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Bio 121 > Exam 3 Review > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Even after DNA replication has been completed, DNA polymerase enzymes continue to “proofread”/edit the finished molecules in order to try to eliminate any nucleotide mismatches that might be present. True or false.
A

True

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2
Q
  1. A DNA nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and deoxyribose sugar. True or false
A

True

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3
Q
  1. DNA polymerase enzymes have binding sites for all four nitrogenous bases found in DNA, allowing them to add new nucleotides to a DNA strand very quickly. True or false.
A

True

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4
Q
  1. During DNA replication, the enzyme that will be responsible for joining all of the Okazaki fragments together into one continuous strand will be DNA ligase. True or false
A

True

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5
Q
  1. During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for originally adding in all of the RNA primers that are needed to provide “start” signals for the process of copying template DNA?
A

DNA primase

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6
Q
  1. Which direction can a DNA polymerase enzyme move in?
A

a 5’ to 3’ direction

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7
Q
  1. During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for adding new nucleotide subunits to a growing new DNA strand?
A

DNA polymerase

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8
Q
  1. During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for “unspiraling” the double-helix structure of DNA?
A

DNA helicase

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9
Q
  1. In a DNA molecule, covalently-bonded sugar and phosphate groups form the “rungs” of the double helix, and the sides of the helix “ladder” are made up of nitrogenous bases held together by hydrogen bonds. True or false.
A

False

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10
Q
  1. The products of semiconservative DNA replication will be two new DNA molecules, each with one old and one new DNA strand. True or false.
A

True

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11
Q

If a DNA molecule contains nucleotides that are 15% A, what percentage of T would be present overall?

A

15%

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12
Q
  1. Until the idea was disproven, scientists had originally hypothesized that proteins, not DNA, might be the genetic material of cells. True or false.
A

True

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13
Q
  1. Which of the following were responsible for devising a model of the structure of a DNA molecule (partially based on X-ray crystallography evidence)?
    a. Hershey and Chase
    b. Chargaff
    c. Watson and Crick
    d. Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod
A

c. Watson and Crick

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14
Q
  1. Feedback inhibition is a method used by cells to control their rate of aerobic cellular respiration. True or false.
A

True

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15
Q
  1. It is possible to “feed” both lipid and protein components into the steps of cellular respiration, burning them as a “fuel alternative” to glucose. True or false.
A

True

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16
Q
  1. When yeast are provided with an oxygen-rich environment, they will persist in using fermentation to produce energy, since it produces just as much ATP as aerobic cellular respiration. True or false.
A

False

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17
Q
  1. Anaerobic respiration (in which the electron transport chain is still able to function) is made possible in some bacterial species by utilizing an alternate final electron acceptor than the one used in aerobic respiration. True or false.
A

True

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18
Q
  1. Which of the three stages of cellular respiration is hypothesized to be the oldest (the first one to have arisen in the evolutionary history of life on Earth)?
A

Glycolysis

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19
Q
  1. Which stage of cellular respiration is responsible for producing the highest amount of ATP (34 out of 38 ATP ideally created in total during cellular respiration)?
A

the electron transport chain

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20
Q
  1. In the electron transport chain of cellular respiration, ATP is produced as hydrogen protons rush down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase channels. True or false.
A

True

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21
Q
  1. Where does the electron transport chain step of cellular respiration occur?
A

the inner mitochondrial membrane

22
Q

Which of the following can serve as an electron “donor” to contribute electrons to the electron transport chain of cellular respiration?
a. ATP
b. NADH
c. FADH2
d. both b and c
e. all of the above

A

d. both b and c

23
Q
  1. During aerobic cellular respiration, CO2 is mainly released (as a product) during the ___________________step and O2 is directly required (as a reactant and final electron acceptor) during the ___________________step.
A

Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

24
Q
  1. Prior to the citric acid (Krebs) cycle, each incoming 3-carbon molecule of pyruvate is first converted into a 2-carbon intermediate (acetyl-CoA) molecule. This molecule is then able to bind to a 4-carbon oxaloacetate molecule in order to begin the citric acid (Krebs) cycle. True or false.
A

True

25
Q
  1. Which of the following would be a product of glycolysis?
    a. pyruvate molecules
    b. a small amount of ATP
    c. a small amount of NADH
    d. all of the above
A

d. all of the above

26
Q
  1. Which of the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration generates water molecules as a product?
A

the electron transport chain

27
Q
  1. Which of the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration is the only one to take place in the cytoplasm (and also the only one that can take place in humans in the absence of oxygen)?
A

glycolysis

28
Q

When a molecule has been reduced, it has experienced a loss in potential energy. True or false.

