Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What components are in the cardiovascular system

A

heart
blood vessels
blood

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2
Q

cardiac muscles cells have what

A

Has similar cell components as skeletal muscle cell (T tubule, sarcomeres,
sarcoplasmic reticulum, etc.)
* 1 nucleus
* Branched

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3
Q

do all cardiac cells conduct impulse?

A

no, some contract

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4
Q

What is the seminlunar

A

valve that keeps blood moving in one direction

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5
Q

what is the pulmonary semilunar valve

A

valve between right ventircle and pulmonary trunk

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6
Q

what is the aortic semilunar

A

valve between left ventricle and aorta

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7
Q

The chordae tendineae attached to a bicuspid (mitral/bicuspid/left
atrioventricular ) valve are diagnosed as being too long. How will that
affect the function of the valve when the left ventricle contracts?

A

Blood will be able to leak back into the left atrium.

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8
Q

what is the lub in lub dub

A

closing of av valve

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9
Q

what is the dub in lub dub

A

closing of semilunar valves

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10
Q

what is a heart murmer

A

whooshing sound of blood flowing back into chamber

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11
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

common type of heart murmer

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12
Q

stenosis

A

narrow opening between valves
heart murmer

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13
Q

What type of cells conduct an electrical impulse through
the myocardium of the heart wall?

A

cardiac muscle

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14
Q

what are cardiac muscle cells

A

straiated
branches
uninuculate
intercalated discs between cells

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15
Q

fribrous skeleton is what

A

barrier between atria and ventricles that prevent an electrical impulse from passing

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16
Q

how many pathways are there from atria to ventricles

A

1, via AV node

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17
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

cells have autorythmicity
nodes and bundles in cardiac muscle conduct electrical impulses

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18
Q

pathway for CCS

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular AV Node
Atrioventricular AV bundle
right and left branches
punkinje fibers

