Exam #2 Study Guide Flashcards
What are the two main systems that make up the basic body of a plant?
a) Root system and stem system
b) Root system and shoot system
c) Leaf system and flower system
d) Shoot system and vascular system
b) Root system and shoot system
What is the primary function of the root system?
a) Support and photosynthesis
b) Water and mineral absorption, anchorage
c) Carbon dioxide absorption
d) Flower and fruit production
b) Water and mineral absorption, anchorage
Which of the following is NOT a function of the shoot system?
a) Obtaining light and CO₂
b) Anchoring the plant
c) Bearing leaves and flowers
d) Vertical stem growth
b) Anchoring the plant
Which of the following is NOT one of the main plant organs?
a) Stems
b) Leaves
c) Flowers
d) Seeds
d) Seeds
What are the three steps of plant growth?
a) Cell growth, cell differentiation, cell expansion
b) Cell elongation, cell expansion, cell maturity
c) Cell division, cell elongation, cell differentiation
d) Cell development, cell reproduction, cell extension
c) Cell division, cell elongation, cell differentiation
What type of growth increases the length of roots and shoots?
a) Secondary growth
b) Primary growth
c) Lateral growth
d) Tertiary growth
b) Primary growth
What is an apical meristem?
a) A protective layer on leaves
b) A region of cell division at the tip of stems or roots
c) A type of leaf tissue
d) A dead layer of cells at the plant surface
b) A region of cell division at the tip of stems or roots
What is a bud in relation to an apical meristem?
a) A cluster of xylem cells
b) A secondary root structure
c) A dormant apical meristem
d) A specialized leaf structure
c) A dormant apical meristem
What structure protects the apical meristem of roots?
a) Root hairs
b) Root tip
c) Root cap
d) Lateral meristem
c) Root cap
What type of growth increases the girth (thickness) of roots and stems?
a) Primary growth
b) Apical growth
c) Secondary growth
d) Intercalary growth
c) Secondary growth
What meristem is responsible for secondary growth?
a) Apical meristem
b) Intercalary meristem
c) Lateral meristem
d) Root meristem
c) Lateral meristem
What is the function of the vascular cambium?
a) Produces cells for support and conduction
b) Increases stem length
c) Protects the root cap
d) Absorbs nutrients from soil
a) Produces cells for support and conduction
The cork cambium produces:
a) Xylem cells
b) Root hairs
c) Bark
d) Sieve tube members
c) Bark
Why do grasses lack vascular and cork cambium?
a) They do not have roots or shoots
b) They have intercalary meristems instead
c) They do not undergo primary growth
d) They do not need structural support
b) They have intercalary meristems instead
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main tissue systems in plants?
a) Ground tissue system
b) Vascular tissue system
c) Dermal tissue system
d) Root tissue system
d) Root tissue system
What is a simple tissue?
a) A tissue made of only one type of cell
b) A tissue found only in roots
c) A vascular tissue composed of xylem and phloem
d) A tissue only found in woody plants
a) A tissue made of only one type of cell
Which simple tissue type has thin-walled living cells and remains active for a long time?
a) Sclerenchyma
b) Collenchyma
c) Parenchyma
d) Xylem
Parenchyma
What type of parenchyma tissue contains air spaces for buoyancy in aquatic plants?
a) Chlorenchyma
b) Aerenchyma
c) Transfer cells
d) Sclerenchyma
b) Aerenchyma
What type of parenchyma tissue contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis?
a) Transfer cells
b) Aerenchyma
c) Chlorenchyma
d) Collenchyma
c) Chlorenchyma
What type of simple tissue has thick, unevenly thickened cell walls and provides flexible support?
a) Parenchyma
b) Collenchyma
c) Sclerenchyma
d) Xylem
b) Collenchyma
Which of the following describes sclerenchyma tissue?
a) Thin-walled and living
b) Thick-walled and dead at maturity
c) Unevenly thickened and flexible
d) Composed only of xylem and phloem
b) Thick-walled and dead at maturity
What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?
a) Parenchyma and collenchyma
b) Xylem and phloem
c) Sclereids and fibers
d) Aerenchyma and transfer cells
c) Sclereids and fibers
What type of sclerenchyma cell is responsible for the gritty texture in cherries?
a) Fibers
b) Sclereids
c) Parenchyma
d) Xylem
b) Sclereids
Which plant material is commonly made from sclerenchyma fibers?
a) Cotton
b) Ropes and textiles
c) Sugar
d) Pollen
b) Ropes and textiles
What is the primary function of xylem?
