Exam 1 Review Flashcards
Define: Advanced System Interface
A UI that uses complex technologies to simulate or
replace real-world stimuli and interactions
List the types of ASI’s
Virtual reality (VR) Simulators (Sims) Augmented reality (AR) Large Interactive Displays (LIDs) Gestural Interfaces (GIs)
Define: Virtual Reality
A 3D computer-generated world seen from a
first-person point of view that is under the real-time
control of the user
Define: Head-Mounted Display (HMD)
A visual display worn on the head that provides
graphics in front of one or both eyes
What are common features of HMD’s?
Stereoscopic
Moderate field of view (FOV)
Full field of regard (FOR)
What is moderate FOV?
Usually 45 to 90 degrees
What is the full field of regard?
360 visual degrees surrounding the user
What does CAVE stand for?
Cave Automatic Virtual Environment
Define: CAVE:
A room-sized environment in which projectors display
computer graphics on multiple walls
What are common features of a CAVE?
Stereoscopic
Large field of view (FOV)
Large field of regard (FOR)
What is large FOV?
Around 120 degrees
What is large FOR?
Usually 180 to 270 degrees
Define: Simulator (Sim)
A device that artificially recreates a specific experience
or task and the environment in which it takes place
List three common types of simulators
Vehicle
Walking
Task
Define: Vehicle Simulator
A simulator that recreates the experience of operating
a vehicle
List three common types of vehicle simulators
Flight
Racing
Mining
Define: Walking simulator
A simulator that recreates the experience of walking
in an environment
What do walking simulators often rely on?
Omnidirectional treadmill (ODT)
List four types of walking simulators
Belt-based
Roller-based
Sphere-based
Frictionless-based
Define: Task simulator
A simulator that recreates the experience of
completing a task
What are task simulators usually used for?
Training
What are task simulators primarily used in?
Medicine
Military
Mining
Define: Augmented Reality
A real-world environment that is enhanced
(augmented) with virtual objects or information
What are common types of AR?
See-thru HMD
Mobile displays
Projection mapping
Define: Large Interactive Display (LID)
A large visual display system that affords natural
interactions
What do large interactive displays usually support?
Touching the display
Pointing to the display
What are two common types of large interactive displays?
Powerwall
Tabletop
Define: Gestural Interface (GI)
A UI that uses gestures to interact with the system
What are two commercial types of gestural interfaces?
Microsoft Kinect
Leap Motion Controller
Define: Advanced Interaction Technique
A method that uses complex technologies to allow
users and computers to communicate
What is the most common type of advanced interaction technique (AIT)?
3DIT
Define: 3D Interaction Technique
A method for users and computers to communicate
in a real-world, 3D space
List three broad types of 3D interaction
Navigation
Selection and manipulation
System control
What is navigation for a 3D interaction technique?
Traveling through a virtual environment
What is Selection and Manipulation for a 3D interaction technique?
Interacting with virtual objects
What is System control for a 3D interaction technique?
Issuing commands to the system
Define: Navigation Technique
An interaction technique that allows the user to move
to a desired position within the virtual environment
What is navigation technique also referred to as?
Travel technique
List three reasons to travel
Exploration
Searching
Maneuver
What is exploration?
Browsing the virtual environment
What is searching?
Looking for a particular object
What is maneuver?
Making small adjustments to position
What are the six categories of navigation techniques?
Physical locomotion Device-based Steering Selection-based Manipulation-based Scaling-based
What does physical locomotion rely on?
The user’s physical movements for travel
T/F Physical locomotion Usually mimics a natural method of locomotion in the real world
T
List examples of physical locomotion
Walking Redirected walking Seven league boots Walking in place Human joystick
Which physical locomotion applies slight rotations to the user’s movements instead of using a one-to-one mapping?
Redirected walking
What is the pro of redirected walking?
Avoids physical space limitations
What is the con of redirected walking?
Continuously changes the alignment of the physical and virtual spaces
Name the physical locomotion: The user physically steps in place to virtually walk in the direction of the steps
Walking in place
How is walking in place implemented?
Tracking the user’s feet or by tracking the
bobbing of the user’s head
What is the pro of walking in place?
Avoids physical space limitations
What are the cons of walking in place?
Not as natural as walking
Suffers from recognition errors
What are the recognition errors experienced with walking in place?
