Exam 3 Questions Flashcards
what is the portal system
veins that flow from 1 capillary bed to another
what are the blood vessels that lead from the capillary to the heart
veins
what does systole mean
blood out and heart contracts
what does diastole mean
blood flow come in and heart relaxes
systolic pressure is
the highest pressure in your blood vessels when your heart contracts and pumps blood
diastolic pressure is
the minimum pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxing between beats
how do we write blood pressure
systolic over diastolic
what is an aneurism
a popped blood vessel that has swollen
what is a DVT
a blood clot in your leg
what do blood vessels carry
blood
what do lymph vessels carry
lymph
what are the three primary layers of vessel walls
tunica intima and adventitia
what is the tunica intima made of
endothelium
what is the tunica media made of
elastic and muscle tissue
what is adventitia made of
CT
how are the walls of veins and arteries different
the walls of veins are thinner.
what is a vaso vasorum
a small vessel used to supply o2
where do we find a vaso vasorum
aorta and vena cava
list these in order of vessels found in the systemic circulation
-capillaries
-veins
-venules
-aorta
-arteries
-vena cava
-arterioles
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venule
Vein
Vena Cava
what is the main difference between an elastic and muscular artery
more elasticity and more support for bp fluctuation
what is involved in blood flow to tissue?
arterioles
what tunica makes the capillary walls
intima
what are the two vessels that are able to regulate blood flow surrounding tissues
areoles and venules
what happens when the precapillary sphincter closes
constricts blood flow by closing the capillary bed
list capillary types from most to least permeable
sinusoidal
fenestrated
continuous
what types of antibodies does type AB blood produce
none
what types of antibodies does type O blood produce
anti A
anti B
what types of antibodies does type A blood produce
anti B
what types of antibodies does type B blood produce
anti A
what type of antigens does type AB blood produce
type A
type B
what type of antigens does type O blood produce
none
what type of antigens does type A blood produce
type A
what type of antigens does type B blood produce
type B
when is the Rh antigen a problem
when the postive or negatives dont match
what type of tissue is blood
connective tissue
what is blood mostly made of
water
what doe fibrinogens do
helps blood clot
TRUE OR FALSE
red blood cells come from one precurser cell and white blood cells and platelets from another
FALSE
they come from bone marrow
what is an entrocyte and why does it not live long
lacks nucleus
RBC primary function
bring o2 to the lungs and co2 back to lungs to be released from body
what would happen if iron was not available for hemoglobin formation?
Without enough iron, your body can’t produce enough of a substance in red blood cells that enables them to carry oxygen (hemoglobin). As a result, iron deficiency anemia may leave you tired and short of breath.
what is the term for blood cell fomation
hematopoiesis
how are white blood cells able to move out of blood vessel walls
diapedesis
what causes sickle cell
hemoglobin is not S but both beta
what does it mean that WBC are complete cells
nucleus carrying,
result in immune response
describe the components of a chemical synapse
presynaptic terminal
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic membrane
what is the presynaptic terminal
release neurotransmitters
what is the synaptic cleft
gap between the neurons
what is the post synaptic membrane
receptor to receive neurotransmitters
what does axodendritic mean
connect between the axon of 1 neuron and a dendrite of another
what does axosomatic mean
connect between axon of 1 neuron and a cell body of another
what is an electrical synapse
mechanical link between 2 neurons allowing for an electrical conduct
what is tic doulouroux
a chronic disorder leading to facial pain
how does regeneration occur in the PNS
axon degeneration and schwann cells
does regeneration happen in the CNS
no
is the cns or pns trauma susceptible
pns
what does viceral system involve
internal organs
what do somatic neurons involve
skeletal muscle and skin
what are neurons
primary cells
what are neuroglia
support cells
what do satellite cells do
repair and growth
stem cells
regeneration
PNS
what do microglia do
immune response
brain development
injury repair
CNS
what do oligodendrocytes do
produce myelin sheath in CNS
what do schwann cells do
meyline in PNS
periptheral nerve
what do ependymal cells do
barrier
