Exam 2 Content Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary function of the digestive system

A

to break down food into smaller units of absorbable nutrients

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2
Q

what is the alimentary canal

A

structure that forms long tube used to break down food

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3
Q

how long does it take to go from ingestion to defecation?

A

24 hours

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4
Q

what organs participate in digestive process without food passing through

A

liver
pancreas
gallbladder
salivary glands

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5
Q

what are the purpose of the accessory digestive organs

A

to digest without pass through of food

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6
Q

what is ingestion

A

put food into mouth

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7
Q

what is propulsion

A

movement of food through canal

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8
Q

is swallowing voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary

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9
Q

is peristalsis involuntary or voluntary

A

involuntary

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10
Q

what is mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown of food
(ie. chewing churning segmentation)

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11
Q

define peristalsis

A

an organized contraction of relaxation and smooth muscle layers that propels food through the alimentary canal in one direction

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12
Q

define segmentation

A

contractions of smooth muscle move chyme back and forth within a canal to allow mixing and further breakdown

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13
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

enzymes and chemicals break down food

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14
Q

what is absorption

A

particles are transported from canal into blood or lymph capillaries

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15
Q

Defection

A

Indigestible products are eliminated as feces

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16
Q

what is the inner canal of the alimentary canal called?

A

the lumen

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17
Q

are there consistent layers of tissues that form the alimentary canal?

A

yes

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18
Q

order the layers from lumen to outer layer

A

Lumen, Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

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19
Q

what is the submucosa

A

support layer

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20
Q

what is the mucosa

A

lines the lumen

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21
Q

what is the muscularis externa

A

muscle layer

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22
Q

Serosa

A

the outer surface

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23
Q

what is found in the lumen

A

the food that has been consumed

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24
Q

in which of the 4 main layers of the alimentary canal would you expect to find an epithelium?

A

Mucosa and serosa only

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25
Q

How many sublayers does the mucosa have?

A

3

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26
Q

What are the 3 sublayers of the Mucosa?

A

Epithelium, Lamina Propria, Muscularis Mucosa

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27
Q

What does the sublayer of epithelium do?

A

Mucus production, absorbtion and protection , contains digestive glands

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28
Q

What does the Lamina Propria do?

A

Capillary rich, loose areolar with MALT

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29
Q

What is MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
(provides defense)

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30
Q

Muscularis mucosa

A

thin layer of smooth muscle
localized movements

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31
Q

What is the submucosa

A

similar to loose areolar ct as in provide support
highly vascularized
glands connecting to lumen may project to submucosa

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32
Q

Submucosal nerve plexus

A

control of muscle cells, glandular secretions

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33
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

2 layers of smooth muscle
circular and longitudinal

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34
Q

What is circular muscle

A

inner layer typically squeeze tubes

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35
Q

What is longgitudinal muscle

A

outer layer, typically shortens tube
peristalsis and segmentation

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36
Q

Myenteric nerve plexus

A

Inntervates muscularis externa is in between longitudinal and circular

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37
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

controls smooth muscle and glands of alimentary canal

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38
Q

What is considered the Enteric Nervous System

A

the brain in the gut
has many neurons as entire spinal cord

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39
Q

Serosa location?

A

Found around organs within abdominal cavity

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40
Q

What is the serosa membrane made of?

A

Simple squamous and thin loose areolar

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41
Q

Another name for the serosa is

A

viceral peritoneum

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42
Q

Alimentary canal linings always have serosae as outer layer?

A

no

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43
Q

What is the esophagus lined with?

A

adventitia ( a fibrous CT)

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44
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A

located entirely within the wall of the alimentary canal with nerve plexuses that allow for localized response within visceral organs

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45
Q

Myenteric nerve plexus

A

controls peristalsis and segmentation within muscularis exerna

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46
Q

submucosal nerve plexus

A

controls sectretions of glands and muscularis mucosa contractions within submucosa.

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47
Q

What is included in the oral cavity?

