Exam 1 Review Flashcards
1
Q
animal behavior is about what types of interactions
A
how and why animals interact with
- each other (within+among species)
- environment
2
Q
what is the basis behind proximate questions
A
HOW
mechanisms responsible for interactions
3
Q
what is the basis behind ultimate questions
A
WHY
how these interactions influence an individual’s survival and reproduction
4
Q
intra-specific interactions examples
A
-mate choice
-male competition
-parental care
-alarm calls
5
Q
inter-specific interaction examples
A
-predation
-parasitism
-mutualism
-competition
6
Q
interactions with the environment examples
A
-foraging
-nest site selection
-signal modification
7
Q
why have humans studied behavior
A
-possible first science (human race depended on it)
-control/management of species
-modification of human behavior
-curiosity
8
Q
history of animal behavior
A
-paleolithic art from 40,000+ years ago (indirect evidence humans observed animal behavior)
-cave paintings portray herding animals, migration, and predators
-Blurton Jones documented !Kung knowledge of animal behavior
9
Q
anthromorphism
A
attribution of human qualities to non-humans
(how we interpret animal behavior)
10
Q
ethology
A
scientific/objective study of behavior in the field, using observation
11
Q
C.O. Whitman
A
coined the term INSTINCT to describe the display patterns of pigeons
12
Q
instinct
A
innate behavior in response to a stimulus (animal/environment)
-can be performed without any prior experience
13
Q
Jakob con Uexkull
A
called triggers of instinctive stereotyped behaviors SIGN STIMULI
-believe we needed to think like the animal
14
Q
sign stimuli of female tick
A
-light
-butyric acid
-heat
15
Q
sign stimuli
A
triggers of instinctive stereotyped behaviors
-the cue that initiates a FAP
16
Q
Charles Darwin
A
coined the term SEXUAL SELECTION to emphasize distinction between natural and sexual
17
Q
sexual selection
A
traits related directly to mate acquisition and mate choice
18
Q
who were the founders of the field of animal behavior
A
-Niko Tinbergen
-Konrad Lorenz
-Karl von Frisch
19
Q
Konrad Lorenz
A
examined genetically programmed behaviors in young and IMPRINTING
20
Q
imprinting
A
young animals mostly claiming territory and following parents
-could be other animals
-could be self-vs. non-self-immune system
21
Q
Karl von Frisch
A
pioneered studies in BEE communication and foraging
-dance language
-color vision
22
Q
Niko Tinbergen
A
formulated method studying animal behavior
23
Q
Tinbergen’s 4 questions
A
- Proximate causation: sensory systems and motor mechanisms (genes, sensory systems)
- Ontogeny: interaction between genes and environments to shape behavior (development)
- Ultimate Causation: selective processes that shape behavior (function in relation to fitness)
- Phylogeny: historical processes that shape behavior (constraints due to shared evolutionary history)
24
Q
ethological approach of Lorenz, Tinbergen, and von Frisch focused on behavior in their ____________ _________
A
natural environment
25
behaviorism
experimental studies of behavior in the laboratory, using manipulation
-classical and operant conditioning
26
B.F. Skinner
-behaviorism
-Skinner box
27
Margaret Washburn
believed modern psychology should happen with noise
-behavior of 100+ different animals from perspective of experimental psychology
28
who studied primate behavior
-Goodall
-Fossey
-Galdikas
-Strum
29
sociobiology
how principles of modern ethology explain the evolution of social systems
30
E.O Wilson
-sociobiology
31
evolutionary psychology
uses approaches of behavioral ecology and sociobiology to explain human behavior
32
theoretical approach
use models and simulations to make predictions
-input should come from BEST available data
33
comparative approach
gather info from different groups (species, sites) that vary in as few factors as possible
-need to control for independent evolutionary events
34
what are phylogenies used for
allows for comparisons among species while controlling evolutionary independent events
-comparative method of independent contrasts
35
experimental approach
devise a manipulative experiment
-predict the outcome of the experiment IF the hypothesis is correct
36
control in manipulative experiment
separate variables - should only be ONE DIFFERENCE between experimental and control groups
37
importance of replication
experiment is repeated to eliminate unconscious bias or spurious correlation
38
quantitative vs qualitative data
quantitative - numerical data (descriptive of size, magnitude, degree)
qualitative - general description of properties that cannot be written in numbers/may be subjective (descriptive of type, kind, direction)
-MUCH OF WHAT ANIMAL BEHAVIOR IS
39
ethogram
a graph of the time course or switch points in a sequence of behaviors, became a way of categorizing SPECIES-TYPICAL BEHAVIOR
40
limitations of science
-restricted to logically tested and falsified
-more than one hypothesis predict same outcome
-results interpreted in different ways leading to different conclusions
-hypotheses constantly being reevaluated and modified
41
