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Human Computer Interactions 2 (Ryan McMahan) > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Advanced System Interface

A

A UI that uses complex technologies to simulate or

replace real-world stimuli and interactions

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2
Q

List the types of ASI’s

A 
Virtual reality (VR)
Simulators (Sims)
Augmented reality (AR)
Large Interactive Displays (LIDs)
Gestural Interfaces (GIs)
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3
Q

Define: Virtual Reality

A

A 3D computer-generated world seen from a
first-person point of view that is under the real-time
control of the user

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4
Q

Define: Head-Mounted Display (HMD)

A

A visual display worn on the head that provides

graphics in front of one or both eyes

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5
Q

What are common features of HMD’s?

A

Stereoscopic
Moderate field of view (FOV)
Full field of regard (FOR)

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6
Q

What is moderate FOV?

A

Usually 45 to 90 degrees

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7
Q

What is the full field of regard?

A

360 visual degrees surrounding the user

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8
Q

What does CAVE stand for?

A

Cave Automatic Virtual Environment

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9
Q

Define: CAVE:

A

A room-sized environment in which projectors display

computer graphics on multiple walls

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10
Q

What are common features of a CAVE?

A

Stereoscopic
Large field of view (FOV)
Large field of regard (FOR)

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11
Q

What is large FOV?

A

Around 120 degrees

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12
Q

What is large FOR?

A

Usually 180 to 270 degrees

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13
Q

Define: Simulator (Sim)

A

A device that artificially recreates a specific experience

or task and the environment in which it takes place

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14
Q

List three common types of simulators

A

Vehicle
Walking
Task

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15
Q

Define: Vehicle Simulator

A

A simulator that recreates the experience of operating

a vehicle

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16
Q

List three common types of vehicle simulators

A

Flight
Racing
Mining

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17
Q

Define: Walking simulator

A

A simulator that recreates the experience of walking

in an environment

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18
Q

What do walking simulators often rely on?

A

Omnidirectional treadmill (ODT)

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19
Q

List four types of walking simulators

A

Belt-based
Roller-based
Sphere-based
Frictionless-based

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20
Q

Define: Task simulator

A

A simulator that recreates the experience of

completing a task

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21
Q

What are task simulators usually used for?

A

Training

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22
Q

What are task simulators primarily used in?

A

Medicine
Military
Mining

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23
Q

Define: Augmented Reality

A

A real-world environment that is enhanced

(augmented) with virtual objects or information

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24
Q

What are common types of AR?

A

See-thru HMD
Mobile displays
Projection mapping

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25
Q

Define: Large Interactive Display (LID)

A

A large visual display system that affords natural

interactions

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26
Q

What do large interactive displays usually support?

A

Touching the display

Pointing to the display

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27
Q

What are two common types of large interactive displays?

A

Powerwall

Tabletop

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28
Q

Define: Gestural Interface (GI)

A

A UI that uses gestures to interact with the system

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29
Q

What are two commercial types of gestural interfaces?

A

Microsoft Kinect

Leap Motion Controller

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30
Q

Define: Advanced Interaction Technique

A

A method that uses complex technologies to allow

users and computers to communicate

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31
Q

What is the most common type of advanced interaction technique (AIT)?

A

3DIT

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32
Q

Define: 3D Interaction Technique

A

A method for users and computers to communicate

in a real-world, 3D space

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33
Q

List three broad types of 3D interaction

A

Navigation
Selection and manipulation
System control

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34
Q

What is navigation for a 3D interaction technique?

A

Traveling through a virtual environment

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35
Q

What is Selection and Manipulation for a 3D interaction technique?

A

Interacting with virtual objects

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36
Q

What is System control for a 3D interaction technique?

A

Issuing commands to the system

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37
Q

Define: Navigation Technique

A

An interaction technique that allows the user to move

to a desired position within the virtual environment

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38
Q

What is navigation technique also referred to as?

A

Travel technique

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39
Q

List three reasons to travel

A

Exploration
Searching
Maneuver

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40
Q

What is exploration?

A

Browsing the virtual environment

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41
Q

What is searching?

A

Looking for a particular object

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42
Q

What is maneuver?

