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Bio 121 > Bio Lecture Mega-Quiz > Flashcards

Bio Lecture Mega-Quiz Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is transcription?

A

the process of RNA synthesis from a DNA template

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2
Q

What is mRNA

A

an RNA molecule made as a complementary copy of a gene

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3
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

the enzyme responsible for attaching RNA nucleotides together in the sequence specified by the DNA

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4
Q

What is point mutation?

A

a change in one base pair (one letter) of a gene

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5
Q

What are silent mutations?

A

mutations that are not evident in an organism’s phenotype

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6
Q

What are missense mutations?

A

changes an amino acid codon for a different amino acid –> gives the protein different functional characteristics

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7
Q

What are nonsense mutations?

A

changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon –> leads to early termination in protein production

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8
Q

What are spontaneous mutations?

A

mutations that occur naturally due to errors made during DNA replication/DNA repair/DNA recombination

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9
Q

What are frameshift mutations?

A

alteration in the way that all downstream codons will be read

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10
Q

What are mutagens?

A

chemical or physical agents that interact with DNA to cause mutations

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11
Q

What is the evolution theory?

A

evolutionary change due to biological problems

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12
Q

What is microevolution?

A

changes in the genetic makeup of populations

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13
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

large-scale evolutionary changes that can lead to speciation

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14
Q

What is evolution via natural selection?

A

overproduction, inheritance/competition, and natural selection

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15
Q

What is inference #1?

A

overproduction - resource limitations lead to more individuals being produced in a population than will survive

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16
Q

What is inference #2?

A

inheritance/competition - organisms must compete to survive –> survival is not random

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17
Q

What is inference #3?

A

evolution by natural selection - differential reproduction leads to gradual changes in a population over many generations with favorable characteristics

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18
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

nonrandom mating in which an organism’s phenotype impacts its ability to attract mates (Ex: colored bird feathers on males to attract females)

19
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions?

A

1) no mutations
2) random mating
3) no natural selection
4) large population size
5) no gene flow

20
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

the total collection of genes in a population at any one time

21
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

random/chance events that impact allele frequencies in small populations (Ex: bottleneck effect and founder effect)

22
Q

What is gene flow?

A

interbreeding via genetic exchange between populations (Ex: pollen being dispersed to one plant to the next)

23
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

a # of individuals in a population are removed from the gene pool due to an environmental disaster

24
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

a new population is established by a few individuals with limited genetic variability

25
Q

What is darwinian fitness?

A

the contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation

26
Q

What is relative fitness?

A

the contribution of one specific genotype to the next generation

27
Q

What is directional selection?

A

occurs when one phenotypic extreme or the other is favored (due to environmental change, migration, etc)

28
Q

What is diversifying selection?

A

occurs when both phenotypic extremes are favored over any intermediate phenotype

29
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored over any extreme phenotype

30
Q

What is cell division?

A

one cell divides into two

31
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

reproduction that involves only one parent

32
Q

What is mitosis?

A

an asexual cell division to produce clonal cells

33
Q

What is the phase order for mitosis?

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

34
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

it is the metabolically active stage that alternates with mitosis

35
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

chromatin thickens into chromosomes

36
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

chromosomes align along the metaphase plate

37
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

sisters chromatids separate

38
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

chromosomes de-condense/create two distinct nuclei in the same cell

39
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

the cytoplasm divides, creating two new cells

40
Q

What are Interphase’s three phases?

A

G1, S, and G2

41
Q

What happens in the G1 phase?

A

intense biochemical/growth activity

42
Q

What happens in the S phase?

A

DNA replication

43
Q

What happens in the G2 phase?

A

protein synthesis/final preparations for cell division

Bio 121 (6 decks)

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