species
groups of interbreeding organisms that
42
allopatry species
species breed with organisms in a ring (need to be next to)
43
what is speciation
pre vs. post zygotic isolation
(PRE more important) - mate choice, timing, habitat selection
44
evolution
change in allele frequencies within a population across generations
45
natural selction
(adaptive evolution)
-process that determines which individuals within a species will reproduce and pass their genes to next generation
46
Charles Darwin Origin of Species
1. must be VARIATION among individuals of a species
2. variation must be HERITABLE
3. variation must lead to DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTION
47
examples of evolution
-disease dynamics
-invasive species, climate change, habitat loss
-antibiotic/pesticide resistance
48
mechanisms of evolution
-natural selection
-mutation
-genetic drift
-migration
49
constraints on adaptive evolution
-lack of genetic variation
-historical selection
-pleiotropy
-co-evolution
50
co-evolution
when two or more species interact closely, they can influence each other's evolution
51
proximate explanations for variation in song learning at developmental level
-environmental differences (what males hear and when)
-social experiences
52
proximate explanations for variation in song learning at the physiological level
-because networks of cells record information from social interactions (usually members of their own species)
-hormones
53
what are the ultimate mechanisms responsible for variation in bird song
ADAPTIVE REASONS:
-males need to attract mates
-males need to hold territories
-condition of their song
54
how many evolutionary origins of bird song were there
probably 3 independent times
55
why has a behavior of bird song been maintained
evolves to suit ecological environment
-reproductive benefit (fitness)
56
are behaviors results of social environment of genetic input
both
57
classical conditioning
conditioning of involuntary response by association of the unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
Pavlov's dog
-salivation
-food
-bell
58
operant conditioning
association of voluntary activity consequences that follow (Skinner box)
-positive/negative reinforcements
59
principles of operatn conditioning
-reinforcement must follow desired behavior immediately
-negative punishment must be extremely consistent
-inconsistent positive reinforcement can increase frequency of behavior
60
limitations of operant conditioning
nausea as punishment is effective even hours after the behavior
61
Fixed action pattern (FAP)
any innate behavior that gets carried to completion once triggered by a cue
62
supernormal stimulus
more effective releaser of behavior than biologically correct stimulus
63
how to control genetic component of behavior
1. control environmental variation
2. similarities between relatives and non-relatives
3. selection experiments
4. modern techniques
64
norm of reaction
range of phenotypic variation for a single genotype resulting from environmental differences
65
heritability
the proportion of variance in a trait attributable to genetic variation
66
coefficient of relatedness
the proportion of alleles, on average, that two individuals share
67
ways that genetic variation (sequence vs expression) can influence behavior
-difference in phenotype
-difference in response to selection of phenotype
68
examples of modern methods to quantify genetic component of behavior
induced-mutation experiments
-mutate individuals, look for variation, figure out which gene was mutated to cause change
knock-out (RNAi) experiments
-inactivate specific gene, then look for any changes in behavior
QTL mapping
-using markers throughout genome to identify chromosome regions that correlate with behavior
Gene expression
-quantify variation in gene expression among individuals performing different behaviors
69
dominance
the effect of one allele on another allele at the same genetic locus
70
epistasis
the effect of one genetic locus on another independent locus
71
pleiotropy
the effect of a single gene or two or more phenotypic traits
72
polygenic
the effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic trait
73
plasticity
interaction between genetic factors and environment (norm of reaction)
74
genomic imprinting
effects (gene products) of a gene differ depending on whether inherited from mother or father
-mothers may reduce investment in current offspring to invest in future offspring
-fathers care about current offspring
75
developmental plasticity
the ability to adjust phenotypic development in response to environmental cues (most in early life)
76
developmental homeostasis
development of specific behaviors despite variation in environment
(innate behaviors)
77
T/F once an animal chooses a path of plasticity, they want to stay within homeostasis
true
78
T/F critical periods are reversible
false, they are irreversible
79
who does developmental flexibility exist
it can account for important, but variable environmental conditions, leading to increased fitness under different conditions
80
why does homeostasis exist