A

Mouth, ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion

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48
Q

what is chemical digestion made of?

A

mixed with saliva that contains amylase, starts chemical breakdown of carbs

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49
Q

what kind of epithelium would be found lining the oral cavity

A

stratified squamous

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50
Q

why would you find stratified squamous in the oral cavity?

A

The oral cavity is a continuation of skin, food is abrasive, and food and drink temperatures vary.

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51
Q

what is the anatomy of the mouth?

A

Thin submucosa layer anchored directly to underlying bone with no muscularis externa or serosa

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52
Q

What are the lips made of?

A

margin between skin and oral cavity,
poorly keratinized, no eccrine or sebaceous glands

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53
Q

which lip is more likely to get non-melanoma skin cancer?

A

lower lip

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54
Q

what is the tounge?

A

accessory digestive organ, superior surface is what you see, moves food and helps to mix to form bolus

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55
Q

is the tounge keritanized?

A

yes

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56
Q

what is the filiform papille?

A

rough surface containing keratin

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57
Q

Fungiform and circumvallate papillae have what?

A

taste buds

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58
Q

Lingual Frenulum

A

fold of the mucosa layer
connects tounge the floor of the mouth

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59
Q

“Tounge Tie” or ankyloglossia

A

If lingual frenulum extends too far forward, makes tip of tounge hard to speak

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60
Q

which layer of the alimentary canal lines the lumen of a digestive organ

A

mucosa

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61
Q

what are the Salivary glands

A

accessory digestive organ that is an exocrine gland
produces saliva

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62
Q

saliva purpose

A

moistens mouth, dissolves food allowing taste, contains digestive enzymes

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63
Q

what digestive enzymes are in saliva

A

amylase (breakdowns carbs) and lipase(begins digestion of fats)

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64
Q

What cell types are in saliva

A

serous cells secrete digestive enzymes and mucous cells secret mucous

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65
Q

What is the Parotid gland and duct

A

largest salivary gland
contains serous cells that produce watery enzyme secretion near 2nd upper molar

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66
Q

submandibular gland and duct

A

approx. equal amounts of serous and mucous cells, ducts open lateral to lingual frenulum

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67
Q

sublingual glands and ducts

A

mostly mucous cells and several ducts empty below tounge

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68
Q

what process of digestion does not typicall take place in the oral cavity

A

absorption of nutrients

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69
Q

What are teeth / purpose

A

accessory to digestive organs
involved in chewing

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70
Q

what is heterodont dentition

A

different shapes of teeth for different jobs

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71
Q

Deciduous Teeth

A

“baby teeth”
20 erupt typically between ages 6 months and 6 years

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72
Q

Permanent teeth

A

32 total teeth

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73
Q

types of permenant teeth

A

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

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74
Q

what do incisors do

A

4 pairs
good for cutting and shearing food

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75
Q

what do canines do

A

2 pairs
surface good for holding and tearing

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76
Q

premolars

A

4 pairs
rounded broad surface good for grinding

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77
Q

what do molar do

A

6 pairs

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78
Q

what are the regions of the tooth?

A

crown(part above gumline)
neck(narrow contained within gum tissue)
root(contained within bone)

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79
Q

tooth anatomy is what?

A

pulp and detin

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80
Q

what is pulp in the tooth?

A

loose areolar ct
blood vessels and nerves
provide nutrients and sensation to tooth
odontoblast create dentin

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81
Q

what is dentin in the tooth?

A

collagen and mineral that form the bulk of the tooth deep to enamel
has radial striations that can contibute to tooth sensitivity.

