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Human Computer Interactions 2 (Ryan McMahan) > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

VR sickness

A

Symptoms similar to those of motion sickness due to a VR experience

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2
Q

List the symptoms of VR sickness

A 
headaches
stomach	awareness 
nausea
vomiting
pallor
sweating
fatigue
drowsiness
disorientation
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3
Q

What should be done to reduce VR sickness?

A

Reduce the FOV

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4
Q

What should be done with the FOV?

A

Dynamically adjusted depending on virtual movement

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5
Q

What data was collected during the FOV on VR sickness experiment?

A

Discomfort scores every five waypoints

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6
Q

Was it found that decreasing the FOV affected the presence?

A

No

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7
Q

T/F Distance and size perception are often biased in VR

A

T

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8
Q

What were the three settings used in distance estimation?

A

Negative parallax
Zero parallax
Positive parallax

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9
Q

Define: Negative parallax

A

Virtual object is rendered in front of physical display

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10
Q

Define: Zero parallax

A

Virtual object is rendered at the physical display

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11
Q

Define: Positive parallax

A

Virtual object is rendered behind the physical display

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12
Q

What task was used in the distance estimation experiment?

A

A blind triangulation pointing task

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13
Q

What was the finding of the distance estimation experiment?

A

Increased distance underestimation for positive parallax conditions

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14
Q

What was the pointing task procedure?

A

Viewed a target’s position

Virtual view was blinded by pressing a button

Participants would take two steps left or right

Then point at the target as accurately as possible

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15
Q

T/F Most users experience some imbalance in VR

A

T

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16
Q

What did the imbalance experiment investigate?

A

how a static rest frame (SRF) affects balance in an HMD

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17
Q

Define: static rest frame

A

A cross-hair always rendered in the same position on the user’s display screen

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18
Q

What task were the participants asked to do in the balance impairment study?

A

Dodge tennis balls

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19
Q

What did the balance impairment study conclude?

A

An SRF significantly improves balance for users with balance impairments

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20
Q

What was investigated in the body ownership experiment?

A

Investigated the effects of visual realism of virtual hand representations

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21
Q

What is low realism?

A

Abstract (sphere)

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22
Q

What is medium realism?

A

Iconic (skeleton hand)

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23
Q

What is high realism?

A

Human (actual hand model)

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24
Q

What task would you use in a body ownership study?

A

Pick-and-place and spinning saw tasks

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25
Q

What could be concluded from a study on body ownership about the sense of agency?

A

Found sense of agency (i.e., motor activity control) to be greater for less realistic hands

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26
Q

What could be concluded from a study on body ownership about the sense of ownership?

A

Found sense of ownership (i.e., one’s own body is the source of sensations) to be greater for the human hand

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27
Q

What was investigated in the virtual human study?

A

Investigated the effects of a shared real-virtual object (a wobbly table) on presence and social presence

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28
Q

Define: Social presence

A

Sense of being socially connected with another person

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29
Q

What were participants asked to do during the virtual human study?

A

Play a game of twenty questions with a virtual human

30
Q

What were the results of the virtual human study?

A

Found that the wobbly table condition resulted in greater presence and social presence

31
Q

What was investigated in the collaborative environments study?

A

Investigated the effects of including virtual objects within a mixed reality (MR) environment on deictic speech

32
Q

Define: Deictic speech

A

Spatial indications that cannot be fully understood by speech alone

33
Q

What tasks did participants in the collaborative environments study do?

A

Dyads of participants completed object identification and object positioning tasks

34
Q

In the collaborative environments study, what were the findings?

A

Found that the inclusion of virtual environment objects decreased deictic speech for both tasks

35
Q

What was done in the AR study?

A

Compared two augmented reality (AR) visualization techniques for assembly guidance

36
Q

What else was investigated in the AR study?

A

Also investigated the effects of error detection

37
Q

What were the findings of the AR study?

A

Found that the side-by-side mode resulted in faster completion times and fewer errors

38
Q

Define: Independent variable

A

A variable that is manipulated and controlled by the researcher to help answer the research questions

39
Q

What is an independent variable also know as?

A

Factor

40
Q

T/F All studies have an independent variable

A

F

41
Q

What kind of study does not have an independent variable

A

A baseline study observing a single user interface

42
Q

Define: levels

A

The distinct states that an independent variable is controlled at

43
Q

Define: multi-factor experiment

A

An experiment that simultaneously investigates multiple independent variables at multiple levels

44
Q

Define: Condition

A

The intersection of independent variables at specific levels

45
Q

Define: dependent variable

A

A measure that is expected to vary with changes to the independent variables

46
Q

List examples of dependent variables

A

Completion time
Number of errors
Perceived usability
Presence

47
Q

Define: confounding variable

A

An unintended variable that correlates with both the independent variables and the dependent variables

48
Q

What is a confounding variable also known as?

A

Confound

49
Q

Give an example of a confounding variable

A

Airflow in an olfactory display study

50
Q

What are the three primary types of user studies?

A

Within-subject
Between-subjects
Mixed-design

51
Q

Define: Within-subject

A

Every single subject experiences every single condition

52
Q

Define: Between-subjects

A

Each subject experiences one condition

53
Q

Define: Mixed-design

A

Each subject experiences multiple conditions but not every single condition

54
Q

What are the pros of within-subject?

A

Requires the fewest subjects

Allows for direct subjective comparisons

55
Q

What are the cons of within-subject?

A

Requires the longest procedures

Cannot be used to evaluate the effectiveness of instruction

56
Q

What are the pros of between-subjects?

A

Requires the shortest procedures

Can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of instruction

57
Q

What are the cons of between-subjects?

A

Requires the most subjects

Does not allow for direct subjective comparisons

Results prone to being biased by subjects

58
Q

What are the pros of mixed-design?

A

Requires fewer subjects

Requires shorter procedures

Allows for some direct subjective comparisons

59
Q

What are the cons of mixed-design?

A

Cannot be used to evaluate the effectiveness of instruction

60
Q

T/F The order of conditions can influence results

A

T

61
Q

What is an example of the order of conditions influencing results?

A

Learning a task improves performance regardless of interaction technique

62
Q

Define: counterbalancing

A

Ensuring the order of conditions is balanced among subjects

63
Q

List the methods of counterbalancing

A

Full-factorial permutations of conditions

Latin squares designs

64
Q

T/F Participants cannot bias cohort results

A

F. they can

65
Q

List unbiased assignments methods

A

Randomization

Aptitude balancing

66
Q

What is randomization?

A

Randomly assign subjects to available cohort slots

67
Q

What’s the downside of randomization?

A

Requires a decent number of subjects to avoid bias

68
Q

What is aptitude balancing?

A

Assign subjects to available cohort slots to balance aptitude and/or experience across all cohorts

69
Q

What does an aptitude balance require?

A

Requires a validated aptitude test or experience survey

70
Q

If your participants are expected to have balance impairments, what can you implement to help them?

A

A static rest frame (SRF)

71
Q

What was used in the virtual human study to try and improve presence and social presence?

A

A wobbly table

Human Computer Interactions 2 (Ryan McMahan) (6 decks)

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