comprehensive topics Flashcards
what are the four types of tissues
epithelium, nervous, muscle, and connective
what are the unique characteristics of epithelium
forms continuous sheets of tightly packed cells with a distinct polarity (apical and basal surfaces), rests on a basement membrane, is avascular (lacks blood vessels), and has a high capacity for regeneration
what are the unique characteristics of muscle tissue
composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts
what are the unique characteristics of nervous tissue
ability to generate and transmit electrical impulses (action potentials) through specialized cells called neurons
what are the unique characteristics of connective tissue
large amount of extracellular matrix
what are the five layers of the epidermis
stratum basale,
stratum spinosum,
stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum,
and stratum corneum
what cell types are in stratum basale
columnar or cuboidal cells
what cell types are in stratum spinosum
keratinocytes
what type of cells are in stratum granulosum
keratinocytes
what type of cells are in stratum lucidum
dead, flattened keratinocytes
what type of cells are in stratum corneum
corneocytes which are essentially dead keratinocytes
what is in the dermis
connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures
what are the different membranes of the body
mucous serous and cutaneous
where do you find a mucous membrane
Nose: Nostrils
Mouth: Inside the mouth
Throat: Inside the throat
Ears: Inside the ears
Lungs: Inside the lungs and trachea (windpipe)
Digestive tract: Inside the stomach and intestines
Urinary and genital tracts: Inside the ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder
where do you find a serous membrane
lining the body cavities that do not open directly to the outside, specifically surrounding organs like the heart (pericardium), lungs (pleura), and abdominal organs (peritoneum) within their respective cavities
where do you find the cutaneous membrane
the entire outermost surface of the body
what are the three types of bone cells
osteoblast osteoclast osteocyte
what is an osteoblast
the cells that form new bones and grow and heal existing bones
what is an osteoclast
dissolve and break down old or damaged bone cells
what is an osteocyte
a cell that lies within the substance of fully formed bone
what are the structures of an osteon
concentric rings of bone matrix called lamellae surrounding a central canal (Haversian canal) which contains blood vessels and nerves, with small spaces called lacunae within the lamellae that house osteocytes, which are connected to each other by tiny channels called canaliculi
what is important about the organization of an osteon
its concentric lamellae structure,
with a central Haversian canal containing blood vessels,
provides a robust framework for bone strength while also allowing for efficient nutrient delivery to the embedded osteocytes through small channels called canaliculi,
ensuring the overall health and vitality of the bone tissue
what are the three major joint types
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
what are the structural features of a fibrous joint
the presence of dense connective tissue, primarily composed of collagen, directly connecting adjacent bones without a joint cavity, resulting in a fixed or immovable joint with minimal to no movement between the bones
what are the structural features of a cartilaginous joint
the connection of bones solely through cartilage, lacking a joint cavity, allowing only slight movement between the bones
what are the structural features of a synovial joint
a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, articular cartilage covering the bone ends, an articular capsule surrounding the joint, and a synovial membrane lining the inside of the capsule which secretes the synovial fluid, allowing for smooth movement between bone
what are the three types of muscle cells
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
what are the anatomical similarities of skeletal cardiac and smooth muscle cells
they all contain the contractile proteins actin and myosin
what are the anatomical differences of skeletal cardiac and smooth muscle cells
Skeletal muscle cells are long, cylindrical, multinucleated, and striated
cardiac muscle cells are branched, single-nucleated, striated, and connected by intercalated discs
smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped, single-nucleated, and lack striations
where do you find skeletal muscle cells
muscles which are attached to the skeleton
where do you find cardiac muscle cells
in the walls of the heart
where do you find smooth muscle cells
in the walls of hollow organs like the stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, and blood vessels
what is the correct sequence of digestive tract segments/organs, function of each, and the special cell types that exist within each segment
Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anus)
what is the mucosa
another name for mucous membrane
what is the submucosa
a supporting layer of loose connective tissue directly under a mucous membrane
what is the muscular externa
a layer of muscle in many vertebrate organs that is responsible for gut movement, such as peristalsis
what is the serosa
The outer lining of organs and body cavities of the abdomen and chest, including the stomach.