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81
Q
A
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82
Q

what is enamal

A

hardes subsance in the body
99% calcium salts

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83
Q

cement

A

calcified ct that covers root

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84
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

dense t that attaches cement of tooth to bony socket

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85
Q

what type of joint are periodontal ligaments

A

gomphosis

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86
Q

cavities are what (caries)

A

demineralization of enamel and dentin beginning with dental plaque

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87
Q

what is dental plaque

A

biofilm made of sugars and produce acids

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88
Q

what is a root canal

A

pulp is drilled out and tooth is now dead
cavity is sterilized and fill
tooth capped to strengthen it

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89
Q

what are joints classified on

A

mobility

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90
Q

what are the three kinds of joint mobility

A

synarthrosis amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis

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91
Q

What are firbous joints

A

no joint cavity
dense regular ct connecting bones

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92
Q

what are catilangious joints

A

no joint cavity
cartilage connects bones

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92
Q

what are synovial joints

A

there is a joint cavity
ligaments and articular capsule connect bone
end of bone covered in cartilage

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93
Q

what is a firbous structure made of

A

synathrotic and connected with short dense regular ct

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93
Q

What do fibrous joints sutures do

A

allow for skull growth

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93
Q

what do firbous joints syndesmoses do?

A

with a ligament
amphiarthrotic
desnse regular ct longer than sutures
between long bones

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93
Q

where are firbous joints syndesmoses found?

A

between long bones

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94
Q

what are firbous joints syndesmoses examples?

A

ligament between distal tibia and distal fibula
interosseous membrane between radius and ulna

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94
Q

what are fibrous joints gomphoses

A

peg in socket joint, synarthrotic
periodontal ligaments attatch to tooth this way

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94
Q

whatt is Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses

A

bones united by hyaline cartilage,
synarthrotic

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94
Q

what is a Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses example

A

epiphyseal plates
joints between first rib and sternum

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95
Q

what is a cartilagious joint symphyses

A

amphiarthrotic bones united by firbocartilage pad

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96
Q

what is an example of cartilagious joint symphyses

A

intervertebral discs
pubic symphysis

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97
Q

what are Synovial joints

A

diarthrotic= freely moveable
have ligaments
joint cavities
and articular capsule

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98
Q

what is a ligament

A

dense regular ct that can be within external to joint capsule

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99
Q

what is a joint cavity

A

potential space with a small amount of synovial fluid

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100
Q

what is the articular capsule

A

outer fibrous layer
and inner synovial membrane (lubricant within capsule)
dense irregular ct (periostuem)

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101
Q

what is synovial fluid

A

vicous
slippery movement of joint
found in articular cartilage and cavity
nourishes the avascular articular cartilage

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102
Q

are there nerves in synovial joints

A

yes rich supply

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103
Q

is there blood supply in the synovial joints

A

yes, supply synovial membrane

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104
Q

do synovial joints have an artcular disc

A

yes, some do

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105
Q

what is an articular disc

A

helps improve fit
made of fibrocartilage

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106
Q

what is a labrum

A

increases stability in joint

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107
Q

what is the synovial joint bursae

A

closed fibous sac lined with synovial membrane filled with fluid that reduces friction with ligaments and bone overlap

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108
Q

what is a tendon sheath

A

elongated bursa that wraps around tendonds in high friction areas

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109
Q

are all synovial joints diarthrotic

A

yes

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110
Q

types of synovial joints

A

nonaxial - not around axisis for movement
uniaxial - moves around 1 axsis
biaxial - moves around 2
multiaxial - moves around 3 or more

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111
Q

nonaxial def.

A

can move in many directions on one plane

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112
Q

uniaxial

A

moves only around 1 axsis

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113
Q

biaxial

A

moves around 2 axes

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114
Q

multi axial

A

moves around 3 or more axsis

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115
Q

plane joint

A

synovial
nonaxial
gliding movement

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116
Q

hinge joints

A

synovial
uniaxial
flexion and extention

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117
Q

pivot joints

A

uniaxial
rotational movement

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118
Q

condylar joint

A

synovial
biaxial
flexion and extension
abduction/adduction
in knuckles
head motion

