Exam 2 Content Flashcards
what is the primary function of the digestive system
to break down food into smaller units of absorbable nutrients
what is the alimentary canal
structure that forms long tube used to break down food
how long does it take to go from ingestion to defecation?
24 hours
what organs participate in digestive process without food passing through
liver
pancreas
gallbladder
salivary glands
what are the purpose of the accessory digestive organs
to digest without pass through of food
what is ingestion
put food into mouth
what is propulsion
movement of food through canal
is swallowing voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
is peristalsis involuntary or voluntary
involuntary
what is mechanical digestion
physical breakdown of food
(ie. chewing churning segmentation)
define peristalsis
an organized contraction of relaxation and smooth muscle layers that propels food through the alimentary canal in one direction
define segmentation
contractions of smooth muscle move chyme back and forth within a canal to allow mixing and further breakdown
what is chemical digestion
enzymes and chemicals break down food
what is absorption
particles are transported from canal into blood or lymph capillaries
Defection
Indigestible products are eliminated as feces
what is the inner canal of the alimentary canal called?
the lumen
are there consistent layers of tissues that form the alimentary canal?
yes
order the layers from lumen to outer layer
Lumen, Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa
what is the submucosa
support layer
what is the mucosa
lines the lumen
what is the muscularis externa
muscle layer
Serosa
the outer surface
what is found in the lumen
the food that has been consumed
in which of the 4 main layers of the alimentary canal would you expect to find an epithelium?
Mucosa and serosa only
How many sublayers does the mucosa have?
3
What are the 3 sublayers of the Mucosa?
Epithelium, Lamina Propria, Muscularis Mucosa
What does the sublayer of epithelium do?
Mucus production, absorbtion and protection , contains digestive glands
What does the Lamina Propria do?
Capillary rich, loose areolar with MALT
What is MALT
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
(provides defense)
Muscularis mucosa
thin layer of smooth muscle
localized movements
What is the submucosa
similar to loose areolar ct as in provide support
highly vascularized
glands connecting to lumen may project to submucosa
Submucosal nerve plexus
control of muscle cells, glandular secretions
Muscularis Externa
2 layers of smooth muscle
circular and longitudinal
What is circular muscle
inner layer typically squeeze tubes
What is longgitudinal muscle
outer layer, typically shortens tube
peristalsis and segmentation
Myenteric nerve plexus
Inntervates muscularis externa is in between longitudinal and circular
Enteric Nervous System
controls smooth muscle and glands of alimentary canal
What is considered the Enteric Nervous System
the brain in the gut
has many neurons as entire spinal cord
Serosa location?
Found around organs within abdominal cavity
What is the serosa membrane made of?
Simple squamous and thin loose areolar
Another name for the serosa is
viceral peritoneum
Alimentary canal linings always have serosae as outer layer?
no
What is the esophagus lined with?
adventitia ( a fibrous CT)
what is the enteric nervous system
located entirely within the wall of the alimentary canal with nerve plexuses that allow for localized response within visceral organs
Myenteric nerve plexus
controls peristalsis and segmentation within muscularis exerna
submucosal nerve plexus
controls sectretions of glands and muscularis mucosa contractions within submucosa.
What is included in the oral cavity?
Mouth, ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion
what is chemical digestion made of?
mixed with saliva that contains amylase, starts chemical breakdown of carbs
what kind of epithelium would be found lining the oral cavity
stratified squamous
why would you find stratified squamous in the oral cavity?
The oral cavity is a continuation of skin, food is abrasive, and food and drink temperatures vary.
what is the anatomy of the mouth?
Thin submucosa layer anchored directly to underlying bone with no muscularis externa or serosa
What are the lips made of?
margin between skin and oral cavity,
poorly keratinized, no eccrine or sebaceous glands
which lip is more likely to get non-melanoma skin cancer?
lower lip
what is the tounge?
accessory digestive organ, superior surface is what you see, moves food and helps to mix to form bolus
is the tounge keritanized?
yes
what is the filiform papille?
rough surface containing keratin
Fungiform and circumvallate papillae have what?