a) Transport water and minerals
b) Transport sugars
c) Produce new cells
d) Protect the plant from herbivores
a) Transport water and minerals
Which cells are the main conducting cells of xylem?
a) Tracheids and vessel elements
b) Sclerenchyma and fibers
c) Parenchyma and collenchyma
d) Sieve tube members and companion cells
a) Tracheids and vessel elements
Which xylem cell type is present in both gymnosperms and angiosperms?
a) Vessel elements
b) Tracheids
c) Sieve tubes
d) Phloem fibers
Tracheids
Which xylem cells are dead at maturity?
a) Companion cells
b) Tracheids and vessel elements
c) Sieve tube members
d) Parenchyma cells
b) Tracheids and vessel elements
What structure in vessel elements allows water to pass between cells?
a) Sieve plates
b) Perforation plates
c) Trichomes
d) Casparian strips
b) Perforation plates
What is the main function of phloem?
a) Transport water
b) Transport minerals
c) Transport sugars and organic compounds
d) Store starch
c) Transport sugars and organic compounds
Which phloem cell type is responsible for conducting sugars?
a) Sieve tube members
b) Vessel elements
c) Tracheids
d) Fibers
a) Sieve tube members
Sieve tube members lack nuclei. What type of cell helps regulate their function?
a) Parenchyma cells
b) Xylem fibers
c) Companion cells
d) Guard cells
c) Companion cells
Which of the following is a key difference between xylem and phloem?
a) Xylem is alive, phloem is dead
b) Xylem conducts sugar, phloem conducts water
c) Xylem transports water up, phloem transports sugars in multiple directions
d) Xylem and phloem are both made of dead cells
c) Xylem transports water up, phloem transports sugars in multiple directions
What is the function of the root cap?
a) Protects the apical meristem
b) Absorbs water
c) Stores nutrients
d) Performs photosynthesis
a) Protects the apical meristem
What does the vascular cambium produce?
a) Cells for the epidermis
b) Cells for support and conduction (xylem and phloem)
c) Root hairs
d) Stomata
b) Cells for support and conduction (xylem and phloem)
Which tissue system is responsible for most of the plant’s body and metabolic functions?
a) Ground tissue system
b) Vascular tissue system
c) Dermal tissue system
d) Cork cambium
a) Ground tissue system
Which tissue system is responsible for transporting materials throughout the plant?
a) Ground tissue system
b) Vascular tissue system
c) Dermal tissue system
d) Cork cambium
b) Vascular tissue system
Which tissue system provides the protective covering for plants?
a) Ground tissue system
b) Dermal tissue system
c) Vascular tissue system
d) Parenchyma
b) Dermal tissue system
Which simple tissue type has thin walls and is involved in storage and photosynthesis?
a) Collenchyma
b) Parenchyma
c) Sclerenchyma
d) Xylem
b) Parenchyma
What is the primary function of vessels in the xylem?
A) Transporting sugars from source to sink
B) Carrying water and minerals through long, open-ended tubes
C) Assisting sieve tube members in phloem transport
D) Providing structural support to the plant
B) Carrying water and minerals through long, open-ended tubes
How do tracheids differ from vessels in xylem?
A) Tracheids have open ends, while vessels have perforation plates
B) Tracheids are dead at maturity, while vessels remain alive
C) Tracheids are tapered and contain pits, while vessels are long and open-ended
D) Tracheids primarily transport sugars, while vessels transport water
C) Tracheids are tapered and contain pits, while vessels are long and open-ended
In phloem transport, which cells lack a nucleus and rely on companion cells?
A) Tracheids
B) Vessels
C) Sieve tube members
D) Parenchyma cells
C) Sieve tube members
What is the function of the callose plug in sieve tubes?
A) Prevents water loss from xylem
B) Assists in photosynthesis
C) Prevents sugar leakage when vascular tissue is injured
D) Regulates mineral uptake in roots
C) Prevents sugar leakage when vascular tissue is injured
The epidermis of a plant is primarily composed of:
A) Sclerenchyma cells and sieve tube members
B) Guard cells, parenchyma cells, secretory glands, and hairs
C) Cork cells and companion cells
D) Vessels and tracheids
B) Guard cells, parenchyma cells, secretory glands, and hairs
What is the purpose of the waxy cuticle on the epidermis?
A) Protects the plant from insect damage
B) Prevents bacterial infections and water loss
C) Increases absorption of water and nutrients
D) Allows gas exchange for photosynthesis
B) Prevents bacterial infections and water loss
Why do roots have less cuticle compared to other plant organs?
A) They do not perform photosynthesis
B) They require direct exposure to sunlight
C) They need to absorb water and nutrients more efficiently
D) They do not have stomata
C) They need to absorb water and nutrients more efficiently
What happens when the cork cambium begins producing new tissue?