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119
Q

saddle joint

A

synovial
biaxial
flexion and extension
abduction/adduction
in thumbs

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120
Q

ball in socket joint

A

synovial
multiaxial
flexion and extension
abduction/adduction
rotation
shoulder

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121
Q

is the fibula part of the kee

A

no

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122
Q

the knee is made of what

A

2 joints share one capsule and cavity
femoropatellar
tibiofemoral

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123
Q

what is the fermoropatellar

A

between patella and femur
made of plane joint

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124
Q

what is the tibiofemoral joint

A

between tiba and femur
must withstand body weight

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125
Q

tibiofemoral joint movement

A

in two axes
weight bearing joint in stability and mobility (ligaments and tendons and menisci)
meet at angle

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126
Q

tibiofemoral joint mobility

A

structure around all flexibilty for changes on surface and adapt to walking vs running

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127
Q

tibiofemoral joint has 2 layers. what are they?

A

firbrous outer layer and innter synovial membrane

128
Q

what do ligaments do

A

provide support and strength

129
Q

what is the pharynx

A

connects the oral cavity to esophagus and nasal cavity

130
Q

how many parts of the pharynx are related to digestion

A

2

131
Q

Oropharynx

A

behind oral cavity
made of stratified squamous

132
Q

laryngopharynx

A

inferior to oropharynx
made of stratified squamous

133
Q

what has a skeletal muscle for swallowing

A

muscularis externa

134
Q

Order from top to bottom on model :
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
esophagus

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
esophagus

135
Q

what is the esophagus

A

connects pharynx to stomach
made of stratified squamous

136
Q

what do the mucus glands in submucosa do

A

secrete mucous to allow food to pass through

137
Q

What is the upper third of esophagus made of

A

skeletal muscle

138
Q

What is the middle third of esophagus made of

A

mix of skeletal and smooth muscle

139
Q

What is the lower third of esophagus made of

A

smooth muscle

140
Q

What is a hiatal hernia

A

the superior part of the stomach pushed through esophageal hiatus following weakening of diaphram muscles

141
Q

what is Barretts esophagus

A

due to persistant exposure of acidic stomach contents
can result in ulcers

142
Q

what is the outer layer of the esophagus called

A

adventitia

143
Q

how long does food spend in the stomach

A

about 4 hours being churned into chyme

144
Q

does any absorption take place here in the stomach

A

yes, a small amount
limited to water alchohol and drugs like asprin

145
Q

what is the lining of the stomach made of

A

simple columnar epithelium
made of cells that produce mucous
gastric pits that open to glands

146
Q

What is rugae(wrinkles)

A

folds of the mucosa that increase surface area allowing expansion of stomach

147
Q

What are the reigions of the stomach

A

cardia
fundus
body
pyloric antrum
pylorus with pyloric sphincter

148
Q

What is a sphincter

A

thicken region of muscularis externa

149
Q

Muscularis externa has extra layer

A

longitudinal
circular
oblique(innermost)

150
Q

What layers does the muscosa include?

A

Surface epithelium
lamnia propria
muscularis mucosae
gastric pit
gastric gland

151
Q

what layers does the submucosa include

A

contains submucosal plexus

152
Q

what does the musularis externa include

A

oblique layer
circular layer
longitudinal layer

153
Q

What layer follows the musularis externa

A

serosa and stomach wall

154
Q

what do the mucous neck cells do

A

secrete mucus function unknown

155
Q

what do gastric pits do

A

epithelium cups down meet gland

156
Q

what do gastric glands do

A

connets lumen through pit contain specilized cells

157
Q

what cells are included in gastric glands

A

parietal:
produce and secrete two products HCI and GIF

Chief:
produce and secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
fat digestion

158
Q

What does pepsin do

A

breaks down protiens in food using pepsinogen and HCI

159
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do

A

release hormones

160
Q

what do undifferentiated stem cells do

A

found at junction between gastric pit and gland
replaced every 3-7days

161
Q

what is gastrin

A

hormose released by enteroendocrine cells used to stimulate parietal cells

162
Q

what is the small intestine

A

longest segment of canal at 16 ft

163
Q

what is the small intestine made of

A

simple columnar cells
site of most absorption and chemical digestion
chyme moves through via peristalsis

163
Q

what is the jejunum

A

middle part of small intestine
most absorption occurs here

164
Q

what is the duodenum

A

the shortest segment of small instestine
recieve a number of substances
( enzymes chyme and bile)

165
Q

what is he illeum

A

longest part of small intestine
absorption occurs here as well

166
Q

What are the small intestine wall layers

A

all typical layers of alimentary canal occur in small intestine

167
Q

Does the small intestine have a small or large surface area?

