Exam 2 Content Flashcards
what is the primary function of the digestive system
to break down food into smaller units of absorbable nutrients
what is the alimentary canal
structure that forms long tube used to break down food
how long does it take to go from ingestion to defecation?
24 hours
what organs participate in digestive process without food passing through
liver
pancreas
gallbladder
salivary glands
what are the purpose of the accessory digestive organs
to digest without pass through of food
what is ingestion
put food into mouth
what is propulsion
movement of food through canal
is swallowing voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
is peristalsis involuntary or voluntary
involuntary
what is mechanical digestion
physical breakdown of food
(ie. chewing churning segmentation)
define peristalsis
an organized contraction of relaxation and smooth muscle layers that propels food through the alimentary canal in one direction
define segmentation
contractions of smooth muscle move chyme back and forth within a canal to allow mixing and further breakdown
what is chemical digestion
enzymes and chemicals break down food
what is absorption
particles are transported from canal into blood or lymph capillaries
Defection
Indigestible products are eliminated as feces
what is the inner canal of the alimentary canal called?
the lumen
are there consistent layers of tissues that form the alimentary canal?
yes
order the layers from lumen to outer layer
Lumen, Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa
what is the submucosa
support layer
what is the mucosa
lines the lumen
what is the muscularis externa
muscle layer
Serosa
the outer surface
what is found in the lumen
the food that has been consumed
in which of the 4 main layers of the alimentary canal would you expect to find an epithelium?
Mucosa and serosa only
How many sublayers does the mucosa have?
3
What are the 3 sublayers of the Mucosa?
Epithelium, Lamina Propria, Muscularis Mucosa
What does the sublayer of epithelium do?
Mucus production, absorbtion and protection , contains digestive glands
What does the Lamina Propria do?
Capillary rich, loose areolar with MALT
What is MALT
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
(provides defense)
Muscularis mucosa
thin layer of smooth muscle
localized movements
What is the submucosa
similar to loose areolar ct as in provide support
highly vascularized
glands connecting to lumen may project to submucosa
Submucosal nerve plexus
control of muscle cells, glandular secretions
Muscularis Externa
2 layers of smooth muscle
circular and longitudinal
What is circular muscle
inner layer typically squeeze tubes
What is longgitudinal muscle
outer layer, typically shortens tube
peristalsis and segmentation
Myenteric nerve plexus
Inntervates muscularis externa is in between longitudinal and circular
Enteric Nervous System
controls smooth muscle and glands of alimentary canal
What is considered the Enteric Nervous System
the brain in the gut
has many neurons as entire spinal cord
Serosa location?
Found around organs within abdominal cavity
What is the serosa membrane made of?
Simple squamous and thin loose areolar
Another name for the serosa is
viceral peritoneum
Alimentary canal linings always have serosae as outer layer?
no
What is the esophagus lined with?
adventitia ( a fibrous CT)
what is the enteric nervous system
located entirely within the wall of the alimentary canal with nerve plexuses that allow for localized response within visceral organs
Myenteric nerve plexus
controls peristalsis and segmentation within muscularis exerna
submucosal nerve plexus
controls sectretions of glands and muscularis mucosa contractions within submucosa.
What is included in the oral cavity?
Mouth, ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion
what is chemical digestion made of?
mixed with saliva that contains amylase, starts chemical breakdown of carbs
what kind of epithelium would be found lining the oral cavity
stratified squamous
why would you find stratified squamous in the oral cavity?
The oral cavity is a continuation of skin, food is abrasive, and food and drink temperatures vary.
what is the anatomy of the mouth?
Thin submucosa layer anchored directly to underlying bone with no muscularis externa or serosa
What are the lips made of?
margin between skin and oral cavity,
poorly keratinized, no eccrine or sebaceous glands
which lip is more likely to get non-melanoma skin cancer?
lower lip
what is the tounge?
accessory digestive organ, superior surface is what you see, moves food and helps to mix to form bolus
is the tounge keritanized?
yes
what is the filiform papille?
rough surface containing keratin
Fungiform and circumvallate papillae have what?
taste buds
Lingual Frenulum
fold of the mucosa layer
connects tounge the floor of the mouth
“Tounge Tie” or ankyloglossia
If lingual frenulum extends too far forward, makes tip of tounge hard to speak
which layer of the alimentary canal lines the lumen of a digestive organ
mucosa
what are the Salivary glands
accessory digestive organ that is an exocrine gland
produces saliva
saliva purpose
moistens mouth, dissolves food allowing taste, contains digestive enzymes
what digestive enzymes are in saliva
amylase (breakdowns carbs) and lipase(begins digestion of fats)
What cell types are in saliva
serous cells secrete digestive enzymes and mucous cells secret mucous
What is the Parotid gland and duct
largest salivary gland
contains serous cells that produce watery enzyme secretion near 2nd upper molar
submandibular gland and duct
approx. equal amounts of serous and mucous cells, ducts open lateral to lingual frenulum
sublingual glands and ducts
mostly mucous cells and several ducts empty below tounge
what process of digestion does not typicall take place in the oral cavity
absorption of nutrients
What are teeth / purpose
accessory to digestive organs
involved in chewing
what is heterodont dentition
different shapes of teeth for different jobs
Deciduous Teeth
“baby teeth”
20 erupt typically between ages 6 months and 6 years
Permanent teeth
32 total teeth
types of permenant teeth
incisors, canines, premolars, molars
what do incisors do
4 pairs
good for cutting and shearing food
what do canines do
2 pairs
surface good for holding and tearing
premolars
4 pairs
rounded broad surface good for grinding
what do molar do
6 pairs
what are the regions of the tooth?