A) It forms a thicker cuticle layer for protection
B) The epidermis is replaced by the periderm
C) More stomata are created for gas exchange
D) The plant stops producing phloem
B) The epidermis is replaced by the periderm
What substance secreted by cork cells helps with waterproofing?
A) Lignin
B) Cutin
C) Suberin
D) Callose
C) Suberin
Lenticels in the periderm serve a similar function to which structure in the epidermis?
A) Sieve plates
B) Stomata
C) Companion cells
D) Cuticle
B) Stomata
Which of the following is NOT an example of secretory tissue in plants?
A) Flower nectar
B) Citrus oils
C) Phloem sap
D) Latex
C) Phloem sap
What are the three primary functions of roots?
A) Absorption of sunlight, water loss prevention, and sugar transport
B) Anchoring the plant, absorbing water and minerals, and storing food and water
C) Photosynthesis, gas exchange, and seed dispersal
D) Supporting lateral growth, producing new phloem, and water conduction
B) Anchoring the plant, absorbing water and minerals, and storing food and water
Upon germination, what structure develops into the plant’s first root?
A) Hypocotyl
B) Cotyledon
C) Radicle
D) Lenticel
C) Radicle
How do taproot and fibrous root systems differ?
A) Taproots are common in monocots, while fibrous roots are found in dicots
B) Taproots consist of one thick main root with smaller branches, while fibrous roots are numerous, thin, and similar in size
C) Fibrous roots penetrate deeper into the soil than taproots
D) Taproots lack vascular tissue, while fibrous roots contain xylem and phloem
B) Taproots consist of one thick main root with smaller branches, while fibrous roots are numerous, thin, and similar in size
Which type of vascular tissue transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant?
A) Phloem
B) Xylem
C) Periderm
D) Epidermis
B) Xylem
Which type of plant tissue replaces the epidermis in woody plants?
A) Phloem
B) Vascular cambium
C) Periderm
D) Sclerenchyma
C) Periderm
Which meristem is responsible for increasing the length of roots and shoots?
A) Lateral meristem
B) Apical meristem
C) Cork cambium
D) Intercalary meristem
B) Apical meristem
What type of meristem contributes to an increase in a plant’s girth (thickness)?
A) Apical meristem
B) Lateral meristem
C) Ground meristem
D) Protoderm
B) Lateral meristem
Which of the following is true about companion cells?
A) They transport water through the plant
B) They are dead at maturity
C) They control the sugar movement in sieve tube members
D) They secrete nectar and oils
C) They control the sugar movement in sieve tube members
What is the function of guard cells in the epidermis?
A) Absorbing nutrients from the soil
B) Preventing bacterial infections
C) Controlling the opening and closing of stomata
D) Transporting water
C) Controlling the opening and closing of stomata
Why do sieve tube members require companion cells?
A) Sieve tube members lack a nucleus and need companion cells to regulate sugar transport
B) Companion cells provide structural support to sieve tubes
C) Companion cells assist in water transport
D) Sieve tube members only transport water, while companion cells transport sugars
A) Sieve tube members lack a nucleus and need companion cells to regulate sugar transport
Which of the following is true about sieve tube members?
A) They transport water from roots to leaves
B) They are dead at maturity
C) They contain perforation plates for water transport
D) They help move sugars and nutrients through the plant body
D) They help move sugars and nutrients through the plant body
What happens when a plant’s vascular tissue is injured?
A) Guard cells close the stomata to prevent water loss
B) The callose plug seals the damaged sieve tubes to prevent sugar leakage
C) The periderm rapidly regenerates new phloem cells
D) The root system stops absorbing water to conserve energy
B) The callose plug seals the damaged sieve tubes to prevent sugar leakage
What is the main structural difference between vessels and tracheids?
A) Vessels have pits, while tracheids have perforation plates
B) Tracheids are more efficient in water transport than vessels
C) Vessels have open ends and perforation plates, while tracheids are tapered and have pits
D) Tracheids are found only in angiosperms, while vessels are found in both angiosperms and gymnosperms
C) Vessels have open ends and perforation plates, while tracheids are tapered and have pits
Which xylem structure allows for more efficient water transport in angiosperms?
A) Tracheids
B) Companion cells
C) Vessels
D) Phloem fibers
C) Vessels
What is the function of cutin in plants?
A) A protein that strengthens vascular tissues
B) A lipid-based substance that forms the cuticle to prevent water loss
C) A carbohydrate used for storing energy
D) A secondary metabolite that deters herbivores
B) A lipid-based substance that forms the cuticle to prevent water loss
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of monocots?
