Exam #1 Study Guide Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT one of the five major theories of biology?
a) Cell Theory
b) Gene Theory
c) Atomic Theory
d) Evolution Theory
c) Atomic Theory
What is the basic building block of all living organisms?
a) Atom
b) Cell
c) Organ
d) Tissue
b) Cell
In the scientific method, which step comes directly after forming a hypothesis?
a) Experimentation
b) Conclusion
c) Observation
d) Data Collection
a) Experimentation
What is the primary difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
a) A hypothesis is a testable prediction, while a theory is a broad explanation backed by evidence.
b) A hypothesis is an untestable idea, while a theory is based on facts.
c) A hypothesis is proven, while a theory is still in development.
d) A theory only applies to biology, while a hypothesis can apply to all sciences.
a) A hypothesis is a testable prediction, while a theory is a broad explanation backed by evidence.
Which of the following describes a characteristic of living things?
a) Ability to perform photosynthesis
b) Ability to grow and develop
c) Ability to fly
d) Ability to breathe air
b) Ability to grow and develop
What is the role of enzymes in metabolism?
a) To increase the activation energy
b) To decrease the activation energy
c) To produce glucose
d) To create new enzymes
b) To decrease the activation energy
Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
a) Ionic bond
b) Hydrogen bond
c) Covalent bond
d) Van der Waals bond
c) Covalent bond
What subunit makes up carbohydrates?
a) Amino acids
b) Fatty acids
c) Monosaccharides
d) Nucleotides
c) Monosaccharides
Which organelle is responsible for energy production in the cell?
a) Golgi apparatus
b) Mitochondria
c) Nucleus
d) Ribosomes
b) Mitochondria
In the plant cell, which structure is involved in the storage of water, nutrients, and waste products?
a) Chloroplast
b) Mitochondria
c) Central vacuole
d) Endoplasmic reticulum
c) Central vacuole
During meiosis, crossing over occurs in which phase?
a) Prophase I
b) Metaphase I
c) Anaphase I
d) Telophase II
a) Prophase I
The five major theories of biology include the ____ theory, which explains that all living things are made up of cells.
cell
Photosynthesis has two main reactants: ________ and ________, and the main products are ________ and ________.
carbon dioxide and water, and the main products are glucose and oxygen.
The subunit of proteins is ________, and the bond that forms between them is a ________ bond.
amino acids; peptide
The primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the presence of a ________ in eukaryotic cells.
nucleus
The ________ in plant cells is responsible for storing starch and oils.
plastids
In a ________ bond, electrons are shared between atoms, while in an ________ bond, electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
covalent; ionic
________ refers to the ability of water molecules to stick to other substances, while ________ is the attraction between water molecules themselves.
adhesion; cohesion
The product of meiosis I are ________ cells, while the product of meiosis II are ________ cells.
haploid; haploid
The process by which plants and animals maintain stable internal conditions is known as ________.
homeostasis
The ________ phase of mitosis is where chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.
metaphase
Which of the following is NOT a subdiscipline of botany?
a) Plant physiology
b) Plant taxonomy
c) Animal behavior
d) Plant ecology
c) Animal behavior
How are species names written in scientific classification?
a) Italicized, with the first letter of the genus capitalized
b) Bolded, with the species name capitalized
c) Underlined, with the species name capitalized
d) Written normally, without any formatting
a) Italicized, with the first letter of the genus capitalized
Which of the following is a characteristic of a hypothesis?
a) It must be proven correct.
b) It is a broad, well-supported explanation.
c) It is a testable statement.
d) It is used only for experiments with a known outcome.
c) It is a testable statement.
Which of the following is NOT part of the cell theory?
a) All living things are made of cells.
b) Cells are the basic unit of life.
c) All cells contain a nucleus.
d) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
c) All cells contain a nucleus.
