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ANSC 366 > Exam 3 Review > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

types of investment of parental care

A

-protection from predation
-protection from elements
-provisioning/feeding

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2
Q

why is parental care a very costly behavior

A

-time
-energy
-vulnerable to predation

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3
Q

what are the differences in parental care and gamete size

A

larger gamete - females greater investment into parental care (internal development in some animals)

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4
Q

variance in males reproductive success

A

-greater than females (especially in polygynous species)
-time spent caring for offspring = less mating opportunity
-higher potential reproductive rate

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

T/F the cost of parental care is greater for females

A

false, it is greater for males

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7
Q

how much investment should parents make on current offspring

A

increased investment =
-increased probability of young surviving
-increased fitness for parents

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8
Q

tradeoffs between current and future reproduction

A

-time
-energy
-risks (parental investment)

can influence possibility of having future offpsring

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9
Q

life history traits

A

characteristics of an individual that influence survival and reproduction

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10
Q

examples of life history traits

A

-age at maturity
-number of offspring produced
-lifespan
-number of reproductive events

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11
Q

biased operational sex ratio

A

competition for mates - more mates = higher individual fitness

selection among mates - better the mate’s quality, higher individual fitness

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12
Q

operational sex ration (definition)

A

ratio of sexually receptive males to receptive females

females limited by number of eggs, gestation, so ratio often MALE biased

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13
Q

bi-parental care is common in what species

A

birds

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14
Q

why is there bi-parental or male biased care

A

if males help rear young, fitness increases through increased young survival

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15
Q

parental care is driven by

A

-distribution of resources
-operational sex ratio
-previous investments

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16
Q

T/F communal care of offspring is common in some species that live in groups

A

true, it is not worth making a mistake and not caring for your own offspring

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17
Q

what is a tradeoff of caring for the wrong offspring

A

the extreme of brood parasites

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18
Q

sibling conflict

A

-aggression and siblicide
-occurs when resources are variable or in short supply

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19
Q

masked booby vs blue-footed booby

A

masked
-have two eggs, first hatched chick always kills second chick

blue-footed
-have two eggs, often raise two

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20
Q

parent-offspring conflict

A

-selection may act on parents and offspring differently
-some actions that increase fitness of offspring may reduce fitness of parents
-conflict higher with younger parents (still have high reproduction potential)
-conflict increases as offspring age (benefit/cost ratio of taking care of young decreases)

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21
Q

parental favoritism

A

-occurs when resources are variable, and adults have more young than they can raise (bet hedging)
-females can invest in eggs differently (choose sex)
-young can be fed preferentially

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22
Q

what can asynchrony is hatching order do

A

promote or reduce sibling conflict and parental favoritism

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23
Q

how can parents control sex of offspring

A

-haploid/diploid organisms (fertilized egg = female, unfertilized = male)

-temperature dependent sex determination (TSD)

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24
Q

genetic basis for mating system/parental care (voles example)

A

prairie voles:
-monogamous, male parental care
-vasopressin and dopamine in forebrain regulate affiliation between mates (bond formation)
-vasopressin receptor expressed at higher levels