A) Parallel leaf venation
B) Fibrous root system
C) Vascular bundles scattered in the stem
D) Taproot system
D) Taproot system
How do dicots and monocots differ in root structure?
A) Monocots have a taproot system, while dicots have a fibrous root system
B) Dicots have a taproot system, while monocots have a fibrous root system
C) Both monocots and dicots have fibrous roots
D) Dicots do not develop roots until germination is complete
B) Dicots have a taproot system, while monocots have a fibrous root system
What is the primary difference between monocot and dicot root systems?
A) Monocots develop a fibrous root system, while dicots develop a taproot system
B) Monocots have taproots, while dicots have fibrous roots
C) Both monocots and dicots have a mix of fibrous and taproots
D) Neither monocots nor dicots develop true roots
A) Monocots develop a fibrous root system, while dicots develop a taproot system
How do monocots and dicots differ in their seed leaves (cotyledons)?
A) Monocots have two cotyledons, while dicots have one
B) Dicots have two cotyledons, while monocots have one
C) Both monocots and dicots have two cotyledons
D) Monocots have three cotyledons, while dicots have one
B) Dicots have two cotyledons, while monocots have one
What are adventitious roots?
A) Roots that grow from a stem or leaf
B) Roots that grow only in monocots
C) Roots that grow exclusively underground
D) Roots that store starch and carbohydrates
A) Roots that grow from a stem or leaf
Which of the following is NOT one of the four regions of a root?
A) Root cap
B) Region of cell division
C) Region of vascularization
D) Region of elongation
C) Region of vascularization
What is the function of the root cap?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Protection of root tips and gravity perception
C) Storage of nutrients
D) Water absorption
B) Protection of root tips and gravity perception
Which part of the root is responsible for forming the epidermis?
A) Protoderm
B) Ground meristem
C) Procambium
D) Pericycle
A) Protoderm
Which region of the root is responsible for cell differentiation?
A) Region of cell division
B) Region of elongation
C) Region of maturation
D) Root cap
C) Region of maturation
What is the function of root hairs?
A) Protect the root from mechanical damage
B) Absorb water and minerals
C) Produce new lateral roots
D) Provide structural support
B) Absorb water and minerals
Which of the following structures is responsible for lateral root formation?
A) Endodermis
B) Pericycle
C) Cortex
D) Epidermis
B) Pericycle
How do Casparian strips function in the endodermis?
A) They allow free passage of water and minerals
B) They force water and dissolved substances to pass through cells, regulating absorption
C) They store nutrients for future use
D) They assist in photosynthesis
B) They force water and dissolved substances to pass through cells, regulating absorption
How do monocot roots differ from dicot roots?
A) Monocots lack a vascular cambium and have a pith in the center
B) Dicots have a pith in the center and lack secondary growth
C) Monocots have a vascular cambium and undergo secondary growth
D) Dicots lack xylem and phloem
A) Monocots lack a vascular cambium and have a pith in the center
Which type of root helps stabilize trees in shallow soil?
A) Aerial roots
B) Buttress roots
C) Contractile roots
D) Pneumatophores
B) Buttress roots
What is the function of mycorrhizae in plant roots?
A) Aid in climbing surfaces
B) Facilitate nutrient absorption and exchange
C) Store starch and carbohydrates
D) Prevent fungal infections
B) Facilitate nutrient absorption and exchange
Which type of root is found in plants that pull themselves deeper into the soil?
A) Prop roots
B) Contractile roots
C) Parasitic roots
D) Pneumatophores
B) Contractile roots
Which specialized root stores starch and carbohydrates?
A) Food storage roots
B) Water storage roots
C) Pneumatophores
D) Parasitic roots
A) Food storage roots
What type of root allows gas exchange for plants in waterlogged soils?
A) Aerial roots
B) Pneumatophores
C) Prop roots
D) Contractile roots
B) Pneumatophores
Which type of plant growth allows new tissues to be added indefinitely season after season?
A) Determinate growth
B) Indeterminate growth
C) Secondary growth
D) Monocot growth
B) Indeterminate growth
What are the three areas of the apical meristem in the region of cell division?
A) Epidermis, phloem, xylem
B) Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
C) Endodermis, pericycle, cortex
D) Casparian strip, cortex, vascular cambium
B) Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
What happens in the region of elongation in root development?
A) Cells differentiate into various types
B) Cells increase several times their original length and vacuoles merge
C) The apical meristem produces new cells
D) The root tip is protected by a mass of parenchyma cells
B) Cells increase several times their original length and vacuoles merge
What is the primary function of the cortex in dicot roots?