What is the process by which energy is released from glucose in cells?
a) Photosynthesis
b) Cellular respiration
c) Fermentation
d) Transpiration
d) Transpiration
Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole in plant cells?
a) Protein synthesis
b) Storage of nutrients and waste products
c) Photosynthesis
d) Cell division
b) Storage of nutrients and waste products
The theory of natural selection explains that organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to:
a) Survive and reproduce
b) Mutate into new species
c) Evolve into a different organism
d) Show no variation in traits
a) Survive and reproduce
In the context of plant growth, meristems are:
a) The structures that store energy
b) Regions of rapid cell division
c) Specialized tissues for transporting nutrients
d) Protective outer layers of plants
b) Regions of rapid cell division
Which is the correct order of stages in the cell cycle?
a) G1, S, G2, M
b) G2, G1, M, S
c) M, S, G1, G2
d) S, G1, G2, M
a) G1, S, G2, M
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase
c) Anaphase
Which is the primary purpose of meiosis?
a) To produce identical cells for growth
b) To create haploid cells for reproduction
c) To replicate genetic material
d) To repair damaged cells
b) To create haploid cells for reproduction
In the process of crossing over, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during which phase of meiosis?
a) Prophase I
b) Metaphase I
c) Anaphase II
d) Telophase II
a) Prophase I
What is the function of the chloroplast in plant cells?
a) Storage of nutrients
b) Protein synthesis
c) Photosynthesis
d) Cell division
c) Photosynthesis
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in plant cells?
a) Protein synthesis
b) Photosynthesis
c) Energy production through cellular respiration
d) Storage of water
c) Energy production through cellular respiration
What role does the central vacuole play in plant cells?
a) Packaging proteins for secretion
b) Storing water, nutrients, and waste products
c) Protecting the cell from pathogens
d) Producing energy for cellular functions
b) Storing water, nutrients, and waste products
What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?
a) Protein synthesis
b) Providing structural support and protection
c) Energy production
d) Storage of water
b) Providing structural support and protection
What is the role of the ribosomes in plant cells?
a) Protein synthesis
b) Photosynthesis
c) Storage of energy
d) Transport of materials
a) Protein synthesis
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in plant cells?
a) Production of ribosomal RNA
b) Sorting, modifying, and packaging proteins
c) Photosynthesis
d) Storage of water
b) Sorting, modifying, and packaging proteins
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in plant cells?
a) Energy production
b) Storage of lipids
c) Synthesis of proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER)
d) Photosynthesis
c) Synthesis of proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER)
What role does the nucleolus play in the plant cell?
a) Ribosome production
b) Photosynthesis
c) Storage of energy
d) Protein synthesis
a) Ribosome production
What is the function of the cytoplasm in plant cells?
a) Stores nutrients
b) Site of protein synthesis
c) Maintains cell shape and provides a medium for chemical reactions
d) Stores DNA
c) Maintains cell shape and provides a medium for chemical reactions
What is the primary purpose of meiosis?
a) To create identical cells for growth
b) To create haploid cells for sexual reproduction
c) To repair damaged cells
d) To replicate genetic material for cell division
b) To create haploid cells for sexual reproduction
Which of the following accurately describes the outcome of meiosis?
a) Two identical diploid cells
b) Four genetically unique haploid cells
c) Two genetically unique diploid cells
d) Four identical diploid cells
b) Four genetically unique haploid cells
What is the role of crossing over during meiosis?
a) To create genetically identical cells
b) To increase genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes
c) To produce haploid cells
d) To ensure that cells are diploid
b) To increase genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes
In which phase of meiosis does the reduction in chromosome number occur?
a) Prophase I
b) Metaphase II
c) Anaphase I
d) Telophase II
c) Anaphase I
Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction?
a) It allows for the growth of organisms
b) It ensures that gametes have half the chromosome number, maintaining the chromosome number in offspring
c) It duplicates the genetic material
d) It repairs cells damaged by radiation
b) It ensures that gametes have half the chromosome number, maintaining the chromosome number in offspring
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
a) To produce haploid cells
b) To produce genetically identical diploid cells for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
c) To increase genetic diversity
d) To generate energy for the cell
b) To produce genetically identical diploid cells for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align at the cell’s equator?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase
b) Metaphase
What happens during anaphase of mitosis?
a) Chromosomes replicate
b) Chromosomes are aligned at the center
c) Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell
d) The nuclear envelope reforms
c) Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell
Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the formation of two daughter nuclei?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Telophase
d) Interphase
c) Telophase
Why is mitosis important for multicellular organisms?