taste buds
Lingual Frenulum
fold of the mucosa layer
connects tounge the floor of the mouth
“Tounge Tie” or ankyloglossia
If lingual frenulum extends too far forward, makes tip of tounge hard to speak
which layer of the alimentary canal lines the lumen of a digestive organ
mucosa
what are the Salivary glands
accessory digestive organ that is an exocrine gland
produces saliva
saliva purpose
moistens mouth, dissolves food allowing taste, contains digestive enzymes
what digestive enzymes are in saliva
amylase (breakdowns carbs) and lipase(begins digestion of fats)
What cell types are in saliva
serous cells secrete digestive enzymes and mucous cells secret mucous
What is the Parotid gland and duct
largest salivary gland
contains serous cells that produce watery enzyme secretion near 2nd upper molar
submandibular gland and duct
approx. equal amounts of serous and mucous cells, ducts open lateral to lingual frenulum
sublingual glands and ducts
mostly mucous cells and several ducts empty below tounge
what process of digestion does not typicall take place in the oral cavity
absorption of nutrients
What are teeth / purpose
accessory to digestive organs
involved in chewing
what is heterodont dentition
different shapes of teeth for different jobs
Deciduous Teeth
“baby teeth”
20 erupt typically between ages 6 months and 6 years
Permanent teeth
32 total teeth
types of permenant teeth
incisors, canines, premolars, molars
what do incisors do
4 pairs
good for cutting and shearing food
what do canines do
2 pairs
surface good for holding and tearing
premolars
4 pairs
rounded broad surface good for grinding
what do molar do
6 pairs
what are the regions of the tooth?
crown(part above gumline)
neck(narrow contained within gum tissue)
root(contained within bone)
tooth anatomy is what?
pulp and detin
what is pulp in the tooth?
loose areolar ct
blood vessels and nerves
provide nutrients and sensation to tooth
odontoblast create dentin
what is dentin in the tooth?
collagen and mineral that form the bulk of the tooth deep to enamel
has radial striations that can contibute to tooth sensitivity.
what is enamal
hardes subsance in the body
99% calcium salts
cement
calcified ct that covers root
Periodontal ligament
dense t that attaches cement of tooth to bony socket
what type of joint are periodontal ligaments
gomphosis
cavities are what (caries)
demineralization of enamel and dentin beginning with dental plaque
what is dental plaque
biofilm made of sugars and produce acids
what is a root canal
pulp is drilled out and tooth is now dead
cavity is sterilized and fill
tooth capped to strengthen it
what are joints classified on
mobility
what are the three kinds of joint mobility
synarthrosis amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis
What are firbous joints
no joint cavity
dense regular ct connecting bones
what are catilangious joints
no joint cavity
cartilage connects bones
what are synovial joints
there is a joint cavity
ligaments and articular capsule connect bone
end of bone covered in cartilage
what is a firbous structure made of
synathrotic and connected with short dense regular ct
What do fibrous joints sutures do
allow for skull growth
what do firbous joints syndesmoses do?
with a ligament
amphiarthrotic
desnse regular ct longer than sutures
between long bones
where are firbous joints syndesmoses found?
between long bones
what are firbous joints syndesmoses examples?
ligament between distal tibia and distal fibula
interosseous membrane between radius and ulna
what are fibrous joints gomphoses
peg in socket joint, synarthrotic
periodontal ligaments attatch to tooth this way
whatt is Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses
bones united by hyaline cartilage,
synarthrotic
what is a Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses example
epiphyseal plates
joints between first rib and sternum
what is a cartilagious joint symphyses
amphiarthrotic bones united by firbocartilage pad
what is an example of cartilagious joint symphyses
intervertebral discs
pubic symphysis
what are Synovial joints
diarthrotic= freely moveable
have ligaments
joint cavities
and articular capsule
what is a ligament
dense regular ct that can be within external to joint capsule
what is a joint cavity
potential space with a small amount of synovial fluid
what is the articular capsule
outer fibrous layer
and inner synovial membrane (lubricant within capsule)
dense irregular ct (periostuem)
what is synovial fluid
vicous
slippery movement of joint
found in articular cartilage and cavity
nourishes the avascular articular cartilage
are there nerves in synovial joints
yes rich supply
is there blood supply in the synovial joints
yes, supply synovial membrane
do synovial joints have an artcular disc
yes, some do
what is an articular disc
helps improve fit
made of fibrocartilage
what is a labrum
increases stability in joint
what is the synovial joint bursae
closed fibous sac lined with synovial membrane filled with fluid that reduces friction with ligaments and bone overlap
what is a tendon sheath
elongated bursa that wraps around tendonds in high friction areas
are all synovial joints diarthrotic
yes
types of synovial joints
nonaxial - not around axisis for movement
uniaxial - moves around 1 axsis
biaxial - moves around 2
multiaxial - moves around 3 or more
nonaxial def.