A

Making small adjustments to position

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43
Q

What are the six categories of navigation techniques?

A 
Physical locomotion
Device-based
Steering
Selection-based
Manipulation-based
Scaling-based
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44
Q

What does physical locomotion rely on?

A

The user’s physical movements for travel

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45
Q

T/F Physical locomotion Usually mimics a natural method of locomotion in the real world

A

T

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46
Q

List examples of physical locomotion

A 
Walking
Redirected walking
Seven league boots
Walking in place
Human joystick
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47
Q

Which physical locomotion applies slight rotations to the user’s movements instead of using a one-to-one mapping?

A

Redirected walking

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48
Q

What is the pro of redirected walking?

A

Avoids physical space limitations

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49
Q

What is the con of redirected walking?

A

Continuously changes the alignment of the physical and virtual spaces

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50
Q

Name the physical locomotion: The user physically steps in place to virtually walk in the direction of the steps

A

Walking in place

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51
Q

How is walking in place implemented?

A

Tracking the user’s feet or by tracking the

bobbing of the user’s head

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52
Q

What is the pro of walking in place?

A

Avoids physical space limitations

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53
Q

What are the cons of walking in place?

A

Not as natural as walking

Suffers from recognition errors

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54
Q

What are the recognition errors experienced with walking in place?

A

Delay in recognizing steps
Not recognizing intended steps
Recognizing unintended steps

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55
Q

Define: Selection Technique

A

An interaction technique that allows the user to choose

one or more objects from a set of available objects

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56
Q

Define: Manipulation Technique

A

An interaction technique that allows the user to position, rotate, scale, or otherwise modify objects

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57
Q

Why are selection and manipulation techniques often difficult to separate?

A

Manipulation closely follows selection

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58
Q

List 5 categories of selection techniques

A 
Touching
Pointing
Occlusion
Enclosure
Indirect
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59
Q

What is the touching selection technique?

A

Uses an object under the direct control of the user to touch other objects

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60
Q

What does the controlled object represent in the touching selection technique?

A

Virtual hand

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61
Q

What are two examples of the touching selection technique?

A

Simple virtual hand

Go-Go

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62
Q

What does a simple virtual hand require?

A

A 6-DOF hand tracker

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63
Q

What does a simple virtual hand use?

A

A strict, one-to-one mapping between the user’s physical hand and a virtual hand

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64
Q

What is normally used to confirm a selection with a simple virtual hand?

A

A button

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65
Q

What are the pros of the simple virtual hand?

A

Most natural selection technique

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66
Q

What are the cons of the simple virtual hand?

A

Cannot select objects outside of arm’s reach

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67
Q

What does Go-Go function as?

A

Simple virtual hand

68
Q

Beyond the threshold of Go-Go…

A

Positioning is nonlinear, but rotations are still one-to-one

69
Q

What are the pros of Go-Go?

A

Can manipulate objects outside of physical reach

Fairly natural technique

70
Q

What are the cons of Go-Go?

A

Nonlinear mapping makes positioning objects at certain distances impossible

71
Q

List 4 categories of manipulation techniques

A

Hand-centered
Offset-based
Proxy
Indirect

72
Q

Proxy uses…

A

A proxy object as a frame of reference for positioning, rotating, and scaling objects

73
Q

How are proxy objects normally manipulated?

A

Hand-centered manipulation

74
Q

What are examples of Proxy?

A

World-in-miniature

Voodoo dolls

75
Q

What is World-In-Miniature also referred to as?

A

WIM

76
Q

What is World-In-Miniature?

A

Places a miniature version of the world near the user, usually in the non-dominant hand

77
Q

What happens when miniatures are manipulated?

A

The full-scale objects are manipulated as well

78
Q

What are the pros of World-In-Miniature?

A

Can manipulate objects outside of physical reach

79
Q

What are the cons of World-In-Miniature?

A

Miniatures can be difficult to select and manipulate

Miniature world can occlude the full-scale world

80
Q

What are Voodoo dolls?

A

User uses image-plane selection to create local “dolls” of remote objects in non-dominant hand

81
Q

What are voodoo dolls manipulated with?