crown(part above gumline)
neck(narrow contained within gum tissue)
root(contained within bone)
tooth anatomy is what?
pulp and detin
what is pulp in the tooth?
loose areolar ct
blood vessels and nerves
provide nutrients and sensation to tooth
odontoblast create dentin
what is dentin in the tooth?
collagen and mineral that form the bulk of the tooth deep to enamel
has radial striations that can contibute to tooth sensitivity.
what is enamal
hardes subsance in the body
99% calcium salts
cement
calcified ct that covers root
Periodontal ligament
dense t that attaches cement of tooth to bony socket
what type of joint are periodontal ligaments
gomphosis
cavities are what (caries)
demineralization of enamel and dentin beginning with dental plaque
what is dental plaque
biofilm made of sugars and produce acids
what is a root canal
pulp is drilled out and tooth is now dead
cavity is sterilized and fill
tooth capped to strengthen it
what are joints classified on
mobility
what are the three kinds of joint mobility
synarthrosis amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis
What are firbous joints
no joint cavity
dense regular ct connecting bones
what are catilangious joints
no joint cavity
cartilage connects bones
what are synovial joints
there is a joint cavity
ligaments and articular capsule connect bone
end of bone covered in cartilage
what is a firbous structure made of
synathrotic and connected with short dense regular ct
What do fibrous joints sutures do
allow for skull growth
what do firbous joints syndesmoses do?
with a ligament
amphiarthrotic
desnse regular ct longer than sutures
between long bones
where are firbous joints syndesmoses found?
between long bones
what are firbous joints syndesmoses examples?
ligament between distal tibia and distal fibula
interosseous membrane between radius and ulna
what are fibrous joints gomphoses
peg in socket joint, synarthrotic
periodontal ligaments attatch to tooth this way
whatt is Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses
bones united by hyaline cartilage,
synarthrotic
what is a Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses example
epiphyseal plates
joints between first rib and sternum
what is a cartilagious joint symphyses
amphiarthrotic bones united by firbocartilage pad
what is an example of cartilagious joint symphyses
intervertebral discs
pubic symphysis
what are Synovial joints
diarthrotic= freely moveable
have ligaments
joint cavities
and articular capsule
what is a ligament
dense regular ct that can be within external to joint capsule
what is a joint cavity
potential space with a small amount of synovial fluid
what is the articular capsule
outer fibrous layer
and inner synovial membrane (lubricant within capsule)
dense irregular ct (periostuem)
what is synovial fluid
vicous
slippery movement of joint
found in articular cartilage and cavity
nourishes the avascular articular cartilage
are there nerves in synovial joints
yes rich supply
is there blood supply in the synovial joints
yes, supply synovial membrane
do synovial joints have an artcular disc
yes, some do
what is an articular disc
helps improve fit
made of fibrocartilage
what is a labrum
increases stability in joint
what is the synovial joint bursae
closed fibous sac lined with synovial membrane filled with fluid that reduces friction with ligaments and bone overlap
what is a tendon sheath
elongated bursa that wraps around tendonds in high friction areas
are all synovial joints diarthrotic
yes
types of synovial joints
nonaxial - not around axisis for movement
uniaxial - moves around 1 axsis
biaxial - moves around 2
multiaxial - moves around 3 or more
nonaxial def.
can move in many directions on one plane
uniaxial
moves only around 1 axsis
biaxial
moves around 2 axes
multi axial
moves around 3 or more axsis
plane joint
synovial
nonaxial
gliding movement
hinge joints
synovial
uniaxial
flexion and extention
pivot joints
uniaxial
rotational movement
condylar joint
synovial
biaxial
flexion and extension
abduction/adduction
in knuckles
head motion
saddle joint
synovial
biaxial
flexion and extension
abduction/adduction
in thumbs
ball in socket joint
synovial
multiaxial
flexion and extension
abduction/adduction
rotation
shoulder
is the fibula part of the kee
no
the knee is made of what
2 joints share one capsule and cavity
femoropatellar
tibiofemoral
what is the fermoropatellar
between patella and femur
made of plane joint
what is the tibiofemoral joint
between tiba and femur
must withstand body weight
tibiofemoral joint movement
in two axes
weight bearing joint in stability and mobility (ligaments and tendons and menisci)
meet at angle
tibiofemoral joint mobility
structure around all flexibilty for changes on surface and adapt to walking vs running