can move in many directions on one plane
uniaxial
moves only around 1 axsis
biaxial
moves around 2 axes
multi axial
moves around 3 or more axsis
plane joint
synovial
nonaxial
gliding movement
hinge joints
synovial
uniaxial
flexion and extention
pivot joints
uniaxial
rotational movement
condylar joint
synovial
biaxial
flexion and extension
abduction/adduction
in knuckles
head motion
saddle joint
synovial
biaxial
flexion and extension
abduction/adduction
in thumbs
ball in socket joint
synovial
multiaxial
flexion and extension
abduction/adduction
rotation
shoulder
is the fibula part of the kee
no
the knee is made of what
2 joints share one capsule and cavity
femoropatellar
tibiofemoral
what is the fermoropatellar
between patella and femur
made of plane joint
what is the tibiofemoral joint
between tiba and femur
must withstand body weight
tibiofemoral joint movement
in two axes
weight bearing joint in stability and mobility (ligaments and tendons and menisci)
meet at angle
tibiofemoral joint mobility
structure around all flexibilty for changes on surface and adapt to walking vs running
tibiofemoral joint has 2 layers. what are they?
firbrous outer layer and innter synovial membrane
what do ligaments do
provide support and strength
what is the pharynx
connects the oral cavity to esophagus and nasal cavity
how many parts of the pharynx are related to digestion
2
Oropharynx
behind oral cavity
made of stratified squamous
laryngopharynx
inferior to oropharynx
made of stratified squamous
what has a skeletal muscle for swallowing
muscularis externa
Order from top to bottom on model :
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
esophagus
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
esophagus
what is the esophagus
connects pharynx to stomach
made of stratified squamous
what do the mucus glands in submucosa do
secrete mucous to allow food to pass through
What is the upper third of esophagus made of
skeletal muscle
What is the middle third of esophagus made of
mix of skeletal and smooth muscle
What is the lower third of esophagus made of
smooth muscle
What is a hiatal hernia
the superior part of the stomach pushed through esophageal hiatus following weakening of diaphram muscles
what is Barretts esophagus
due to persistant exposure of acidic stomach contents
can result in ulcers
what is the outer layer of the esophagus called
adventitia
how long does food spend in the stomach
about 4 hours being churned into chyme
does any absorption take place here in the stomach
yes, a small amount
limited to water alchohol and drugs like asprin
what is the lining of the stomach made of
simple columnar epithelium
made of cells that produce mucous
gastric pits that open to glands
What is rugae(wrinkles)
folds of the mucosa that increase surface area allowing expansion of stomach
What are the reigions of the stomach
cardia
fundus
body
pyloric antrum
pylorus with pyloric sphincter
What is a sphincter
thicken region of muscularis externa
Muscularis externa has extra layer
longitudinal
circular
oblique(innermost)
What layers does the muscosa include?
Surface epithelium
lamnia propria
muscularis mucosae
gastric pit
gastric gland
what layers does the submucosa include
contains submucosal plexus
what does the musularis externa include
oblique layer
circular layer
longitudinal layer
What layer follows the musularis externa
serosa and stomach wall
what do the mucous neck cells do
secrete mucus function unknown
what do gastric pits do
epithelium cups down meet gland
what do gastric glands do
connets lumen through pit contain specilized cells
what cells are included in gastric glands
parietal:
produce and secrete two products HCI and GIF
Chief:
produce and secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
fat digestion
What does pepsin do
breaks down protiens in food using pepsinogen and HCI
What do enteroendocrine cells do
release hormones
what do undifferentiated stem cells do
found at junction between gastric pit and gland
replaced every 3-7days
what is gastrin
hormose released by enteroendocrine cells used to stimulate parietal cells
what is the small intestine
longest segment of canal at 16 ft
what is the small intestine made of
simple columnar cells
site of most absorption and chemical digestion
chyme moves through via peristalsis
what is the jejunum
middle part of small intestine
most absorption occurs here
what is the duodenum
the shortest segment of small instestine
recieve a number of substances
( enzymes chyme and bile)
what is he illeum
longest part of small intestine
absorption occurs here as well
What are the small intestine wall layers
all typical layers of alimentary canal occur in small intestine
Does the small intestine have a small or large surface area?
