mosses and ferns

C) Tropical grasses like maize and sugarcane

In CAM plants, when do the stomata open? A) During the day B) At night C) Only when it rains D) They remain open all the time

B) At night

Where does glycolysis occur? A) Mitochondria B) Thylakoid membrane C) Cytoplasm D) Stroma

C) Cytoplasm

What is the primary purpose of the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)? A) To produce ATP directly B) To fix carbon dioxide C) To produce NADH and FADH₂ for the electron transport chain D) To split water molecules

C) To produce NADH and FADH₂ for the electron transport chain

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? A) Carbon dioxide B) Oxygen C) ATP D) Water

B) Oxygen

Which environmental factor can increase the rate of respiration? A) Increased temperature B) Decreased water availability C) High oxygen concentration D) Low carbon dioxide levels

A) Increased temperature

Which stage of respiration generates the most ATP? A) Glycolysis B) Krebs Cycle C) Electron Transport Chain D) Fermentation

C) Electron Transport Chain

What happens to respiration when oxygen levels are low? A) Respiration speeds up B) Respiration stops entirely C) Cells switch to anaerobic respiration or fermentation D) The cell produces more ATP

C) Cells switch to anaerobic respiration or fermentation

What is assimilation in plants? A) The breakdown of carbohydrates into simpler forms B) The conversion of organic matter from photosynthesis into protoplasm and cell walls C) The movement of water through xylem D) The conversion of ATP into glucose

B) The conversion of organic matter from photosynthesis into protoplasm and cell walls

Which of the following is a product of assimilation? A) Glucose B) Starch, sucrose, and cellulose C) Oxygen D) Carbon dioxide

B) Starch, sucrose, and cellulose

What is the primary purpose of digestion in plants? A) Conversion of starch and insoluble carbohydrates into soluble forms B) Breakdown of lipids into proteins C) Production of chlorophyll D) Transport of water from roots to leaves

A) Conversion of starch and insoluble carbohydrates into soluble forms

Which process is nearly always involved in digestion of carbohydrates in plants? A) Oxidation B) Hydrolysis C) Fermentation D) Active transport

B) Hydrolysis

Which macromolecules can sugars be transformed into during assimilation? A) Only starch B) Lipids, proteins, or other carbohydrates C) Only proteins D) Only cellulose

B) Lipids, proteins, or other carbohydrates

What is secondary metabolism in plants? A) The process of converting glucose into ATP B) Metabolic processes essential for normal plant growth C) Metabolic processes that help plants survive special conditions D) The breakdown of carbohydrates into simpler sugars

C) Metabolic processes that help plants survive special conditions

Which of the following is NOT an example of a secondary metabolite? A) Lignin B) ATP C) Nicotine D) Menthol

B) ATP

How do secondary metabolites provide a competitive advantage for plants? A) By enhancing photosynthesis efficiency B) By producing colors, aromas, and toxins to deter herbivores and attract pollinators C) By increasing transpiration rates D) By speeding up water absorption in roots

B) By producing colors, aromas, and toxins to deter herbivores and attract pollinators

Which secondary metabolite is responsible for strengthening plant cell walls? A) Nicotine B) Lignin C) Salicin D) Camphor

B) Lignin

Which of the following is a secondary metabolite used for medicinal purposes? A) Camphor B) Salicin C) Codeine D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which secondary metabolite is commonly found in pain-relieving drugs? A) Nicotine B) Salicin C) Rubber D) Lignin

B) Salicin

Which secondary metabolite is responsible for the strong aroma in plants like eucalyptus? A) Lignin B) Menthol C) Rubber D) Codeine

B) Menthol

What is the function of nicotine as a secondary metabolite in plants? A) To attract pollinators B) To deter herbivores due to its toxicity C) To improve water retention in leaves D) To aid in cell division

B) To deter herbivores due to its toxicity