Delay in recognizing steps
Not recognizing intended steps
Recognizing unintended steps
Define: Selection Technique
An interaction technique that allows the user to choose
one or more objects from a set of available objects
Define: Manipulation Technique
An interaction technique that allows the user to position, rotate, scale, or otherwise modify objects
Why are selection and manipulation techniques often difficult to separate?
Manipulation closely follows selection
List 5 categories of selection techniques
Touching Pointing Occlusion Enclosure Indirect
What is the touching selection technique?
Uses an object under the direct control of the user to touch other objects
What does the controlled object represent in the touching selection technique?
Virtual hand
What are two examples of the touching selection technique?
Simple virtual hand
Go-Go
What does a simple virtual hand require?
A 6-DOF hand tracker
What does a simple virtual hand use?
A strict, one-to-one mapping between the user’s physical hand and a virtual hand
What is normally used to confirm a selection with a simple virtual hand?
A button
What are the pros of the simple virtual hand?
Most natural selection technique
What are the cons of the simple virtual hand?
Cannot select objects outside of arm’s reach
What does Go-Go function as?
Simple virtual hand
Beyond the threshold of Go-Go…
Positioning is nonlinear, but rotations are still one-to-one
What are the pros of Go-Go?
Can manipulate objects outside of physical reach
Fairly natural technique
What are the cons of Go-Go?
Nonlinear mapping makes positioning objects at certain distances impossible
List 4 categories of manipulation techniques
Hand-centered
Offset-based
Proxy
Indirect
Proxy uses…
A proxy object as a frame of reference for positioning, rotating, and scaling objects
How are proxy objects normally manipulated?
Hand-centered manipulation
What are examples of Proxy?
World-in-miniature
Voodoo dolls
What is World-In-Miniature also referred to as?
WIM
What is World-In-Miniature?
Places a miniature version of the world near the user, usually in the non-dominant hand
What happens when miniatures are manipulated?
The full-scale objects are manipulated as well
What are the pros of World-In-Miniature?
Can manipulate objects outside of physical reach
What are the cons of World-In-Miniature?
Miniatures can be difficult to select and manipulate
Miniature world can occlude the full-scale world
What are Voodoo dolls?
User uses image-plane selection to create local “dolls” of remote objects in non-dominant hand
What are voodoo dolls manipulated with?
Dominant hand
T/F When dolls are manipulated with dominant hand,
the actual objects are also manipulated
T
What are the pros of voodoo dolls?
Dolls less likely to block the full-scale world
What are the cons of voodoo dolls?
Requires bimanual input
Define: System Control Technique
An interaction technique that allows the user to request the system to perform a function, change the mode of interaction, or change the system state
List system control techniques
Graphical menus Voice commands Gestural commands Tools Symbolic input
What are graphical menus?
Provide 3D objects for the user to select commands from
Graphical menus are the…
3D equivalent to 2D desktop menus
List examples of graphical menus
Floating menu
Ring menu
TULIP menu
3D widget
What is a floating menu?
A 2D menu adapted to 3D space
How are floating menus usually interacted with?
A pointing technique
List different placement styles of floating menus
World-referenced Object-referenced Head-referenced Body-referenced Device-referenced
What is navigation?
Traveling through a virtual environment
What is selection and manipulation?
Interacting with virtual objects
What is system control?
Issuing commands to the system
Define: User Experience
A user’s behaviors, perceptions, and emotions when
using a product
What does the UX include?
User performance
Usability
Preferences
Physical and psychological responses to the user interface
T/F Advanced system interfaces have less UX requirements than traditional interfaces
F, they have more
List the 5 categories of UX requirements
Performance Physiological Psychological Affective Instructional
What are the three performance requirements?
Speed
Accuracy
Precision
How is speed measured?
By task completion time
Define: Accuracy
A measurement of correctness with which a task is performed
Define: Precision
A measurement of the consistency with which a task is performed (average performance)
Define: Physiology
The way in which an organism or bodily part functions
What are the three types of physiology?
Ergonomics
Simulator sickness
Physical exertion
Define: Psychology
The way the human mind functions, especially with
regard to behaviors
What are the 3 types of psychology?
Flow
Engagement
Presence
Define: Affective
Relating to moods, feelings, and attitudes
List 3 main types of affective requirements
Perceived usability
Enjoyment
Emotions
Define: Instructional
Relating to teaching, training, and education
List 3 main types of instructional requirements
Cognitive
Affective
Psychomotor
What are the reasons to evaluate a technique, interface, or system?