A) Transport of water and nutrients
B) Storage of food
C) Protection from mechanical damage
D) Regulating absorption of minerals
B) Storage of food
What is the primary function of the endodermis in roots?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Protecting the root cap
C) Regulating the absorption of minerals
D) Producing root hairs
C) Regulating the absorption of minerals
What material fills the radial and transverse walls of the endodermis?
A) Lignin and suberin
B) Starch and cellulose
C) Chitin and protein
D) Lipids and waxes
A) Lignin and suberin
Which structure gives rise to lateral roots?
A) Epidermis
B) Cortex
C) Pericycle
D) Endodermis
C) Pericycle
Which specialized root helps plants in high winds by providing extra support?
A) Pneumatophores
B) Buttress roots
C) Prop roots
D) Parasitic roots
C) Prop roots
Which plant structure is an example of a contractile root?
A) Corn stalk
B) Lily bulb
C) Sweet potato
D) Pumpkin vine
B) Lily bulb
Which of the following is an example of a food storage root?
A) Pumpkin
B) Sweet potato
C) Corn
D) Dandelion
B) Sweet potato
Which type of root is commonly found in tropical trees and provides structural stability?
A) Aerial roots
B) Prop roots
C) Buttress roots
D) Parasitic roots
C) Buttress roots
What is the primary function of parasitic roots?
A) Storing carbohydrates
B) Providing stability in high winds
C) Absorbing nutrients from host plants
D) Exchanging gases in waterlogged soils
C) Absorbing nutrients from host plants
Why do plants with mycorrhizae develop fewer root hairs?
A) The fungus assists with nutrient absorption
B) The plant loses the ability to absorb water
C) Root hairs become unnecessary for photosynthesis
D) The roots absorb toxins from the soil
A) The fungus assists with nutrient absorption
Which type of growth allows plants to keep growing new tissues season after season?
A) Determinate growth
B) Indeterminate growth
C) Secondary growth
D) Vascular growth
B) Indeterminate growth
What do root nodules contain that helps with nitrogen fixation?
A) Mycorrhizal fungi
B) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
C) Parasitic organisms
D) Water-storing cells
B) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Why is nitrogen in its natural form not usable by most organisms?
A) It has a triple bond that most organisms cannot break
B) It is too unstable in the atmosphere
C) It is toxic to plants
D) It is only available in solid form
A) It has a triple bond that most organisms cannot break
Why are legumes often used in crop rotation?
A) They deplete soil nutrients rapidly
B) Their root nodules help provide nitrogen to the soil
C) They prevent soil erosion
D) They grow in all soil types
B) Their root nodules help provide nitrogen to the soil
Which of the following is NOT a use of roots?
A) Food
B) Dyes
C) Producing oxygen
D) Insecticides
C) Producing oxygen
Which of the following is the largest soil particle?
A) Clay
B) Silt
C) Sand
D) Humus
C) Sand
What are the four main components of soil?
A) Organic matter, sand, nitrogen, phosphorus
B) Inorganic mineral particles, organic matter, water, air
C) Rock fragments, clay, bacteria, nutrients
D) Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, water
B) Inorganic mineral particles, organic matter, water, air
Which factor does NOT directly contribute to soil formation?
A) Wind
B) Weather
C) Earth’s magnetic field
D) Water
C) Earth’s magnetic field
How does topography affect soil formation?
A) Steep slopes tend to have little soil due to high erosion
B) Lowland areas prevent soil formation
C) Flat areas are always infertile
D) Mountainous regions form the richest soil layers
A) Steep slopes tend to have little soil due to high erosion
What is the function of clay particles in cation exchange?
A) They release nitrogen into the soil
B) They hold onto positively charged ions (cations)
C) They repel nutrients from plant roots
D) They prevent soil erosion
B) They hold onto positively charged ions (cations)
Why is nitrogen difficult for plants to absorb from soil?
A) It is too large to enter root hairs
B) It is negatively charged and does not bind easily to soil particles
C) It is stored in an unavailable gaseous form underground
D) It is toxic to plant cells in high concentrations
B) It is negatively charged and does not bind easily to soil particles
What is the ideal composition of loam soil for agriculture?
A) 70% sand, 10% silt, 20% clay
B) 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay
C) 50% sand, 30% silt, 20% clay
D) 30% sand, 50% silt, 20% clay
B) 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay
What is humus?
A) A type of soil bacteria
B) A partially degraded organic component of soil
C) A mineral essential for plant growth
D) A rock that contributes to soil fertility
B) A partially degraded organic component of soil
How does soil pH affect nutrient availability?