A

Dominant hand

82
Q

T/F When dolls are manipulated with dominant hand,

the actual objects are also manipulated

A

T

83
Q

What are the pros of voodoo dolls?

A

Dolls less likely to block the full-scale world

84
Q

What are the cons of voodoo dolls?

A

Requires bimanual input

85
Q

Define: System Control Technique

A

An interaction technique that allows the user to request the system to perform a function, change the mode of interaction, or change the system state

86
Q

List system control techniques

A 
Graphical menus
Voice commands
Gestural commands
Tools
Symbolic input
87
Q

What are graphical menus?

A

Provide 3D objects for the user to select commands from

88
Q

Graphical menus are the…

A

3D equivalent to 2D desktop menus

89
Q

List examples of graphical menus

A

Floating menu
Ring menu
TULIP menu
3D widget

90
Q

What is a floating menu?

A

A 2D menu adapted to 3D space

91
Q

How are floating menus usually interacted with?

A

A pointing technique

92
Q

List different placement styles of floating menus

A 
World-referenced
Object-referenced
Head-referenced
Body-referenced
Device-referenced
93
Q

What is navigation?

A

Traveling through a virtual environment

94
Q

What is selection and manipulation?

A

Interacting with virtual objects

95
Q

What is system control?

A

Issuing commands to the system

96
Q

Define: User Experience

A

A user’s behaviors, perceptions, and emotions when

using a product

97
Q

What does the UX include?

A

User performance
Usability
Preferences
Physical and psychological responses to the user interface

98
Q

T/F Advanced system interfaces have less UX requirements than traditional interfaces

A

F, they have more

99
Q

List the 5 categories of UX requirements

A 
Performance
Physiological
Psychological
Affective
Instructional
100
Q

What are the three performance requirements?

A

Speed
Accuracy
Precision

101
Q

How is speed measured?

A

By task completion time

102
Q

Define: Accuracy

A

A measurement of correctness with which a task is performed

103
Q

Define: Precision

A

A measurement of the consistency with which a task is performed (average performance)

104
Q

Define: Physiology

A

The way in which an organism or bodily part functions

105
Q

What are the three types of physiology?

A

Ergonomics
Simulator sickness
Physical exertion

106
Q

Define: Psychology

A

The way the human mind functions, especially with

regard to behaviors

107
Q

What are the 3 types of psychology?

A

Flow
Engagement
Presence

108
Q

Define: Affective

A

Relating to moods, feelings, and attitudes

109
Q

List 3 main types of affective requirements

A

Perceived usability
Enjoyment
Emotions

110
Q

Define: Instructional

A

Relating to teaching, training, and education

111
Q

List 3 main types of instructional requirements

A

Cognitive
Affective
Psychomotor

112
Q

What are the reasons to evaluate a technique, interface, or system?

A

Observe
Assess
Compare

113
Q

What are the two parts of research questions?

A

Address the goal

Guide the design

114
Q

What is “Address the goal of your rigorous UX evaluation”

A

Answering the questions should result in observing,

assessing, or comparing an interface

115
Q

What is “Guide the design of your rigorous UX evaluation”

A

If the design is too narrow, there will not be data to
answer the research questions

If the design is too broad, there will be too much
data to easily answer the research questions

116
Q

What are the two parts of a hypotheses?

A

Indicate expected outcomes

Justify the expectations

117
Q

What is “Indicate expected outcomes for each research

question”

A

Provide a preliminary answer for each question

118
Q

What is “Justify the expectations based on your prior

knowledge”

A

Provide a potential cause or reason for each

preliminary answer

119
Q

Define: Independent Variable

A

A variable that is manipulated and controlled by the

researcher to help answer the research questions

120
Q

What is an independent variable also referred to as?

A

Factor

121
Q

What are two examples of independent variables?

A

Training method for an efficacy study involving a new
training system

Field of view (FOV) for a comparison study looking at
which FOV is better for HMDs

122
Q

What kind of study does not have an independent variable?

A

Baseline study observing a single interface

123
Q

T/F A baseline study observing a single interface does not have an independent variable

A

T

124
Q

Define: Levels

A

The distinct states that an independent variable is

controlled at

125
Q

What is an example of Levels?