A

large, to increase absorption

168
Q

what do circular folds do

A

increase surface area and force chyme to spiral

169
Q

what do villi do

A

made of absorptive cells and have blood capillaries
have lacteals that absorb fat

170
Q

what do microvilli do

A

called brush border

171
Q

is the lamina propria vascular or non vascular

A

highly vascular

172
Q

what are the specialized cells of the small intestine

A

Absorptive enterocytes and goblet cells

173
Q

What do Absorptive enterocytes do

A

lots of mitochondria
absorption of nutrients
abundant ER
assemble lipids into chylomicrons

174
Q

what do goblet cells do

A

secrete mucus

175
Q

order process of producing pepsin

A

food enters stomach
release of gastrin into blood
gastrin stimulates release of pepsinogen from chief cells
gastrin stimulates release of HCL
pepsinogen and HCl from pepsin
pepsin digests protien

176
Q

what are intestinal crypts

A

epithelial cells that produce inestinal juice
undifferentiated epithelilal cells (stem cells)

177
Q

what is chylomicron

A

help transport hydrophobic molecules in a hydrophillic enviroment

178
Q

what are paneth cells

A

at base of crypt
secrete enzymes that kill unwanted bacteria

179
Q

what are duodenal glands

A

ducts that open into intestinal crypts
found ONLY IN SUBMUCOSA OF DUODENUM
help neutralize chyme

180
Q

what is MALT and where is it located

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
in mucosal layer of small intestine

181
Q

what is Aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches)

A

located in submucosa of ileum

182
Q

what does the duodenum do

A

stomach contributes chyme
gallbladder adds bile
pancreases produces enzymes and juice
hepatopancreatic sphincter is final control valve

183
Q

what does chyme do when entering stomach when fats are present

A

release of CCK
breakdown fat for absoprtion

184
Q

what does chyme do when entering stomach when acids are present

A

release of secretin
neutralize acids

185
Q

what is the hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

the final control valve in duodenum

186
Q

What is the epiploic appendages

A

membrane covered fat filled pouches on outside

187
Q

What is teniae coli

A

longitudinal strips of smooth msucle cause sacs

188
Q

what is haustra

A

saclike structures

189
Q

what are lleocecal valve

A

connects the ileum to cecum

190
Q

what is the cecum

A

vermiform appendix off of cecum, stores benifical bacteria

191
Q

what are the four parts of the colon

A

ascending
transverse
decending
sigmoid

192
Q

what type of epithelium would you expect to find in large intestine

A

simple columnar

193
Q

are there circular folds in the large intestine

A

no

194
Q

are there villi in the large intestine

A

no

195
Q

what cells are in the large intestine

A

colonocytes that absorb water and electrolytes

196
Q

are there goblet cells in the large intestine

A

yes, alot

197
Q

intestinal crypts replace when

A

every 7 days

198
Q

what is the rectum

A

connects the sigmoid colon to anal canal

199
Q

rectal valves

A

folds that prevent feces being passed with gas

200
Q

what is the anal canal epithelium

A

transitions into stratified squamous

201
Q

what is the external anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle
voluntary control

202
Q

what is the internal anal sphincter

A

smooth muscle
involuntary control

203
Q

is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary

A

voluntary

204
Q

is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary control

A

involuntary

205
Q

what are hemorrhoids

A

varicose veins that swell caused by excessive straining

206
Q

Where do you think the majority of absorbed nutrients from the
alimentary canal end up?