A) Alkaline soil makes copper and iron less available
B) Acidic soil makes all minerals more available
C) Neutral soil prevents any mineral uptake
D) Soil pH has no impact on nutrient absorption
A) Alkaline soil makes copper and iron less available
How can acidic soil impact nitrogen availability?
A) It increases nitrogen fixation
B) It inhibits nitrogen-fixing bacteria
C) It makes nitrogen more bioavailable
D) It causes nitrogen to turn into ammonia gas
B) It inhibits nitrogen-fixing bacteria
How can acidic soil conditions be corrected?
A) Adding nitrogen fertilizer
B) Increasing irrigation
C) Adding calcium or magnesium (liming)
D) Reducing organic matter
C) Adding calcium or magnesium (liming)
What are the primary functions of stems?
A) Support leaves and reproductive structures, conduct water and sugars, produce buds
B) Absorb water and minerals, store food, and regulate gas exchange
C) Fix nitrogen, store energy, and transport oxygen
D) Perform photosynthesis, store starch, and create flowers
A) Support leaves and reproductive structures, conduct water and sugars, produce buds
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stems?
A) They have nodes and internodes
B) They contain a pericycle
C) They produce buds at apical and lateral meristems
D) They conduct water and sugar
B) They contain a pericycle
What is a node in plant stems?
A) The region between two leaves
B) The area of the stem where leaves are attached
C) The part of the stem that stores food
D) The location where secondary growth occurs
B) The area of the stem where leaves are attached
What is an internode?
A) A type of vascular bundle
B) A region of the stem between nodes
C) A special structure for storing starch
D) A protective covering for buds
B) A region of the stem between nodes
Q: Which type of node has three or more leaves attached per node?
A) Alternate
B) Opposite
C) Whorled
D) Axillary
C) Whorled
What structure is found at the angle between a leaf petiole and the stem?
A) Axillary bud
B) Terminal bud
C) Lenticel
D) Leaf scar
A) Axillary bud
What is the function of a terminal bud?
A) It forms new leaves and flowers
B) It protects the plant from water loss
C) It stores nutrients for the stem
D) It makes twigs longer by primary growth
D) It makes twigs longer by primary growth
How can you determine the age of a twig?
A) By counting the groups of bud scale scars
B) By measuring the internode length
C) By observing the arrangement of leaves
D) By checking the thickness of the epidermis
A) By counting the groups of bud scale scars
Which plants lose all their leaves annually and have dormant axillary buds?
A) Evergreens
B) Succulents
C) Deciduous plants
D) Herbaceous plants
C) Deciduous plants
Which meristem forms the epidermis?
A) Ground meristem
B) Procambium
C) Protoderm
D) Cork cambium
C) Protoderm
Which meristem gives rise to vascular tissues?
A) Ground meristem
B) Procambium
C) Protoderm
D) Lateral meristem
B) Procambium
What structure forms secondary xylem and secondary phloem?
A) Protoderm
B) Ground meristem
C) Vascular cambium
D) Cork cambium
C) Vascular cambium
In stems, how does xylem and phloem grow?
A) Xylem grows outward, phloem grows inward
B) Xylem grows inward, phloem grows outward
C) Xylem and phloem grow side by side
D) Xylem and phloem alternate growth each season
B) Xylem grows inward, phloem grows outward
Which meristem forms cork cells and phelloderm?
A) Vascular cambium
B) Protoderm
C) Procambium
D) Cork cambium
D) Cork cambium
What is the function of lenticels in stems?
A) Transporting sugars
B) Producing secondary growth
C) Enabling gas exchange
D) Preventing water loss
C) Enabling gas exchange
What are cotyledons?
A) Special structures that absorb oxygen
B) Protective layers for vascular bundles
C) Seed leaves that store food for young seedlings
D) Openings in stems for gas exchange
C) Seed leaves that store food for young seedlings
What is a shoot system?
A) A root system that anchors the plant
B) A system that arises from the stem meristem and produces branches and leaves
C) A collection of underground stems for food storage
D) A vascular tissue network for water conduction
B) A system that arises from the stem meristem and produces branches and leaves
What is a trace in plant stems?
A) A scar left by a fallen leaf
B) A strand of xylem and phloem that enters leaves or buds
C) A protective layer of bark
D) A secondary tissue that supports vascular bundles
B) A strand of xylem and phloem that enters leaves or buds
Which of the following is NOT present in monocot stems?
A) Vascular bundles
B) Cortex
C) Pith
D) Vascular cambium
D) Vascular cambium
What is a characteristic of herbaceous dicots?