A

FOV

126
Q

List 4 levels of FOV

A

75 degrees
90 degrees
105 degrees
120 degrees

127
Q

Define: Condition

A

The intersection of independent variables at specific

levels

128
Q

What is a single factor example of conditions?

A

Training method (2 levels): New system, old system

129
Q

What is a multi-factor example of conditions? In this example, how many conditions are there?

A

Display (2 levels): Oculus Rift, Samsung Gear VR
Input (2 levels): Game controller, Keyboard + mouse
4

130
Q

Define: Dependent Variable

A

A measure that is expected to vary with changes to

the independent variables

131
Q

What do dependent variables depend on?

A

Independent variables

132
Q

List examples of dependent variables

A

Completion time
Number of errors
Perceived usability
Presence

133
Q

Define: Confounding variable

A

An unintended variable that correlates with both the

independent variables and the dependent variables

134
Q

What is a confounding variable also known as?

A

Confound

135
Q

What is an example of a counfounding variable?

A

Airflow in olfactory display study

136
Q

List three primary types of user studies

A

Within-subject
Between-subjects
Mixed-design

137
Q

Define: Within-subject

A

Every single subject experiences every single condition

138
Q

Define: Between-subject

A

Each subject experiences one condition

139
Q

Define: Mixed-design

A

Each subject experiences multiple conditions but not

every single condition

140
Q

What are three principles essential to ethical research

with humans

A

Respect for persons
Beneficence
Justice

141
Q

What are the two basic ideas for respect for persons?

A

Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents

Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to
additional protections

142
Q

What is an autonomous agent able to do?

A

Consider the potential harms and benefits of a situation

Analyze how those risks and potential benefits relate to his or her personal goals and values

Take action based on that analysis

143
Q

Who does diminished autonomy apply to?

A

Children
People with developmental disorders
Individuals suffering from dementia

144
Q

What are the challenges of respect for persons?

A

Making sure that potential participants

comprehend the risks and potential benefits of participating

145
Q

What are the two influencing techniques that should be avoided?

A

Coercion

Undue influence

146
Q

What is coercion?

A

Explicit or implied threats

147
Q

What is undue influence?

A

Excessive compensation

148
Q

T/F All subjects must provide voluntary informed

consent to participate

A

T

149
Q

What are three fundamental aspects of informed consent?

A

Voluntariness
Comprehension
Disclosure

150
Q

Define: Voluntariness

A

Decisions about participation should not be influenced by anyone involved in conducting the research

151
Q

Define: Comprehension

A

Individuals must have the mental or decisional capacity to understand information presented to them

152
Q

Define: Disclosure

A

Provides a reasonable person the information necessary to make an informed decision

153
Q

What are the two general rules of beneficence?

A

Do no harm

Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms

154
Q

Define: Justice

A

Requires that individuals and groups be treated fairly and equitably in terms of bearing the burdens and receiving the benefits of the research

155
Q

What does IRB stand for?

A

Institution Review Board

156
Q

What is the responsibility of the IRB?

A

Reviewing and approving human subjects research activities

157
Q

What does the IRB consist of?

A

5 or more institutional members with varying expertise and diversity

158
Q

What are the five principles of running experiments?

A 
Protect your participants
Follow the protocol
Be consistent
Be diligent
Be courteous
159
Q

What does it mean to be diligent?

A

Accurately capture all of the data expected of you

160
Q

What does it mean to be consistent?

A

Use the same language and tone when running sessions

161
Q

Define: Confidence interval

A

The percentage of probability that a sample’s mean is

within a designated distance of the population’s mean

162
Q

Define: t-Test

A

Used to determine if the means of two conditions are

significantly different from each other

163
Q

T/F t-Test can be used with more than 2 groups

A

F, only 2 groups

164
Q

Define: Anova

A

Used to determine if the means of two or more

conditions are significantly different from each other

165
Q

T/F Anova only determines that there is a difference

A

T

166
Q

T/F Anova determines which conditions are different

A

F, it does not

Human Computer Interactions 2 (Ryan McMahan) (6 decks)

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