csf control
transport
CNS
what do astrocytes do
homeostasis
BBB
synapse formation
CNS
what does myelin do
increase axon potential
where are interneurons
CNS
what is a general reflex
involuntary response to stimulus
is the stretch reflex monosynaptic or polysynaptic
monosynaptic
what is inbetween sensory and motor neurons in a polysynaptic reflex
interneurons
where is csf produced and how
by choriod plexus and ependymal cells
how is csf returned to blood circulation
via arachnoid granulations
what is the passageway of CSF
lateral ventricle
interventricle
3rd ventricle
what is hydrocephalus
too much CSF in brain
swell in baby due to lack of fissure
what is meningitis and what causes it
inflammation of meningies
bacteria or viral
bacteria more serious
arachnoid and pia mater
what are ways the CNS is studied
EEG
MRI
PET scan
TMS
list from superficial to deep the meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
where is CSF
ventricles and subarachnoid space
what is a subdurmal hematoma
blood pool between skull and brain
arachnoid membrane
what kind of cell junctions form the BBB
tight junctions
what substances can cross the BBB
polar
what forms white matter
myelin and axons
what forms grey matter
cell bodies
dendrites
the gray matter forms
the cerebral cortex
white matter forms
substania alba
what part of the nervous system is the autonomic nervous system involved with
PNS
what is the sympathetic NS
fight or flight
what is the parasympathetic NS
rest and digest
what part of ANS originates in the brain stem and regions of the spine
PNS
what part of ANS has short preganglonic axons and long postganglionic axons
SNS
what part of ANS releases Ach at both autonomic ganglion and effector
PNS
where is the vagus nerve
PNS
what hormone(s) does the adrenal medulla release and where
SNS
epinephrine
norepinephrine
how many pairs of spinal nerves exit the spine
31
what are dermatomes clinical signifiance
identify spinal issues
skin supplied by single nerve root
why is there no thoracic plexus
intercostal nerves dont form one
The method of brain imaging that involves utilization of radioactive glucose is called
PET scan
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by
ependymal cells
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is derived from lymph and circulates in the
ventricles
false
The overproduction of CSF can result in which of the following?
hydrocephelus
The indentations of the brain are called sulci and the ridges are called
gyri.
true
The primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex are divided
by which structure?
central suculs
After experiencing a brain injury, Jerry - normally mild-mannered -
becomes very aggressive and irritable. What region of the brain has most
likely been affected by the injury based on this change?
prefrontal cortex
Which of the following does not constitute gray matter?
a) Dendrites
b) Cell bodies
c) Glial cells
they all have gray matter
In the spinal cord, white matter is on the inside and gray matter on the
outside.
false
Fiber tracts are made of
white matter
Structures like the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus develop
from the
Diencephalon
Commissural fibers allow communication between
left and right hemipheres
The parietal lobe is primarily responsible for
Interpretation of somatic sensory information
Wernicke’s area is responsible for recognition of spoken words and is
found in the temporal lobe.
true
Broca’s area is responsible for motor control of speaking and is found in
the temporal lobe
false
The gustatory cortex is found in the
insula
Which of the following does not pass through the thalamus on the way
to the cortex?
olfactory input
Which of the following are functions of the hypothalamus? (select all that
apply)
a) Control of hunger and thirst
b) Control of blood pressure
c) Regulation of body temperature
d) Regulates secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland
all
The pituitary gland and epithalamus are analogous.
false
Which of the following has components of the brain stem ordered from
superior to inferior?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata
Ascending tracts in the spinal cord carry ______ information:
sensory and afferent
Visceral motor neuronal cell bodies found in the ______ exit the spinal
cord through the ______:
lateral horn
ventral root
motor pathways orignate from
primary motor complex
A polysynaptic reflex involves only two neurons (one sensory and one
motor neuron). (Circle one)
false
Which of the following tissues is not innervated by the ANS?
a) Smooth muscle
b) Skeletal muscle
c) Cardiac muscle
d) Glands
skeletal
