Exam 3 Recap Flashcards
The RQ for carbohydrate = ____
1.00
Severely low levels of liver and muscle glycogen can cause:
hypoglycemia
fatigue
muscle pain
A RBC _____ when placed in a hypertonic solution
shrinks (fluid in RBC rushes out to the solution)
What organs directly regulate pH?
liver & kidney & lungs
catabolizing fat requires ____ oxygen consumed relative to carbon dioxide produce
considerable more
RQ for fat = ____.
0.70
four hormones that regulate digestion:
gastrin
GIP
secretin
CCK
during moderate exercise, what are the main energy sources?
carbohydrates and fats
when a cell neither gains or loses water when in a solution, the solution is ______.
isotonic
in light exercise, what is the main energy substrate?
FAT
a low carb diet depletes glycogen where?
liver and muscles
what macronutrient has the highest heat of combustion?
fat
low ventilation levels cause:
acidosis
(T/F) there are significant gender differences in carb metabolism during exercise
TRUE
what enzyme initiates protein digestion in the stomach?
PEPtin
how can you significantly improve your fat oxidation ability?
exercise at a rate that optimally oxidizes fat repeatedly
what type of buffer controls acidity by adjusting the BiCarb, ammonia and hydrogen ions concentration in the urine
RENAL (kidney)
what is the first step in protein oxidation/digestion
deamination
what is deamination?
proteins losing their nitrogen (amine group)
as exercise intensity increases, what hormone decreases?
insulin
examples of indirect calorimetry:
closed-circuit spirometry
double-labelled water techniques
bomb-calorimetry is ______ calorimetry
DIRECT
what is secreted in the stomach that is required for B12 absorption?
intrinsic factor
RQ = ____ / ____
CO2 produced / O2 consumed
1 Calorie = heat needed to raise temp of ___ of water by ____.
1 kg water by 1 degree C
Net kcal/g of CHO
4
Net kcal/g of FAT
9
Net kcal/g of PROTEIN
4
protein breakdown ______ with exercise &
protein synthesis ______ after exercise
increases, increases
when is most fat is burned when?
after intense exercise
when muscle glycogen stores diminish, ______ becomes the major supplier of energy.
glycogen from the liver
exercise after 30s uses what energy system?
aerobic energy pathway
Towards the end of prolonged exercise, when glycogen is low, _____
- protein synthesis increases
- FFAs supply some fuel
- intensity increases
- insulin increases
FFAs become a fuel source
the movement of water from low concentration to high concentration is ____
osmosis
______ refer to chemicals that minimize H+ concentraitons
buffers
(T/F) Overall, the body does not absorb minerals very well.
TRUE
What hormone INHIBITS lipolysis?
Insulin
Direct calorimetry burns food and measures ____
heat liberated
A ____ is a substance that picks up H+ to form hydroxide ions in water solutions
BASE
Bile is produced by _____ and secreted by _____.
liver, gallbladder
glycogen stored WHERE sees as the predominant carb energy source during exercise?
liver!
____ MET = the average seated resting oxygen consumption/energy expenditure
ONE
What pathway is used for single, explosive movements?
PCr
endurance-trained muscle uses ______ during sub maximal exercise
FAT
measuring oxygen uptake provides an (indirect/direct) estimate of energy expenditure
indirect
what enzyme attacks starch and reduces it during digestion?
salivary amylase
what organ secretes 1.2-1.6 liters of alkali-juice / day?
pancreas
women use more ____ as fuel than men
fat
what determines that fuel source during exercise?
intensity & duration
what do enzymes do to reactions?
DECREASE activation energy
where does protein digestion begin?
MOUTH
most vitamin absorbtion occurs where?
small intestine