large, to increase absorption
what do circular folds do
increase surface area and force chyme to spiral
what do villi do
made of absorptive cells and have blood capillaries
have lacteals that absorb fat
what do microvilli do
called brush border
is the lamina propria vascular or non vascular
highly vascular
what are the specialized cells of the small intestine
Absorptive enterocytes and goblet cells
What do Absorptive enterocytes do
lots of mitochondria
absorption of nutrients
abundant ER
assemble lipids into chylomicrons
what do goblet cells do
secrete mucus
order process of producing pepsin
food enters stomach
release of gastrin into blood
gastrin stimulates release of pepsinogen from chief cells
gastrin stimulates release of HCL
pepsinogen and HCl from pepsin
pepsin digests protien
what are intestinal crypts
epithelial cells that produce inestinal juice
undifferentiated epithelilal cells (stem cells)
what is chylomicron
help transport hydrophobic molecules in a hydrophillic enviroment
what are paneth cells
at base of crypt
secrete enzymes that kill unwanted bacteria
what are duodenal glands
ducts that open into intestinal crypts
found ONLY IN SUBMUCOSA OF DUODENUM
help neutralize chyme
what is MALT and where is it located
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
in mucosal layer of small intestine
what is Aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches)
located in submucosa of ileum
what does the duodenum do
stomach contributes chyme
gallbladder adds bile
pancreases produces enzymes and juice
hepatopancreatic sphincter is final control valve
what does chyme do when entering stomach when fats are present
release of CCK
breakdown fat for absoprtion
what does chyme do when entering stomach when acids are present
release of secretin
neutralize acids
what is the hepatopancreatic sphincter
the final control valve in duodenum
What is the epiploic appendages
membrane covered fat filled pouches on outside
What is teniae coli
longitudinal strips of smooth msucle cause sacs
what is haustra
saclike structures
what are lleocecal valve
connects the ileum to cecum
what is the cecum
vermiform appendix off of cecum, stores benifical bacteria
what are the four parts of the colon
ascending
transverse
decending
sigmoid
what type of epithelium would you expect to find in large intestine
simple columnar
are there circular folds in the large intestine
no
are there villi in the large intestine
no
what cells are in the large intestine
colonocytes that absorb water and electrolytes
are there goblet cells in the large intestine
yes, alot
intestinal crypts replace when
every 7 days
what is the rectum
connects the sigmoid colon to anal canal
rectal valves
folds that prevent feces being passed with gas
what is the anal canal epithelium
transitions into stratified squamous
what is the external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle
voluntary control
what is the internal anal sphincter
smooth muscle
involuntary control
is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary control
involuntary
what are hemorrhoids
varicose veins that swell caused by excessive straining
Where do you think the majority of absorbed nutrients from the
alimentary canal end up?
Within veins so it can travel to the liver for processing
what are the excessive organs of digestion in the abdominal cavity
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
what does the liver do
produce bile
process blood coming from stomach and intestines
where is the bile stored before it is released
stored in gallbladder
released into duodenum
how many lobes are in the liver
4
what are the lobes of the liver
right
left
quadrate
caudate
what is the hepatic portal vein
gather blood from digestive organs and transport to liver
what is the hepatic artery proper
provide oxygen rich blood to liver
what is the hepatic portal vein
transport nutrient rich blood from stomach and intestine to liver
what is the inferior vena cava
removes blood from liver after being processed
wha do portal triads include
bile duct
portal venule
portal arteriole
order these in process of digestion:
gallbladder
common hepatic duct
blood entering
bile duct
blood entering
common hepatic duct
bile duct
gallbladder
what are liver cells shaped like
hexagons called lobules
what is the hepatic portal vein high and low in
low on oxygen
high in nutrients
is the hepatic portal artery the same as vein
no, opposite
what are liver sinusoids
large capillaries between plates of hepatocytes
what are central veins job
to drain blood out
what are stellate macrophages
hepatic macrphages
move through sinusoids
destroy microorganisms
where does bile go from the hepatocytes
to the bile canaliculus
then to bile ducts
Within which structures of the liver is the arteriole blood and venous
blood mixing?
