Exam 3 Questions Flashcards
1
Q
what is the portal system
A
veins that flow from 1 capillary bed to another
2
Q
what are the blood vessels that lead from the capillary to the heart
A
veins
3
Q
what does systole mean
A
blood out and heart contracts
4
Q
what does diastole mean
A
blood flow come in and heart relaxes
5
Q
systolic pressure is
A
the highest pressure in your blood vessels when your heart contracts and pumps blood
6
Q
diastolic pressure is
A
the minimum pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxing between beats
7
Q
how do we write blood pressure
A
systolic over diastolic
8
Q
what is an aneurism
A
a popped blood vessel that has swollen
9
Q
what is a DVT
A
a blood clot in your leg
10
Q
what do blood vessels carry
A
blood
11
Q
what do lymph vessels carry
A
lymph
12
Q
what are the three primary layers of vessel walls
A
tunica intima and adventitia
13
Q
what is the tunica intima made of
A
endothelium
14
Q
what is the tunica media made of
A
elastic and muscle tissue
15
Q
what is adventitia made of
A
CT
16
Q
how are the walls of veins and arteries different
A
the walls of veins are thinner.
17
Q
what is a vaso vasorum
A
a small vessel used to supply o2
18
Q
where do we find a vaso vasorum
A
aorta and vena cava
19
Q
list these in order of vessels found in the systemic circulation
-capillaries
-veins
-venules
-aorta
-arteries
-vena cava
-arterioles
A
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venule
Vein
Vena Cava
20
Q
what is the main difference between an elastic and muscular artery
A
more elasticity and more support for bp fluctuation
21
Q
what is involved in blood flow to tissue?
A
arterioles
22
Q
what tunica makes the capillary walls
A
intima
23
Q
what are the two vessels that are able to regulate blood flow surrounding tissues
A
areoles and venules
24
Q
what happens when the precapillary sphincter closes
A
constricts blood flow by closing the capillary bed
25
list capillary types from most to least permeable
sinusoidal
fenestrated
continuous
26
what types of antibodies does type AB blood produce
none
27
what types of antibodies does type O blood produce
anti A
anti B
28
what types of antibodies does type A blood produce
anti B
29
what types of antibodies does type B blood produce
anti A
30
what type of antigens does type AB blood produce
type A
type B
31
what type of antigens does type O blood produce
none
32
what type of antigens does type A blood produce
type A
33
what type of antigens does type B blood produce
type B
34
when is the Rh antigen a problem
when the postive or negatives dont match
35
what type of tissue is blood
connective tissue
36
what is blood mostly made of
water
37
what doe fibrinogens do
helps blood clot
38
TRUE OR FALSE
red blood cells come from one precurser cell and white blood cells and platelets from another
FALSE
they come from bone marrow
39
what is an entrocyte and why does it not live long
lacks nucleus
40
RBC primary function
bring o2 to the lungs and co2 back to lungs to be released from body
41
what would happen if iron was not available for hemoglobin formation?
Without enough iron, your body can't produce enough of a substance in red blood cells that enables them to carry oxygen (hemoglobin). As a result, iron deficiency anemia may leave you tired and short of breath.