A) Discrete vascular bundles in a cylinder
B) Vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
C) No vascular cambium or cortex
D) Presence of rhizomes and stolons
A) Discrete vascular bundles in a cylinder
What do monocot roots and dicot stems have in common?
A) Both have a pith
B) Both lack a vascular cambium
C) Both have vascular bundles scattered throughout
D) Both have cortex surrounding the vascular tissue
A) Both have a pith
Where is the vascular cambium located in dicot stems?
A) In the cortex
B) Between primary xylem and primary phloem
C) Surrounding the pith
D) Outside the epidermis
B) Between primary xylem and primary phloem
What is wood primarily composed of?
A) Secondary phloem
B) Primary xylem
C) Secondary xylem
D) Cortex and pith
C) Secondary xylem
How is wood in tropical climates different from seasonal wood?
A) It has large vessel elements all year round
B) It is ungrained and uniform
C) It shows distinct growth rings
D) It has both spring and summer vessel elements
B) It is ungrained and uniform
What is bark composed of?
A) Secondary xylem and cortex
B) Tissues outside the vascular cambium
C) Pith and vascular bundles
D) Epidermis and endodermis
B) Tissues outside the vascular cambium
What are lacticifers?
A) Roots that store starch
B) Ducts found mostly in phloem that secrete latex
C) Protective layers surrounding vascular bundles
D) Specialized leaves that absorb water
B) Ducts found mostly in phloem that secrete latex
Which specialized stem grows horizontally below the ground and has internodes?
A) Rhizome
B) Runner
C) Stolon
D) Bulb
A) Rhizome
Which specialized stem is swollen, fleshy, and stores food underground?
A) Tubers
B) Cladophylls
C) Corms
D) Bulbs
A) Tubers
Which specialized stem is a flattened, leaf-like structure?
A) Cladophyll
B) Rhizome
C) Stolon
D) Runner
A) Cladophyll
All leaves begin as what structure?
A) Leaflets
B) Petioles
C) Primordia
D) Stipules
C) Primordia
Which leaf type has a single, undivided blade?
A) Compound leaf
B) Simple leaf
C) Palmately compound leaf
D) Pinnately compound leaf
B) Simple leaf
Which leaf type has leaflets attached at a single point?
A) Simple leaf
B) Palmately compound leaf
C) Pinnately compound leaf
D) Whorled leaf
B) Palmately compound leaf
Which part of the leaf connects the blade to the stem?
A) Petiole
B) Stipule
C) Vein
D) Axil
A) Petiole
Which plant is an example of a rhizome?
A) Strawberry
B) Sweet potato
C) Fern
D) Cactus
C) Fern
Which specialized stem grows horizontally above the ground and has long internodes?
A) Rhizome
B) Runner
C) Stolon
D) Cladophyll
B) Runner
Which plant is an example of a runner?
A) Onion
B) Strawberry
C) Crocus
D) Potato
B) Strawberry
Which specialized stem is produced beneath the surface of the ground and grows in different directions?
A) Stolon
B) Runner
C) Rhizome
D) Cladophyll
A) Stolon
Which plant is an example of a stolon?
A) Onion
B) Sweet potato
C) Cactus
D) Lily
B) Sweet potato
Which plant is an example of a tuber?
A) Potato
B) Cactus
C) Sweet Potato
D) Strawberry
A) Potato
Which specialized stem is a large bud surrounded by fleshy leaves with a small stem at the lower end?
A) Bulb
B) Corm
C) Rhizome
D) Cladophyll
A) Bulb
Which plant is an example of a bulb?
A) Onion
B) Crocus
C) Sweet potato
D) Cactus
A) Onion
Which specialized stem resembles a bulb but consists almost entirely of stem tissue with papery leaves?
A) Corm
B) Bulb
C) Cladophyll
D) Rhizome
A) Corm
Which plant is an example of a corm?
A) Crocus
B) Potato
C) Lily
D) Cactus
A) Crocus
Which specialized stem is a flattened, leaf-like structure?
A) Cladophyll
B) Rhizome
C) Stolon
D) Runner
A) Cladophyll
Which plant is an example of a cladophyll?
A) Cactus
B) Onion
C) Potato
D) Fern
A) Cactus
Which leaf type has leaflets arranged in pairs along a central petiole?
A) Palmately compound leaf
B) Simple leaf
C) Pinnately compound leaf
D) Whorled leaf
C) Pinnately compound leaf
What type of venation is found in monocot leaves?
A) Reticulate venation
B) Parallel venation
C) Dichotomous venation
D) Palmate venation
B) Parallel venation
Which type of venation involves primary veins that fork evenly and progressively from the base of the blade?