it reduces the chance of devastating developmental errors due to environmental deficits/changes
81
hormones
chemical substances, formed in specialized gland or group of cells, released into blood that affect target cells in another organ
82
modes of hormone passage
steroid - pass through cell membrane
nonsteroid - cannot enter cell
83
what do hormones do
physiological effects
-regulation of reproduction
-growth
-heart rate
84
where are hormones made
centrally - nearby tissues
peripherally - throughout the body
85
modes of hormone action
activational effects
-short term
-reversible
-occur in fully developed organism
-respond to environment
organizational effects
-long term
-irreversible
-effects on tissue differentiation and development
-direct (brain) or indirect (ovary)
-critical period
86
effects of exposure to hormones on behavioral development
-during embryonic development
-male being close to female can alter hormones and behaviors
87
why are males more aggressive than females
testosterone
88
progesterone does what
induce egg laying, but not as effective as social stimuli
89
T/F hormones influence behavior and behavior influences hormones
true
90
properties of sensory systems
1. all neurons have some sensitivity to environmental stimuli
2. sense organs are specialized to respond to particular stimuli
3. sense organs filter stimuli
91
photorecpetion
detecting light (vision)
92
chemoreception
detecting chemicals (smell and taste)
93
mechanoreception
detecting physical touch or movement
(hearing)
94
how do sensory systems work
they are tuned to the stimuli they need to perceive
95
key concepts in sensory system function
1. stimulus processing - systems report relevant information, not all
2. tuning - sensory receptors are tuned to biologically relevant stimuli
3. topographic organization - sensory regions of brains are topographically organized
96
topographically organized
spatially adjacent stimuli on sensory receptor surfaces are represented in adjacent positions
97
example of simple auditory system
moth ears
-same on both sides
98
example of complex auditory system
bat ear
topographic mapping
99
T/F a bats echolocation is better if an object is flying away
true
100
neural basis of behavior
1. sensory activation - neural processing - motor response
2. sensory systems are fine-tuned to respond to only certain stimuli
3. sensory systems often act as filter
4. the CNS is often biased in how it processes information
101
relevance vs. relative
relevance - we only sense certain stimuli
relative - a stimulus is sensed in relation to what is already going on
102
sensory bias
per-existing bias of perceptual mechanisms
103
regional organization in brain
-uses distributed procession
-McGurk effect
-disrupting connections affect cognitive processing
104
cooperative signaling
both signaler and receiver benefit from interaction
105
deceitful signaling
signaler benefits, receiver does not
106
incidental signaling (eavesdropping)
negative effects on (cost to) signaler but receiver benefits
107
sensory tuning
when the sensory perception of an animal is most sensitive to particular range of stimulus
108
spiteful signaling
both signaler and receiver incur costs (rare outside of humans)
109
modes of communication
visual - color, size
auditory - song, calls
chemical - pheromones, odors
vibrational - substrate/others
electrical - neural
heat - prey detection
110
what are the modes of communication limited by
the ability to create and perceive signal based on environment
111
sensory bias of swordtails
preferred bias of sword tail in phylogeny of history
112
sensory bias of zebra finche
already prefer males with red leg bands
113
honest signaling
accurately conveys information
(frequency of call constrained to body size)
114
handicap principle
signals are expensive to produce, can be costly, are therefore accurately convey information about quality
115
multimodal signlaing
reduce errors, increase honesty
-visual and auditory
116
recognition systems
allorecognition (self-vs. non-self)
intraspecific recognition (mate)
interspecific recognition (prey/predators)
117
allorecognition
genetic basis, high variability
-auto immune systems (MHC)
-self incompatibility (plants
-sex determining locus
118
intraspecific recognition
mate (right species/individual)
individual (pair bonds)
species (territory)
119
kin recognition
formation of social groups
-distinguish others based upon their degree of genetic relatedness
120
species recognition
-predator avoidance
-prey capture
-host/parasite
121
abiotic conditions
-habitat choice
-nest site selection
-precipitation/temperature
122
components of recognition systems
1. production- nature and development of labels in signalers
2. perception- sensory detection of labels by evaluator followed by comparison of labels to template
3. action- modification of behavior in response to an assessment of signalers label relative to evaluators template
123
sympatry
more variation to prevent hybridization when they come together
-hybrid calls are unattractive
124
susceptibility to parasitism increases when
costs of rejection errors are high