A

Within veins so it can travel to the liver for processing

207
Q

what are the excessive organs of digestion in the abdominal cavity

A

liver
gallbladder
pancreas

208
Q

what does the liver do

A

produce bile
process blood coming from stomach and intestines

209
Q

where is the bile stored before it is released

A

stored in gallbladder
released into duodenum

210
Q

how many lobes are in the liver

A

4

211
Q

what are the lobes of the liver

A

right
left
quadrate
caudate

212
Q

what is the hepatic portal vein

A

gather blood from digestive organs and transport to liver

213
Q

what is the hepatic artery proper

A

provide oxygen rich blood to liver

214
Q

what is the hepatic portal vein

A

transport nutrient rich blood from stomach and intestine to liver

215
Q

what is the inferior vena cava

A

removes blood from liver after being processed

216
Q

wha do portal triads include

A

bile duct
portal venule
portal arteriole

216
Q

order these in process of digestion:
gallbladder
common hepatic duct
blood entering
bile duct

A

blood entering
common hepatic duct
bile duct
gallbladder

216
Q

what are liver cells shaped like

A

hexagons called lobules

217
Q

what is the hepatic portal vein high and low in

A

low on oxygen
high in nutrients

218
Q

is the hepatic portal artery the same as vein

A

no, opposite

219
Q

what are liver sinusoids

A

large capillaries between plates of hepatocytes

220
Q

what are central veins job

A

to drain blood out

221
Q

what are stellate macrophages

A

hepatic macrphages
move through sinusoids
destroy microorganisms

222
Q

where does bile go from the hepatocytes

A

to the bile canaliculus
then to bile ducts

223
Q

Within which structures of the liver is the arteriole blood and venous
blood mixing?

A

Sinusoid

224
Q

how many capillary beds does blood enter before going back to the heart from the portal system

A

2

225
Q

what are gallstones

A

formed of cholesterol that precipitates out of bile while stored in gallbladder

226
Q

What is controlling the release of bile into the duodenum?

A

Cholecystokinin released by the enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum
signal the sphincter to open

227
Q

how does bile get released

A

a sphincter controls release of bile in the duodenum

228
Q

function of pancreas

A

juices transported in main duct and released by sphincter

229
Q

what cells are in pancreas

A

acinar cells produce and secrete pancreatic enzyme

230
Q

what hormone controls pancreatic release

A

secretin

231
Q

two cells in pancreas are called

A

beta and alpha

232
Q

alpha cells make

A

glucagon

233
Q

beta cells make what

A

insulin

234
Q

Peritoneum can be

A

viceral
parietal

235
Q

what is the mesentery

A

double sided membrane that suspends organs within cavity
contains blood vessels nerves and fat

236
Q

Which cell found in the epithelium of the alimentary canal produces
GIF (gastric intrinsic factor) to help with the absorption of Vitamin
B12 for red blood cell formation?

A

Parietal cells of the stomach

237
Q

what are another product of parietal cells

A

hydrochloric acid

238
Q

what are ulceres

A

erosions of mucosa
in duodenum or pyloric region of stomach
due to bacterium

239
Q

Inflammatory bowl disease has how many types and what are they

A

2
Crohns disease
ulcertive colitis

240
Q

irritable bowel sydrome is

A

large intestine cause unknown

241
Q

celiac disease is

A

auto immune disorder
gluten triggers immune response damage villi of small intestine

242
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A

bring in oxygen
remove CO2
sound production
smell
protection

243
Q

Steps of respiration are

A

Ventilation
Gas Exchange
Oxygen

244
Q

Where can gas exchange occur?

