Exam 3 Review Flashcards
Define: Pseudo haptics
Visually simulate the effects a virtual force would have on a real object
How was pseudo-haptics implemented?
Implemented by visually decoupling a virtual clone from the position and orientation of the real object
What were the findings in the pseudo-haptics study?
Found that pseudo-haptics afford the ability to recognize which objects are lighter and heavier
Found that the just-noticeable difference between two weights increases with the reference mass
What was done in the embodied interactions study?
Developed a user interface for visually programming dance moves with building blocks
How could users view their programmed moves in the embodied interaction study?
Through an HMD
What were the findings of the embodied interaction study?
This was found to increase awareness that computer scientists write code and can develop movies, games, and animations
What did the virtual grasping study investigate?
Investigated direct and indirect visual feedback techniques
What were the direct interaction techniques used in the virtual grasping study?
- Outer hand
- Inner hand
- See-through
- 2-Hand
What were the indirect interaction techniques used in the virtual grasping study?
- Finger color
- Object color
- Arrow
- Vibration
What were the findings for the virtual grasping study?
Found the Outer Hand to be subjectively realistic but the worst performer
Found the Inner Hand to be subjectively bad but one of the best performers
What technique should you use when both subjectivity and performance are important?
2-Hand
What was the mid-air interactions study?
Compared four mid-air interactions and a touch-based interaction
Name this mid-air interaction technique:
The middle point of both hands is used to manipulate the object, reacting as if the user was holding a bar placed across the object. The distance between both hands scales the object.
Handle-Bar
Name this mid-air interaction technique:
The hand that grabs the object directly controls its translation and rotation. The distance between both grabbed hands scales the object.
6-DOF
Name this mid-air interaction technique:
The hand that grabs the object directly controls its translation. The rotations of the other hand define the object orientation. The distance between both hands scales the object.
3-DOF
Name this mid-air interaction technique:
The middle point of both hands is used to manipulate the object, reacting as if the user was holding a bar placed across the object. The distance between both hands scales the object.
Handle-bar
Name this mid-air interaction technique:
One touch bellow the object enables widget visibility and moves the object. A second touch outside the widgets apply the TRS algorithm (translation and yaw rotation). The widgets offer height manipulation, roll and pitch rotations.
Touch TRS + Widget
Name this mid-air interaction technique:
The first hand grabs and moves the object. The movement of the second hand relatively to the first defines rotation and scale transformations.
Air TRS
What were the findings of the mid-air interactions study?
Found the Handle-Bar to be best for translation tasks not requiring rotations
Found the 6-DOF and HandleBar to be best for tasks requiring translations and rotations
What did the hybrid interactions study investigate first?
Investigated hybrid interactions for transitioning between 2D and 3D interfaces
What were the findings for the hybrid interactions first study?
Found that it takes longer to comfortably transition
from a 2D view to a 3D view than vice versa
What did the hybrid interactions study investigate 2nd?
Investigated a hybrid interaction of using mouse for
selections and 3D tracker for manipulations
What were the findings for the 2nd hybrid interactions study?
Found that the hybrid technique was overall faster than the 3D tracker alone
What was the primary reason found for the hybrid interaction being faster?
It was faster at selections
Define: Indirect touch
The input surface is decoupled from the output display
What did the indirect interactions investigate first?
First, compared Indirect4 to DS3 (direct) and Triangle Cursor (direct)
What were the findings in the first indirect interactions study?
Found Indirect4 performed comparably to DS3
What did the indirect interactions study investigate second?
Second, compared Indirect6 to DS3 (direct) and Surface6 (direct)
What were the findings in the second indirect interactions study?
Found Indirect6 performed better than Surface6, despite using the same manipulations
What did the force feedback study investigate first?
Investigated integrated and separated controls for controlling virtual hand posture
What were the findings for the first force feedback study?
Found that separated controls performed comparable to integrated
What did the force feedback study investigate second?
Investigated integrated and separated conditions for providing force feedback during a docking task
What were the findings of the second force feedback study?
Found that separated feedback performed comparable to integrated
Define: Independent variable
A variable that is manipulated and controlled by the researcher to help answer the research questions
What is an independent variable also know as?
Factor
T/F All studies have an independent variable
F
What kind of study does not have an independent variable
A baseline study observing a single user interface
Define: levels
The distinct states that an independent variable is controlled at
Define: multi-factor experiment
An experiment that simultaneously investigates multiple independent variables at multiple levels
Define: Condition
The intersection of independent variables at specific levels
Define: dependent variable
A measure that is expected to vary with changes to the independent variables
List examples of dependent variables
Completion time Number of errors Perceived usability Presence
Define: confounding variable
An unintended variable that correlates with both the independent variables and the dependent variables
What is a confounding variable also known as?
Confound
Give an example of a confounding variable
Airflow in an olfactory display study
What are the three primary types of user studies?
Within-subject Between-subjects Mixed-design
Define: Within-subject
Every single subject experiences every single condition
Define: Between-subjects
Each subject experiences one condition
Define: Mixed-design
Each subject experiences multiple conditions but not every single condition
What are the pros of within-subject?
Requires the fewest subjects Allows for direct subjective comparisons
Name this mid-air interaction technique:
The middle point of both hands is used to manipulate the object, reacting as if the user was holding a bar placed across the object. The distance between both hands scales the object.
Handle-Bar
What are the cons of within-subject?
Requires the longest procedures Cannot be used to evaluate the effectiveness of instruction
What are the pros of between-subjects?
Requires the shortest procedures Can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of instruction
What are the cons of between-subjects?
Requires the most subjects Does not allow for direct subjective comparisons Results prone to being biased by subjects
What are the pros of mixed-design?
Requires fewer subjects Requires shorter procedures Allows for some direct subjective comparisons
What are the cons of mixed-design?
Cannot be used to evaluate the effectiveness of instruction
T/F The order of conditions can influence results
T
What is an example of the order of conditions influencing results?
Learning a task improves performance regardless of interaction technique
Define: counterbalancing
Ensuring the order of conditions is balanced among subjects
List the methods of counterbalancing
Full-factorial permutations of conditions Latin squares designs
T/F Participants cannot bias cohort results
F. they can
List unbiased assignments methods
Randomization Aptitude balancing
What is randomization?
Randomly assign subjects to available cohort slots
What’s the downside of randomization?
Requires a decent number of subjects to avoid bias
What is aptitude balancing?
Assign subjects to available cohort slots to balance aptitude and/or experience across all cohorts
What does an aptitude balance require?
Requires a validated aptitude test or experience survey
Describe Handle-Bar
The middle point of both hands is used to manipulate the object, reacting as if the user was holding a bar placed across the object. The distance between both hands scales the object.
Describe 6-DOF
The hand that grabs the object directly controls its translation and rotation. The distance between both grabbed hands scales the object.
Describe 3-DOF
The hand that grabs the object directly controls its translation. The rotations of the other hand define the object orientation. The distance between both hands scales the object.
Describe Air TRS
The first hand grabs and moves the object. The movement of the second hand relatively to the first defines rotation and scale transformations.
