Bio Lab Final Flashcards
What is genetic equilibrium?
When a gene pool is not changing in frequency across generations
What is the bottleneck effect?
when a number of individuals are removed from a gene pool due to an environmental disaster
What is the founder effect?
a new population formed by a few individuals with limited genetic variability
What is the relationship between Sickle Cell Anemia and Malaria?
people with one sickle cell allele are protected from Malaria but do not have sickle cell disease
What is the function of restriction enzymes?
cleaves DNA sequences at specific sequence sites
What is a palindrome sequence?
the nucleotide sequence of one strand would be the same as its complimentary strand (Ex: GGATCC = CCTAGG)
What is the sugar used in electrophoresis?
Agarose
What is phylogeny?
genealogical relationships among species/how organisms are related through evolution
What is cladogenesis?
species given rise to new species
What is a cladogram?
represents the phylogeny of organisms
What is an outgroup?
the “ancestor”/where phylogeny is rooted
What is homology?
when organisms share a common ancestor (Ex: the limbs of vertebrate animals)
What is analogy?
when organisms share a similar function (Ex: wings of birds and insects)
What is synamorphy?
a shared derived character
What is pleisomorphy?
a primitive character
What is Automorphy?
a derived character in only one taxon
What are genotypes?
genetic information
What are phenotypes?
observable physical traits
What is transformation?
when the genetic makeup of an organism is altered by adding external genetic material
What are plasmids?
transfer/manipulate genes
What is cell competence?
when a cell has holes in it that allow the plasmids to enter the cell (Ex: calcium chloride/heat shock)
What does calcium chloride do to a cell?
pokes holes into it
What does heat shock do to a cell?
makes the cell think the environment is unstable
What allows E. Coli to glow?
“ara” promoter gene from jellyfish (GFP gene)