42
what is the term for blood cell fomation
hematopoiesis
43
how are white blood cells able to move out of blood vessel walls
diapedesis
44
what causes sickle cell
hemoglobin is not S but both beta
45
what does it mean that WBC are complete cells
nucleus carrying,
result in immune response
46
describe the components of a chemical synapse
presynaptic terminal
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic membrane
47
what is the presynaptic terminal
release neurotransmitters
48
what is the synaptic cleft
gap between the neurons
49
what is the post synaptic membrane
receptor to receive neurotransmitters
50
what does axodendritic mean
connect between the axon of 1 neuron and a dendrite of another
51
what does axosomatic mean
connect between axon of 1 neuron and a cell body of another
52
what is an electrical synapse
mechanical link between 2 neurons allowing for an electrical conduct
53
what is tic doulouroux
a chronic disorder leading to facial pain
54
how does regeneration occur in the PNS
axon degeneration and schwann cells
55
does regeneration happen in the CNS
no
56
is the cns or pns trauma susceptible
pns
57
what does viceral system involve
internal organs
58
what do somatic neurons involve
skeletal muscle and skin
59
what are neurons
primary cells
60
what are neuroglia
support cells
61
what do satellite cells do
repair and growth
stem cells
regeneration
PNS
62
what do microglia do
immune response
brain development
injury repair
CNS
63
what do oligodendrocytes do
produce myelin sheath in CNS
64
what do schwann cells do
meyline in PNS
periptheral nerve
65
what do ependymal cells do
barrier
csf control
transport
CNS
66
what do astrocytes do
homeostasis
BBB
synapse formation
CNS
67
what does myelin do
increase axon potential
68
where are interneurons
CNS
69
what is a general reflex
involuntary response to stimulus
70
is the stretch reflex monosynaptic or polysynaptic
monosynaptic
71
what is inbetween sensory and motor neurons in a polysynaptic reflex
interneurons
72
where is csf produced and how
by choriod plexus and ependymal cells
73
how is csf returned to blood circulation
via arachnoid granulations
74
what is the passageway of CSF
lateral ventricle
interventricle
3rd ventricle
75
what is hydrocephalus
too much CSF in brain
swell in baby due to lack of fissure
76
what is meningitis and what causes it
inflammation of meningies
bacteria or viral
bacteria more serious
arachnoid and pia mater
77
what are ways the CNS is studied
EEG
MRI
PET scan
TMS
78
list from superficial to deep the meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
79
where is CSF
ventricles and subarachnoid space
80
what is a subdurmal hematoma
blood pool between skull and brain
arachnoid membrane
81
what kind of cell junctions form the BBB
tight junctions
82
what substances can cross the BBB
polar
83
what forms white matter
myelin and axons
84
what forms grey matter
cell bodies
dendrites
85
the gray matter forms
the cerebral cortex
86
white matter forms
substania alba
87
what part of the nervous system is the autonomic nervous system involved with
PNS
88
what is the sympathetic NS
fight or flight
89
what is the parasympathetic NS
rest and digest
90
what part of ANS originates in the brain stem and regions of the spine
PNS
91
what part of ANS has short preganglonic axons and long postganglionic axons
SNS
92
what part of ANS releases Ach at both autonomic ganglion and effector
PNS
93
where is the vagus nerve
PNS
94
what hormone(s) does the adrenal medulla release and where
SNS
epinephrine
norepinephrine
95
how many pairs of spinal nerves exit the spine
31
96
what are dermatomes clinical signifiance
identify spinal issues
skin supplied by single nerve root
97
why is there no thoracic plexus
intercostal nerves dont form one
98
The method of brain imaging that involves utilization of radioactive glucose is called
PET scan
99
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by
ependymal cells
100
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is derived from lymph and circulates in the
ventricles
false
101
The overproduction of CSF can result in which of the following?
hydrocephelus
102
The indentations of the brain are called sulci and the ridges are called
gyri.
true
103
The primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex are divided
by which structure?
central suculs
104
After experiencing a brain injury, Jerry - normally mild-mannered -
becomes very aggressive and irritable. What region of the brain has most
likely been affected by the injury based on this change?
prefrontal cortex
105
Which of the following does not constitute gray matter?
a) Dendrites
b) Cell bodies
c) Glial cells
they all have gray matter
106
In the spinal cord, white matter is on the inside and gray matter on the
outside.
false
107
Fiber tracts are made of
white matter
108
Structures like the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus develop
from the
Diencephalon
109
Commissural fibers allow communication between
left and right hemipheres
110
The parietal lobe is primarily responsible for
Interpretation of somatic sensory information
111
Wernicke's area is responsible for recognition of spoken words and is
found in the temporal lobe.
true
112
Broca's area is responsible for motor control of speaking and is found in
the temporal lobe
false
113
The gustatory cortex is found in the
insula
114
Which of the following does not pass through the thalamus on the way
to the cortex?
olfactory input
115
Which of the following are functions of the hypothalamus? (select all that
apply)
a) Control of hunger and thirst
b) Control of blood pressure
c) Regulation of body temperature
d) Regulates secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland
all
116
The pituitary gland and epithalamus are analogous.
false
117
Which of the following has components of the brain stem ordered from
superior to inferior?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata
118
Ascending tracts in the spinal cord carry ______ information:
sensory and afferent
119
Visceral motor neuronal cell bodies found in the ______ exit the spinal
cord through the ______:
lateral horn
ventral root
120
motor pathways orignate from
primary motor complex
121
A polysynaptic reflex involves only two neurons (one sensory and one
motor neuron). (Circle one)
false
122
Which of the following tissues is not innervated by the ANS?
a) Smooth muscle
b) Skeletal muscle
c) Cardiac muscle
d) Glands
skeletal