A) Reticulate venation
B) Parallel venation
C) Dichotomous venation
D) Netted venation
C) Dichotomous venation
Which layer covers the entire surface of the leaf and is devoid of chloroplasts?
A) Mesophyll
B) Epidermis
C) Veins
D) Palisade mesophyll
B) Epidermis
What is the primary function of stomata?
A) Conducting water and minerals
B) Regulating gas exchange and water evaporation
C) Storing food and nutrients
D) Protecting the leaf from herbivory
B) Regulating gas exchange and water evaporation
Which cells are responsible for opening and closing stomata?
A) Mesophyll cells
B) Guard cells
C) Epidermal cells
D) Bundle sheath cells
B) Guard cells
What activates the proton pumps in guard cells to initiate stomatal opening?
A) Blue light
B) Red light
C) Chlorophyll
D) High humidity
A) Blue light
What causes the stomata to close in the evening?
A) Conversion of sucrose to starch
B) Increase in guard cell turgidity
C) Blue light activation
D) Decrease in potassium ions
A) Conversion of sucrose to starch
Which leaf type is characterized by a broad, flattened blade and netted venation?
A) Monocot leaf
B) Eudicot leaf
C) Dichotomous leaf
D) Palmately compound leaf
B) Eudicot leaf
Where does most photosynthesis occur in a leaf?
A) Epidermis
B) Mesophyll
C) Veins
D) Stomata
B) Mesophyll
Which type of mesophyll is compactly stacked and contains most of the leaf’s chloroplasts?
A) Spongy mesophyll
B) Palisade mesophyll
C) Bundle sheath cells
D) Guard cells
B) Palisade mesophyll
Which specialized leaves are modified for water storage?
A) Tendrils
B) Spines
C) Succulent leaves
D) Window leaves
C) Succulent leaves
Which specialized leaves trap and digest insects?
A) Tendrils
B) Spines
C) Insect-trapping leaves
D) Window leaves
C) Insect-trapping leaves
What pigment is responsible for the green color in leaves?
A) Carotenoids
B) Chlorophyll
C) Anthocyanins
D) Betacyanins
B) Chlorophyll
What process is responsible for the seasonal shedding of leaves in deciduous plants?
A) Transpiration
B) Photosynthesis
C) Abscission
D) Germination
C) Abscission
Which layer forms a protective barrier during leaf abscission?
A) Epidermis
B) Separation layer
C) Cuticle
D) Protective layer
D) Protective layer
Which specialized leaves are modified for climbing and supporting weak stems?
A) Spines
B) Tendrils
C) Succulent leaves
D) Window leaves
B) Tendrils
Which plant is an example of a plant with tendrils?
A) Cacti
B) Garden peas
C) Onions
D) Pitcher plants
B) Garden peas
Which specialized leaves reduce leaf surface area to minimize water loss and protect against herbivory?
A) Spines
B) Tendrils
C) Succulent leaves
D) Window leaves
A) Spines
Which plant is an example of a plant with spines?
A) Cacti
B) Poinsettia
C) Clary’s sage
D) Air plants
A) Cacti
Which specialized leaves are buried in the ground except for a transparent end?
A) Tendrils
B) Spines
C) Succulent leaves
D) Window leaves
D) Window leaves
Which plant is an example of an insect-trapping leaf?
A) Pitcher plant
B) Onion
C) Garden pea
D) Cactus
A) Pitcher plant
Which ion’s facilitated diffusion into guard cells leads to stomatal opening?
A) Calcium ions
B) Sodium ions
C) Potassium ions
D) Magnesium ions
C) Potassium ions
Which process causes water to enter guard cells, making the stomata open?
A) Active transport
B) Osmosis
C) Diffusion
D) Transpiration
B) Osmosis
What happens to sucrose in guard cells as evening approaches, causing stomatal closing?
A) It is converted to starch
B) It is transported to the roots
C) It is broken down into glucose
D) It remains unchanged
A) It is converted to starch
Which of the following is a food derived from leaves?
A) Tea
B) Lettuce
C) Celery petioles
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which plant is used to produce tequila?
A) Agave
B) Hemp
C) Lavender
D) Orange tree
A) Agave
Which type of leaves are used in the production of perfumes?
A) Narcotics
B) Waxes
C) Leaves containing essential oils
D) Insecticides
C) Leaves containing essential oils
Which specialized leaves are associated with narcotics and recreational drugs?
A) Succulent leaves
B) Floral leaves
C) Insect-trapping leaves
D) Tobacco and marijuana leaves
D) Tobacco and marijuana leaves