A

Between the air in the lungs and red blood cells and Between the red blood cells and cells of tissues throughout the body

245
Q

What is external respiration

A

gas exchange between air and red blood cells in the lungs

246
Q

what is internal respiration

A

Gas exchange between red blood cells and body tissues outside the lungs

247
Q

What are the major organs of the respiratory system categorized by

A

conducting zone and respiratory zone

248
Q

conducting zone does what

A

transport air
filter out dust
humidity and warm incoming air

249
Q

respiratory zone does what

A

site of gas exchange in the lungs

250
Q

what structures are in the conducting zone (9)

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Main bronchi
  • Lobar bronchi
  • Segmental bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
251
Q

what parts are involved in the respiratory zone(4)

A

Respiratory bronchioles
* Alveolar ducts
* Alveoli
* Cluster of alveoli = alveolar sac

252
Q

The visceral and parietal pleura are considered:

A

Serous membranes

253
Q

what is the pleurae?

A

serous membranes with fluid in between to allow lungs to inflate when breathing

254
Q

pleural effusion is what

A

accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

255
Q

Pnemothorax is what

A

when the negative pressure is broken between lungs and a lungs collapses

256
Q

what are the functions of the nose

A

filter and warm air
smell
speech

257
Q

what structures support external nose

A

nasal bones
hyaline cartilage
dense CT

258
Q

what is the olfactory mucosa

A

near roof
houses receptors for smell

259
Q

what is respiratory mucosa

A

lines most of the passage way from nasal cavity to lungs

260
Q

what is the respiratory mucosa made of

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium

261
Q

does the respiratory mucosa have lamnia propria

A

yes

262
Q

how much mucous to goblet cells produce everyday

A

1 quart

263
Q

what is the mucociliary escalator

A

cilia with moving sheets of mucous
can be slowed down by cooler air

264
Q

External nares and vestibule are

A

the opening to nasal cavity
lined with hairs

265
Q

what is the nasal conchae

A

bony ridges that create air turbulence

266
Q

olfactory receptor cells do what

A

pass through cribriform plate in to olfactory mucosa

267
Q

where does the nasal cavity end

A

at the posterior nasal aperture

268
Q

Paranasal sinuses are what

A

air filled cavity in bone

269
Q

what doe the paranasal sinuses do

A

lighten skull
single opening to nasal cavity
warm and moisten air

270
Q

what are the bones named for

A

named for bones found in frontal, ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary

271
Q

what is the nasal meatus

A

opening for sinus into nasal cavity
superior middle inferior

272
Q

what is the nasal meatus

A

a sinus infection
inflammation of epithelium caused by bacteria or virus

273
Q

Deviated septum

A

cartilage becomes misaligned

274
Q

nasal septum

A

bone and cartilage that separates cavity in half

275
Q

Which division(s) of the pharynx must handle the passage of food,
liquid, and air?

A

Both oropharynx and laryngopharynx

276
Q

what type of epithelium is in the pharynx

A

stratified squamous
and
pseudo-stratified columnar

277
Q

what does the nasopharynx include

A

pharyngeal tonsils
phayngotumpanic tube

278
Q

what closes off he nasopharynx

A

uvula

279
Q

what is included in the oropharynx

A

palatine and lingual tonsils
tonsilits occurs here

280
Q

what is tonsillitis

A

inflammation of palatine tonsils

281
Q

laryngopharynx does what

A

Connects pharynx with
openings to larynx (air) and
esophagus (food)

282
Q

what structures are in the larynx

A

epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage

283
Q

what does the epiglottis do

A

covers larynx when swallowing
made of elastic cartilage

284
Q

what does the thyroid cartilage do

A

hyaline attatchment site for vocal folds

285
Q

what does cricoid cartilage do

A

hylaine

286
Q

arytenoid cartilage

A

hyaline anchors vocal folds posteriorly

287
Q

what are vocal folds

A

true vocal cords
vibrate when air passes
long in males
short in females

288
Q

vestibular folds

A

false vocal cords
support vocal folds

289
Q

what do vocal folds include

A
  • Rima glottidis = space between open vocal folds
  • Glottis = vocal folds + rima glottidis
290
Q

Which anatomical structure or feature of the respiratory system plays a
large role in the loudness of your voice?