Sinusoid
how many capillary beds does blood enter before going back to the heart from the portal system
2
what are gallstones
formed of cholesterol that precipitates out of bile while stored in gallbladder
What is controlling the release of bile into the duodenum?
Cholecystokinin released by the enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum
signal the sphincter to open
how does bile get released
a sphincter controls release of bile in the duodenum
function of pancreas
juices transported in main duct and released by sphincter
what cells are in pancreas
acinar cells produce and secrete pancreatic enzyme
what hormone controls pancreatic release
secretin
two cells in pancreas are called
beta and alpha
alpha cells make
glucagon
beta cells make what
insulin
Peritoneum can be
viceral
parietal
what is the mesentery
double sided membrane that suspends organs within cavity
contains blood vessels nerves and fat
Which cell found in the epithelium of the alimentary canal produces
GIF (gastric intrinsic factor) to help with the absorption of Vitamin
B12 for red blood cell formation?
Parietal cells of the stomach
what are another product of parietal cells
hydrochloric acid
what are ulceres
erosions of mucosa
in duodenum or pyloric region of stomach
due to bacterium
Inflammatory bowl disease has how many types and what are they
2
Crohns disease
ulcertive colitis
irritable bowel sydrome is
large intestine cause unknown
celiac disease is
auto immune disorder
gluten triggers immune response damage villi of small intestine
What are the functions of the respiratory system
bring in oxygen
remove CO2
sound production
smell
protection
Steps of respiration are
Ventilation
Gas Exchange
Oxygen
Where can gas exchange occur?
Between the air in the lungs and red blood cells and Between the red blood cells and cells of tissues throughout the body
What is external respiration
gas exchange between air and red blood cells in the lungs
what is internal respiration
Gas exchange between red blood cells and body tissues outside the lungs
What are the major organs of the respiratory system categorized by
conducting zone and respiratory zone
conducting zone does what
transport air
filter out dust
humidity and warm incoming air
respiratory zone does what
site of gas exchange in the lungs
what structures are in the conducting zone (9)
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Main bronchi
- Lobar bronchi
- Segmental bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
what parts are involved in the respiratory zone(4)
Respiratory bronchioles
* Alveolar ducts
* Alveoli
* Cluster of alveoli = alveolar sac
The visceral and parietal pleura are considered:
Serous membranes
what is the pleurae?
serous membranes with fluid in between to allow lungs to inflate when breathing
pleural effusion is what
accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
Pnemothorax is what
when the negative pressure is broken between lungs and a lungs collapses
what are the functions of the nose
filter and warm air
smell
speech
what structures support external nose
nasal bones
hyaline cartilage
dense CT
what is the olfactory mucosa
near roof
houses receptors for smell
what is respiratory mucosa
lines most of the passage way from nasal cavity to lungs
what is the respiratory mucosa made of
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium
does the respiratory mucosa have lamnia propria
yes
how much mucous to goblet cells produce everyday
1 quart
what is the mucociliary escalator
cilia with moving sheets of mucous
can be slowed down by cooler air
External nares and vestibule are
the opening to nasal cavity
lined with hairs
what is the nasal conchae
bony ridges that create air turbulence
olfactory receptor cells do what
pass through cribriform plate in to olfactory mucosa
where does the nasal cavity end
at the posterior nasal aperture
Paranasal sinuses are what
air filled cavity in bone
what doe the paranasal sinuses do
lighten skull
single opening to nasal cavity
warm and moisten air
what are the bones named for
named for bones found in frontal, ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary
what is the nasal meatus
opening for sinus into nasal cavity
superior middle inferior
what is the nasal meatus
a sinus infection
inflammation of epithelium caused by bacteria or virus
Deviated septum
cartilage becomes misaligned
nasal septum
bone and cartilage that separates cavity in half
Which division(s) of the pharynx must handle the passage of food,
liquid, and air?