A

False

29
Q
  1. Which of the following would represent an oxidized molecule (the product of an oxidation reaction)?
    a. NAD+
    b. NADH
    c. both
A

a. NAD+

30
Q
  1. The reaction for cellular respiration is…
A

6O2 + C6H12O6→6CO2 + 6H2O

31
Q

The large variety of enzymes present in organisms living today would have been produced by evolution acting upon random mutations. True or false.

A

True

32
Q

Cooperativity refers to the structural stabilization of a multiunit enzyme’s other active sites by the binding of a substrate molecule. True or false.

A

True

33
Q

During feedback inhibition, the final product of a series of linked reactions binds to one of the enzymes used in the series, decreasing/halting the overall reaction rate. True or false.

A

True

34
Q

Iron, an inorganic ion can temporarily binds to an enzyme in order to increase its function, would be a good example of which of the following?
a. a coenzyme
b. a cofactor

A

b. a cofactor

35
Q

What type of molecule would be capable of binding to the allosteric site of an enzyme? (there’s two)

A

an activator and an inhibitor

36
Q

Which of the following can be overcome by increasing the amount of substrate in an enzyme’s environment?
a. competitive inhibition
b. noncompetitive inhibition
c. both
d. neither

A

a. competitive inhibition

37
Q

Which of the following describes an inhibitor that binds to an enzyme at its active site?
a. competitive
b. noncompetitive

A

a. competitive

38
Q

In catalyzed reactions, the rate of a reaction will always increase as more substrate is added, since enzyme saturation is not a problem. True or false.

A

False

39
Q

Shape (conformation) changes that make it difficult for an enzyme to function optimally can occur due to:
a. extreme pH levels
b. high temperatures
c. the effect of noncompetitive inhibitors
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

40
Q

One type of enzyme can usually bind a large number of differently shaped substrates, catalyzing a wide variety of reactions. True or false.

A

False

41
Q

Which of the following is the best reason that cells would use biological catalysts, rather than temperature increases, to overcome inertia and allow a reaction to proceed?
a. The temperature increase would be more “costly,” in terms of energy use, than the creation of biological enzymes.
b. Any temperature increases could temporarily/permanently denature proteins and other cell components.

A

a. The temperature increase would be more “costly,” in terms of energy use, than the creation of biological enzymes.

42
Q

When an enzyme is used to catalyze a reaction, which of the following would be true?
a. The amount of activation energy required is decreased.
b. The ∆G value of the reaction is decreased.
c. The enzyme can stress/strain the bonds of a reactant.
d. a and c only
e. all of the above

A

d. a and c only

43
Q

All biological catalysts are protein enzymes. True or false.

A

False

44
Q

When an endergonic and an exergonic reaction are coupled, the paired set of reactions will proceed spontaneously if the net value of ∆G is…

A

negative

45
Q

Which of the following represents the most potential energy?
a. ATP
b. ADP

A

a. ATP

46
Q

An anabolic reaction would represent a process that will decrease the amount of entropy present in a system. True or false.

A

True

47
Q

Which of the following is used to describe the phenomenon of increasing disorder in the universe?
a. free energy
b. activation energy
c. saturation plateau
d. entropy

A

d. entropy

48
Q

During cellular respiration, the harvest of energy from the breakdown of glucose (and other fuel molecules) is virtually 100% efficient. True or false.

A

False

49
Q
A
49
Q
  1. Which of the following would be a good example of potential energy?
    a. a cell using its cilia and flagella to move
    b. a ball sitting still at the top of a hill
    c. an arrow flying through the air after having been released from a bow
    d. all of the above
A

d. all of the above

50
Q

A reaction in which energy is released by the “cracking” (breaking) of a large molecule into its smaller subunits would be referred to as…

A

an exergonic, catabolic reaction

Bio 121 (6 decks)

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