meadow voles:
-polygynous, no male parental care

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25
what are helpers at the nest
juveniles stay to help second nesting effort -more often females
26
direct benefits of helpers at the nest
-learning about maternal care -inherit resources -own reproduction
27
indirect benefits of helpers at the nest
-inclusive fitness by helping related offspring -relative reproduction
28
inclusive fitness and why it matters
direct + indirect fitness -we share more genes with our relatives than we do with the population at larger -by helping relatives, we pass on those genes that we share
29
Hamiltons rule
kin selection and inclusive fitness cooperation is favored when: rB-C > 0 r= relatedness between altruist and recipient B= fitness benefit to recipient C= fitness cost to the altruist (r > C/B)
30
when do individuals become helpers
only after the best territories have been taken
31
in cooperative breeding systems, why is evolution important
lower promiscuity (can lead to complex social groups)
32
reproductive skew
the distribution of reproduction across members of a group
33
what influences the degree of reproductive skew (0-1)
-some animals could reproduce but they do not in a social group - (1) single organism will monopolize all (sterile) others - (0) ALL individuals in single group have equal chance to reproduce
34
high skew vs low skew
high skew - one or few individuals reproduce low skew - everybody reproduces equally
35
factors affecting reproductive skew
-expected success of breeding independently -expected success of the group if the individual stays -the relatedness among group members (evolution will promote cooperative behavior to support more offspring) -probability of becoming a dominant for a share of reproduction
36
T/F dominants control who breeds and subordinated control whether they go or stay
true
37
what should reproductive skew increase with
-greater ecological constraints on reproducing alone -higher relatedness -low individual fighting ability
38
Dominant individuals offer incentives to entice subordinates to stay (if there is a benefit to the dominant)... What are they
staying incentives -
39
T/F dominants should offer incentives
true, groups will do better with them
40
why do helpers at the nest lead to overlapping generations
more individuals at the nest that consist of a breeding pair in the same place
41
risk of dispersing
-death -finding resources (food, home) -finding mate when costs are high (ecological constraints), offspring do better by staying home
42
risk of not dispersing
-competing with relatives -limited resources -inbreeding -conflict over reproduction
43
T/F most organisms are social
false
44
recipients fitness increases and the actors fitness increases
cooperation
45
recipients fitness increases and the actors fitness decreases
altruism (difficult to evolve)
46
recipients fitness decreases and the actors fitness increases
selfishness
47
recipients fitness decreases and the actors fitness decreases
spite (only seen inhumans)
48
cooperation
- costs and benefits - altruism and selfishness - relatedness and kin selection
49
potential benefits and costs of sociality
benefits: -pooled resources/shared defenses -division of labor (individuals would do everything themselves -indirect fitness costs: -shared resources -parasitism/disease transmission -cheaters
50
T/F reproductive skew is conflict over reproduction
true
51
unicellularity to multicellularity
single cells organisms cooperated with each other -sequential to parallel -allows division of labor and specialization on tasks (differentiation)
52
problems that need solving in unicellularity to multicellularity
-differential gene expression -inheritance of cell identity in differentiated tissues (everyone wants to be gamete) -pattern formation
53
cheating can be prevented in the social amoeba by:
-nonrelatives are recognized and excluded -even mixing occurs within slugs
54
questions about social cheating in social amoeba
1. Do unrelated clones mix together to form slugs? 2. Are clones equally represented in the stalk vs. spore?
55
cheating in the social amoeba is not prevented by"
-nonrelatives are NOT excluded -even mixing does NOT occur within slugs some clones appear to be specialized cheaters but require wild-type clones for stalk formation
56
basics of cooperation and conflict (among cell lineages)
-some systems, cheating can and does arise -cheaters often do not do well alone (become parasitic) -bottlenecks increase genetic similarity, align interests -control can be imposed by previous generation
57
(unicellular bottleneck) why break down a costly, multicellular organism each generation?
-all cells genetically identical, r=1 (aligns interests) -when cheaters go through bottleneck, they are non-viable (all acorns)
58
shared defense
dilution effect - prey group together in large numbers to overwhelm the feeding capacity of the predator selfish herd - prey found on the inside of a clump will tend to survive, those outside are eaten
59
T/F the larger the colony, the larger the offspring will become
false, the higher probability that some offspring will die of starvation
60
game theory
used to model consequences of behavioral interactions between individuals - "currency is fitness" (money in economics
61
prisoners dilemma
cooperate/cooperate - reward for mutual cooperation (2) defect/cooperate - maximum reward (1) cooperate/defect - max punishment (4) defect/defect - punishment for mutual defection (3)
62
tit for tat
remembering previous outcome and adjust your behavior accordingly -follow previoe cooperative individual
63
T/F once cooperation is stable, there will be no defection unless a cheater becomes involved
true
64
definition of nice retaliatory forgiving
nice - both players cooperate on the first move retaliatory - player defects if an individual defected before forgiving - player cooperates with a past defector that has now chosen to cooperate (if they defect, you automatically defect)
65
altruism
an act that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor -putting yourself before others
66
reciprocal altruism
social donor (+) delayed social recipient (+) recipient will pay back in the future (cooperation remembered)
67
what is the key component for reciprocal altruism to work
individual recognition
68
T/F groups of organisms can have distinctive phenotypes
true
69
T/F groups of organisms can differ in total fitness, if true from what?
true, groups with cheater and non-cooperators will show less fitness over those who are all cooperative
70
contributions of V.C. Wynne Edwards
-populations of self-sacrificing individuals would survive and outcompete populations of selfish individuals
71
contributions of G.C. Williams
natural selection will act more strongly on the individual at the expense of the group -group selection is not evolutionary stable, open to selfish and cheaters
72
conditions necessary for group selection
-very low migration between groups (prevent cheaters) -founding groups small or related (similar genotypes) -group extinction rates near individual death rates
73
competition levels and fitness variation needed for group selection
-competition within groups has to be much smaller than competition between groups -variation in fitness within groups needs to be smaller than variation in average fitness between groups
74
T/F there is no variance in fitness among individuals within groups
false
75
when is there a direct benefit and an indirect benefit
direct - being a secondary helper indirect - being a primary helper
76
relatedness
the proportion of alleles, on average, that two individuals share
77
relatedness within a population
-when individuals share alleles at HIGHER frequency than randomly selected individuals, r is POSITIVE -when individuals share alleles at SAME frequency than randomly selected individuals, r = 0 -when individuals share alleles at a LOWER frequency than randomly selected individuals, r is NEGATIVE
78
factors that can reduce selfish behavior
direct benefits - access to resources, inheritance kin selection - increases indirect fitness of individuals repression of competition - success of individuals withing a group is increased when competition occurs between groups, not among group members synergistic mutualism/obligate symbiosis delayed benefits - give up something now for later fitness benefits
79
characteristics of eusocial societies
1- group living 2- overlap of two or more generations 3- cooperative care of the young 4- reproductive division of labor

ANSC 366 (6 decks)

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