what is the adventitia
the outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds organs and blood vessels
the liver lobule
a microscopic, hexagonal unit of tissue that is the functional unit of the liver
what is the organization of liver lobule
a roughly hexagonal structure with a central vein located in the center and portal triads (containing a hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct) situated at the periphery, with radiating plates of hepatocytes (liver cells) extending outwards from the central vein towards the portal triads
what is the blood flow of liver lobule
from the periphery of the lobule towards the center, entering through branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein located at the corners of the lobule (portal triads), and then draining into the central vein situated in the center of the lobule
what is the bile flow of liver lobule
from the center of the lobule towards the periphery
what is the structure of the alveoili
a thin, moist, one-cell thick sac enveloped by blood vessels
what is the function of the alveoili
to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream
what are the cells in the respiratory membrane
Type I alveolar epithelial cells (squamous cells), which form the alveolar wall, and capillary endothelial cells that line the blood capillaries
internal respiration is
the exchange of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the blood and the cells of the body tissue
external respiration is
the process of gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood
what are the coverings of the heart
the pericardium and the heart wall
what are the layers of the heart
three layers in its walls and a sac-like structure called the pericardium that surrounds it
what are the conduction system of the heart
a network of specialized cells within the heart muscle that generate and transmit electrical impulses, coordinating the rhythmic contractions of the heart chambers
describe the events that occur during the cardiac cycle
a complete heartbeat, encompassing the phases of both atrial and ventricular contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)
what are the positions of the valves when the chamber is in systole
the atrioventricular (AV) valves (mitral and tricuspid) are closed, while the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) are open
what are the positions of the valves when the chamber is in diastole
atrioventricular (AV) valves are open, allowing blood to flow into the chamber, while the semilunar valves are closed to prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles
describe the pathway of a drop of blood from superior vena cava
travel into the right atrium of the heart, then through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, followed by the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery to reach the lungs for oxygenation; once oxygenated, it returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins, entering the left atrium, then through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, finally exiting the heart through the aortic valve into the aorta to circulate throughout the body
compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits and be able to determine where oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is found
The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation, while the systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
what are the three layers of blood vessels
tunica intima (inner layer), tunica media (middle layer), and tunica adventitia (outer layer)
the different types of blood vessels
the different types of blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries, with arteries carrying blood away from the heart, veins carrying blood towards the heart, and capillaries facilitating gas exchange between blood and tissues
what is the anatomy of spinal nerves and the neuronal
A spinal nerve is formed by the union of two nerve roots emerging from the spinal cord: the dorsal root (carrying sensory information) and the ventral root (carrying motor information), creating a “mixed nerve” that carries both sensory and motor signals to and from the body; each spinal nerve exits the vertebral column through an intervertebral foramen, and the neurons within the spinal nerve include sensory neurons located in the dorsal root ganglion and motor neurons whose cell bodies reside in the spinal cord’s gray matter
what are sensory neurons
nerve cells that detect environmental stimuli and send information to the brain
what are motor neurons
cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, swallow and breathe by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions
where do sensory neurons enter and exit the spinal cord
enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root, on the posterior side of the spinal cord, connecting to the dorsal horn of the gray matter;
they do not “exit” the spinal cord in the traditional sense, as their cell bodies reside in the dorsal root ganglion, and the information they carry travels upwards towards the brain through the spinal cord pathways
where do motor neurons enter and exit the spinal cord
exit the spinal cord through the ventral root, located on the anterior (front) side of the spinal cord
they enter the spinal cord at the ventral horn of the grey matter and leave via the ventral root to reach the muscles they innervate
what are the three types of neurons
unipolar
bipolar
multipolar
what are the parts of a unipolar neuron
dendrites and an axon
what are the part of multipolar neuron
a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches)
what are the parts of a bipolar neuron
One is an axon, and the other is a dendrite
what is the primary male reproductive organ
testes
what are the primary reporductive organ
ovaries