Both oropharynx and laryngopharynx
what type of epithelium is in the pharynx
stratified squamous
and
pseudo-stratified columnar
what does the nasopharynx include
pharyngeal tonsils
phayngotumpanic tube
what closes off he nasopharynx
uvula
what is included in the oropharynx
palatine and lingual tonsils
tonsilits occurs here
what is tonsillitis
inflammation of palatine tonsils
laryngopharynx does what
Connects pharynx with
openings to larynx (air) and
esophagus (food)
what structures are in the larynx
epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
what does the epiglottis do
covers larynx when swallowing
made of elastic cartilage
what does the thyroid cartilage do
hyaline attatchment site for vocal folds
what does cricoid cartilage do
hylaine
arytenoid cartilage
hyaline anchors vocal folds posteriorly
what are vocal folds
true vocal cords
vibrate when air passes
long in males
short in females
vestibular folds
false vocal cords
support vocal folds
what do vocal folds include
- Rima glottidis = space between open vocal folds
- Glottis = vocal folds + rima glottidis
Which anatomical structure or feature of the respiratory system plays a
large role in the loudness of your voice?
The volume of the lungs
what is laryngitis
inflammation of vocal cords that prevents proper vibration
what is the trachea
flexible but strong connnection to lungs
what is the trachea made out of
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium
* With goblet cells
what are the rings of the trachea made of
hyaline cartalige and joined by fibro elastic ct
how many rings are in the trachea
16-20
what does smoking do to cilia
paralyze or destroyed by toxins
what is the cross section of the trachea made of
- Mucous membrane
- Submucosa with
seromucous glands - Hyaline cartilage
- Adventitia covering
- Trachealis muscle
- Smooth muscle that
completes posterior of
trachea
what is the carina
last ring in trachea
intiate cough reflex
what is the bronchial tree made of
Main (primary) bronchi (1 per lung)
* Lobar (secondary) bronchi (1 per
lobe)
* Segmental (tertiary) bronchi (1 per
bronchopulmonary segment)
* Bronchioles = branches of tertiary,
lack cartilage, <1mm diameter
what is the main bronchi
cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates
right is wider
how many lobes does the right lung have
3
how many lobes does the left lung have
2
what is the segmental bronchi
segments that function indenpendtly of one another
are there smooth muscles in the bronchus
yes
how many phases does asthma have
2
early and late
what is the early phase
Early phase
* Allergens, cold air, etc. cause mast cells to release
inflammatory chemicals (histamine)
* Cause contraction of bronchial smooth muscle =
bronchoconstriction
* Increase in mucus secretion in airways
what is the late phase
- Late phase (after several hours)
- Different white blood cells accumulate in bronchi
and bronchioles and release inflammatory
chemicals → damage mucosa, causing increased
release of mucus - Further increase bronchoconstriction
What are the treatments for bronchitis
Bronchodilators (counter bronchoconstriction)
* Anti-inflammatories (counter inflammation)
what is the respiratory zone
location of exernal gas exchange
what is the aveolar sac
cluster of alveoli on duct
increase volume adn surface area
Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane in the lungs.
Which structures would you expect to see making up this membrane?
Epithelium of capillary wall
Epithelium of alveolar wall
Basement membrane
where does gas exchange occur
across the respitory membrane
what cell types are in the alveoli and respiratory membrane
Type I cells (simple
squamous; extremely thin)
* Type II cells (cuboidal)
* Secrete surfactant which
decreases surface tension;
allows alveoli to re-inflate
more easily
* Macrophages
* Phagocytize inhaled particles
* Move to bronchi where cilia
sweep them up and out
* Alveolar pores
* Equalize pressure between
alveol
what is a lobule
made of 1 larger bronchiole
and all its branches
* Hexagonal shape
* Size of pencil eraser to a penny
what is the stroma
elastic ct that surrounds lobules
As the thoracic cavity expands, why does air rush into the lungs?
The air pressure within the lungs decreases as the cavity increases
in size
what is inspiration
diaphram moves inferiorly with contraction
thoratic volume decreases
what is expiration
diaphram moves superiorly
thoratic volume decreases
what is respiratory distress
type 2 cells are not functional
collapsed alveoli
treated with O2
what is the primary cause of lung cancer
smoking!
how does smoking cause damage
cause damage to cilia
increase mucous production
depress microphages
how to treat lung cancer
remove diseased tissue
COPD
air flow in an out of lungs is obstructed
how many types of COPD are there
2
chronic and emphysema
occur together often
what is emphysema
COPD related to smoking inflammation