a) It allows for genetic variation
b) It ensures the correct chromosome number in gametes
c) It allows for the production of genetically identical cells for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
d) It produces haploid cells for reproduction
c) It allows for the production of genetically identical cells for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
What is the role of the G1 phase in the cell cycle?
a) DNA replication
b) Cell division
c) Cell growth and preparation for DNA synthesis
d) Cytokinesis
c) Cell growth and preparation for DNA synthesis
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
a) G1
b) S
c) G2
d) M
b) S
What is the primary function of the G2 phase in the cell cycle?
a) DNA replication
b) Cell growth and preparation for mitosis
c) Cytokinesis
d) Cell division
b) Cell growth and preparation for mitosis
What happens during the M phase of the cell cycle?
a) The cell grows in size
b) The DNA is replicated
c) The cell divides into two identical daughter cells
d) The nuclear membrane dissolves
c) The cell divides into two identical daughter cells
What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle?
a) To ensure that the cell divides at a faster rate
b) To monitor the completion of key processes and prevent errors before moving to the next phase
c) To create genetic variation
d) To allow cells to grow uncontrollably
b) To monitor the completion of key processes and prevent errors before moving to the next phase
Which of the following is an example of an alkaloid?
a) Taxol
b) Cocaine
c) Isoprene
d) Rubber
b) Cocaine
Where is nicotine found?
a) In the bark of trees
b) In the seeds of a plant
c) In tobacco plants
d) In essential oils
c) In tobacco plants
Which alkaloid is commonly used as a stimulant?
a) Morphine
b) Cocaine
c) Caffeine
d) Nicotine
c) Caffeine
Morphine is derived from which plant?
a) Coca plant
b) Opium poppy
c) Tobacco plant
d) Rubber tree
b) Opium poppy
What is the primary effect of nicotine on the body?
a) Pain relief
b) Stimulation of the nervous system
c) Anti-inflammatory effects
d) Euphoria and relaxation
b) Stimulation of the nervous system
Which of the following is a common terpene found in essential oils?
a) Isoprene
b) Morphine
c) Caffeine
d) Taxol
a) Isoprene
Rubber is primarily made from which terpene?
a) Isoprene
b) Taxol
c) Phenol
d) Nicotine
a) Isoprene
Which of the following compounds is a terpene used in cancer treatment?
a) Morphine
b) Taxol
c) Cocaine
d) Caffeine
b) Taxol
What is the primary source of essential oils?
a) Trees
b) Flowers
c) Leaves and other plant parts
d) Fungi
c) Leaves and other plant parts
Which of the following is a phenolic compound found in grapes and red wine?
a) Taxol
b) Caffeine
c) Resveratrol
d) Morphine
c) Resveratrol
Phenols are typically found in which parts of plants?
a) Roots
b) Flowers
c) Bark, leaves, and fruits
d) Seeds
c) Bark, leaves, and fruits
Where are chloroplasts mainly found in plant cells?
a) In the roots
b) In the chloroplast membrane
c) In the mesophyll cells of leaves
d) In the fruit
c) In the mesophyll cells of leaves
Which of the following pigments are commonly stored in chromoplasts?
a) Chlorophyll
b) Carotenoids
c) Phycocyanin
d) Anthocyanin
b) Carotenoids
Chromoplasts are most commonly found in which plant structures?
a) Roots
b) Stems
c) Flowers and fruits
d) Leaves
c) Flowers and fruits
What is the characteristic color of plants containing chromoplasts?
a) Green
b) Red, orange, and yellow
c) Blue
d) White
b) Red, orange, and yellow
Which of the following is a pigment typically found in chromoplasts?
a) Xanthophyll
b) Chlorophyll
c) Carotene
d) Anthocyanin
c) Carotene
What is the main function of leucoplasts in plant cells?
a) Synthesis of proteins
b) Storage of starch, oils, or proteins
c) Photosynthesis
d) Pigment production
b) Storage of starch, oils, or proteins
Where are leucoplasts primarily found in plants?
a) In the leaves
b) In the roots, tubers, and seeds
c) In the flowers
d) In the stem
b) In the roots, tubers, and seeds
Which of the following can be stored in leucoplasts?
a) Starch
b) Chlorophyll
c) Carotenoids
d) Water
a) Starch