Observe
Assess
Compare
What are the two parts of research questions?
Address the goal
Guide the design
What is “Address the goal of your rigorous UX evaluation”
Answering the questions should result in observing,
assessing, or comparing an interface
What is “Guide the design of your rigorous UX evaluation”
If the design is too narrow, there will not be data to
answer the research questions
If the design is too broad, there will be too much
data to easily answer the research questions
What are the two parts of a hypotheses?
Indicate expected outcomes
Justify the expectations
What is “Indicate expected outcomes for each research
question”
Provide a preliminary answer for each question
What is “Justify the expectations based on your prior
knowledge”
Provide a potential cause or reason for each
preliminary answer
Define: Independent Variable
A variable that is manipulated and controlled by the
researcher to help answer the research questions
What is an independent variable also referred to as?
Factor
What are two examples of independent variables?
Training method for an efficacy study involving a new
training system
Field of view (FOV) for a comparison study looking at
which FOV is better for HMDs
What kind of study does not have an independent variable?
Baseline study observing a single interface
T/F A baseline study observing a single interface does not have an independent variable
T
Define: Levels
The distinct states that an independent variable is
controlled at
What is an example of Levels?
FOV
List 4 levels of FOV
75 degrees
90 degrees
105 degrees
120 degrees
Define: Condition
The intersection of independent variables at specific
levels
What is a single factor example of conditions?
Training method (2 levels): New system, old system
What is a multi-factor example of conditions? In this example, how many conditions are there?
Display (2 levels): Oculus Rift, Samsung Gear VR
Input (2 levels): Game controller, Keyboard + mouse
4
Define: Dependent Variable
A measure that is expected to vary with changes to
the independent variables
What do dependent variables depend on?
Independent variables
List examples of dependent variables
Completion time
Number of errors
Perceived usability
Presence
Define: Confounding variable
An unintended variable that correlates with both the
independent variables and the dependent variables
What is a confounding variable also known as?
Confound
What is an example of a counfounding variable?
Airflow in olfactory display study
List three primary types of user studies
Within-subject
Between-subjects
Mixed-design
Define: Within-subject
Every single subject experiences every single condition
Define: Between-subject
Each subject experiences one condition
Define: Mixed-design
Each subject experiences multiple conditions but not
every single condition
What are three principles essential to ethical research
with humans
Respect for persons
Beneficence
Justice
What are the two basic ideas for respect for persons?
Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents
Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to
additional protections
What is an autonomous agent able to do?
Consider the potential harms and benefits of a situation
Analyze how those risks and potential benefits relate to his or her personal goals and values
Take action based on that analysis
Who does diminished autonomy apply to?
Children
People with developmental disorders
Individuals suffering from dementia
What are the challenges of respect for persons?
Making sure that potential participants
comprehend the risks and potential benefits of participating
What are the two influencing techniques that should be avoided?
Coercion
Undue influence
What is coercion?
Explicit or implied threats
What is undue influence?
Excessive compensation
T/F All subjects must provide voluntary informed
consent to participate
T
What are three fundamental aspects of informed consent?
Voluntariness
Comprehension
Disclosure
Define: Voluntariness
Decisions about participation should not be influenced by anyone involved in conducting the research
Define: Comprehension
Individuals must have the mental or decisional capacity to understand information presented to them
Define: Disclosure
Provides a reasonable person the information necessary to make an informed decision
What are the two general rules of beneficence?
Do no harm
Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms
Define: Justice
Requires that individuals and groups be treated fairly and equitably in terms of bearing the burdens and receiving the benefits of the research
What does IRB stand for?
Institution Review Board
What is the responsibility of the IRB?
Reviewing and approving human subjects research activities
What does the IRB consist of?
5 or more institutional members with varying expertise and diversity
What are the five principles of running experiments?
Protect your participants Follow the protocol Be consistent Be diligent Be courteous
What does it mean to be diligent?
Accurately capture all of the data expected of you
What does it mean to be consistent?
Use the same language and tone when running sessions
Define: Confidence interval
The percentage of probability that a sample’s mean is
within a designated distance of the population’s mean
Define: t-Test
Used to determine if the means of two conditions are
significantly different from each other
T/F t-Test can be used with more than 2 groups
F, only 2 groups
Define: Anova
Used to determine if the means of two or more
conditions are significantly different from each other
T/F Anova only determines that there is a difference
T
T/F Anova determines which conditions are different
F, it does not