A

The volume of the lungs

291
Q

what is laryngitis

A

inflammation of vocal cords that prevents proper vibration

292
Q

what is the trachea

A

flexible but strong connnection to lungs

293
Q

what is the trachea made out of

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium
* With goblet cells

294
Q

what are the rings of the trachea made of

A

hyaline cartalige and joined by fibro elastic ct

295
Q

how many rings are in the trachea

A

16-20

296
Q

what does smoking do to cilia

A

paralyze or destroyed by toxins

297
Q

what is the cross section of the trachea made of

A
  • Mucous membrane
  • Submucosa with
    seromucous glands
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Adventitia covering
  • Trachealis muscle
  • Smooth muscle that
    completes posterior of
    trachea
298
Q

what is the carina

A

last ring in trachea
intiate cough reflex

299
Q

what is the bronchial tree made of

A

Main (primary) bronchi (1 per lung)
* Lobar (secondary) bronchi (1 per
lobe)
* Segmental (tertiary) bronchi (1 per
bronchopulmonary segment)
* Bronchioles = branches of tertiary,
lack cartilage, <1mm diameter

300
Q

what is the main bronchi

A

cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates
right is wider

301
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have

A

3

302
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have

A

2

303
Q

what is the segmental bronchi

A

segments that function indenpendtly of one another

304
Q

are there smooth muscles in the bronchus

A

yes

305
Q

how many phases does asthma have

A

2
early and late

306
Q

what is the early phase

A

Early phase
* Allergens, cold air, etc. cause mast cells to release
inflammatory chemicals (histamine)
* Cause contraction of bronchial smooth muscle =
bronchoconstriction
* Increase in mucus secretion in airways

307
Q

what is the late phase

A
  • Late phase (after several hours)
  • Different white blood cells accumulate in bronchi
    and bronchioles and release inflammatory
    chemicals → damage mucosa, causing increased
    release of mucus
  • Further increase bronchoconstriction
308
Q

What are the treatments for bronchitis

A

Bronchodilators (counter bronchoconstriction)
* Anti-inflammatories (counter inflammation)

309
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

location of exernal gas exchange

310
Q

what is the aveolar sac

A

cluster of alveoli on duct
increase volume adn surface area

311
Q

Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane in the lungs.
Which structures would you expect to see making up this membrane?

A

Epithelium of capillary wall
Epithelium of alveolar wall
Basement membrane

312
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

across the respitory membrane

313
Q

what cell types are in the alveoli and respiratory membrane

A

Type I cells (simple
squamous; extremely thin)
* Type II cells (cuboidal)
* Secrete surfactant which
decreases surface tension;
allows alveoli to re-inflate
more easily
* Macrophages
* Phagocytize inhaled particles
* Move to bronchi where cilia
sweep them up and out
* Alveolar pores
* Equalize pressure between
alveol

314
Q

what is a lobule

A

made of 1 larger bronchiole
and all its branches
* Hexagonal shape
* Size of pencil eraser to a penny

315
Q

what is the stroma

A

elastic ct that surrounds lobules

316
Q

As the thoracic cavity expands, why does air rush into the lungs?

A

The air pressure within the lungs decreases as the cavity increases
in size

317
Q

what is inspiration

A

diaphram moves inferiorly with contraction
thoratic volume decreases

318
Q

what is expiration

A

diaphram moves superiorly
thoratic volume decreases

319
Q

what is respiratory distress

A

type 2 cells are not functional
collapsed alveoli
treated with O2

320
Q

what is the primary cause of lung cancer

A

smoking!

321
Q

how does smoking cause damage

A

cause damage to cilia
increase mucous production
depress microphages

322
Q

how to treat lung cancer

A

remove diseased tissue

323
Q

COPD

A

air flow in an out of lungs is obstructed

324
Q

how many types of COPD are there

A

2
chronic and emphysema
occur together often

325
Q

what is emphysema

A

COPD related to smoking inflammation