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19
Q

Atria contracts how

A

top to bottom
simultaneously

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20
Q

ventricles contract how

A

bottom to top
simultaneously

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21
Q

what is the SA node

A

pacemaker of heart

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22
Q

Blood supply to heart comes from where

A

cardiac veins

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23
Q

altherosclerosis is what

A

build of plaque in arteries

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24
Q

Mydocardial infection is what

A

a heart attack
result of blood not reaching cardiac muscle tissue

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25
are there different signs for women and men with a heart attack
yes
26
what are the vessels of the body
blood and lymph
27
what are blood vessels
transport blood continuous circit
28
what are lympth vessles
transport lymph one way transport
29
layers of vessel walls
tunica intima tunica media
30
The tunica media layer of a blood vessel allows the vessel to change diameter. What type of tissue do you think this layer is made up of?
smooth muscle
31
what is the tunica intima
simple squamous epithelium loose areolar smooth
32
tunica media
smooth muscle arranges circularly
33
tunica externa
loose areolar ct some large vessels have own blood supply that is called vasa vasorum
34
what is the tunica externa of veins
of equal thickness as arteries
35
what is the tunica intima of veins
form valves
36
how are vessels structured
tunica media is thick with elastic fibers arteries are rounded
37
elastic artery is what
found off of ventricles expand and recoil to smooth our pressure tunica media is rich
38
muscular arteries are what
supply organs and skeletal muscles include all tunics
39
precapillary spincter does what
regulate blood flow into capillary bed
40
blood passes through the capillary bed via the what
metarteriole
41
what are the different types of capillary permiability
continuous fenestrated sinusoidal
42
what is endothelium
simple squamous epithelium
43
what are some characteristics of the continuous capillary
most common tight junctions intercellular clefts complete basement membrane pericytes
44
what are pericytes
surround capillary control permeability stem cells
45
fenestrated capillary
have tight junctions and pores called fenestrations found in small intestine
46
sinusoid capillaries
large intercellular clefts incomplete basement membrane fewer tight junctions location in spleen bone marow lymph nodes and liver
47
blood brain barrier
low permeability continous capillaries prolonged emotional stress effects it.
48
A red blood cell leaving the heart and traveling to the small intestine would travel through how many capillary beds before returning to the heart?
two
49
portal system
blood passes through 2nd capillary bed before returning to heart
50
is it harder to get chemicals that are polar or non polar into the bbb
polar
51
where is the bbb located
capillaries around the brain
52
what are veins
thinner walls in comparison to arteries lower blood pressure
53
what are venules
drain capillaries smalles made of only endothemlium larger have tunica media
54
what are medium veins
Drain venules * Have all three tunics * Endothelium forms valves
55
what are large veins
Medium veins return blood to large veins * Large veins have all three tunics * Endothelium forms valves * Under extremely low pressure
56
what are veins made of
valves tunica intima keep blood moving
57
what counters low venous pressure
valves squeeze of veins by adjacent organs
58
what are varicose veins
supeficials veins of lower legs incompetent valves in veins --- blood pools--- stretching veins causing misshapen vessels
59
anastomoses is what
coming together providing an alternative pathway for blood to reach given body region
60
are arterial or anastomoses more common
vein anastomoses
61
systolic blood pressure is
arterial pressure when left ventricle contracts
62
diastolic blood pressure is
arterial pressure when the left ventricle relaxes
63
what are some disorders of blood vessels
deep vein thrombosis aneurysm
64
what is deep vein thrombosis
clots of lower limb related to inactivity abnormal clotting can dislodge and become embolus
65
what is an aneurysm
sac like ballooning of artery or vein common in abdominal aorta
66
what is blood
a connective tissue distrisbute o2 regulate body temp prevent infection
67
what are the cellular components
erythrocytes leukoctyes platelets
68
what is plasma
ct extracellular matrix makes up 55% blood volume
69
what are the formed elements
buffy coat and erythroctyes
70
how does a blood cell develop
dirived from common ancestor
71
what are erythrocytes
anucleate and no organelles anaerobic full of hemoglobin biconcave large surface area
72
erythropoiesis
prodcution of RBC from stem cells in red bone marrow iron needed
73
anemia
low oxygen carrying capacity iron deficiency
74
sickle cell anemia
hemoglobin molecule is off fragile cells
75
leukocytes
white blood cells complete cells move through capillary walls through diapedesis immune response
76
what are platelets
cell fragments important in blood clotting
77
what are abo blood groups
Groups based on differing glycoproteins found on cell membranes called: Antigens→ A, B and Rh Type A→ A antigens only Type B→ B antigens only Type AB → body A & B antigens Type O → neither A or B
78
what are some functions of the nervous system
sensory input interpretation and integration of senesory input motor output
79
divisions of the nervous system
CNS and PNS
80
what is the CNS
Integration and interpretation of sensory input * Dictates motor response * Brain and spinal cord
81
what is the PNS
Neurons transport sensory input toward CNS & motor output away from CNS * Afferent (sensory) division * Efferent (motor) division * Includes cranial and spinal nerves
82
what are viceral functions
organs within body cavities
83
what are somatic functions
all other structures like muscles and skin
84
what cell types are in nervous tissue
neurons - excitable cells neuroglia- non excitable cells
85
what are parts of the neuron structure
cell body dendrites axon myelin sheaths axon terminals
86
what is the cell body
single nucleus and organelles
87
what are the dendrites
input regions carry into to cell body many
88
what is the axon
carries info away from cell body one per neuron end at axon terminal has myelin sheath
89
what are the classifications of neurons
multipolar bipolar unipolar
90
what are multipolar neurons
many dendrites single axon most in CNS motor neurons
91
what are bipolar neurons
single dendrite one axon only in few locations retina olfactory mucosa
92
what are unipolar neurons
single axon connected via short process to cell body sensory neuron
93
what is a sensory neuron
afferent neuron bring impulse to CNS cell bodies are clustered in ganglia
94
what is a motor neuron
efferent neuron take impulse away from CNS cell bodies are within CNS multipolar shape
95
what is an interneuron
only found in CNS account for 99% of all neurons in body multipolar shape
96
what is the neuroganglia in CNS
astrocytes microglia ependymal cells oligodendrocytes
97
what is neuroganglia in PNS
satallite cells schwann cells
98
what are astrocytes
most abundant glial cells surround capillaries and neurons
99
what are functions of astrocytes
Forms the blood brain barrier (more later) * Regulate neurotransmitter levels * Increase blood flow to active brain regions * Produce BDNF (brain-derived trophic factor) which promotes neural growth
100
what are microglia
smallest and least abundant glial cell in CNS
101
what are macrophages
type of microglia Consume microorganisms and dead neurons * Originate in red bone marrow and migrate to CNS during fetal development
102
what are ependymal cells
Form simple epithelium that lines hollow portions of brain and spinal cord * Ventricles of brain * Central canal of spinal cord * Have cilia that help circulate cerebrospinal fluid in CNS
103
what are oligodendrocytes
mylen sheath are formed in the CNS wrap around axons increase action potential
104
satellite cells
in PNS surround cell bodies prevent a crossover when cell bodies are crowded together
105
what are schwann cells
surround axon form myelin sheath in PNS
106
Myelin sheath in PNS do what
increase speed of action potential down axon insulate axons
107
what are myelinated axons in the PNS
schwann cells wrap around an axon one will have many cells cells do not touch eachother, leaving gaps called nodes of ranvier
108
Saltatory Conduction
Action potentials jump over the myelin, jumping from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier
109
what are the nonmyelinated axons in PNS
Only thick, fast conducting axons are myelinated * Thin, slower are not * Unmyelinated axons have a Schwann cell partly enclose 15 or more unmyelinated axons * Axons are separated * Slower conduction
110
what is multiple sclerosis
autoimmune disease where myelin is attacked in the CNS plaque develops action potential is disrupted causing motor or sensory issues
111
what are gliomas
neurons have limited ability to regenerate or undergo mitosis
112
what are most brain tumors derived from
glioma
113
what is a nerve
* In PNS, axons of sensory and motor neurons * Example * Nerves off of spinal cord
114
what is the nerve tract
In CNS, axons of interneurons * Example * Corpus callosum of brain
115
are most nerves containing only one or both sensory and motor neurons
both
115
116
what is the exepction to mixed nerves types
Some cranial nerves are sensory (optic nerve) or motor (hypoglossal nerve) only
117
what is the structure of a nerve
A nerve is an organ * Cells (axons of neurons, Schwann cells) * Connective tissue * Epineurium (dense irregular CT) * Perineurium (fibrous CT) * Endoneurium (over myelin, thin reticular) blood vessels too
118
what is a synapse
site where neurons communicate with each other or with other cell types
119
where does presynpatic axons end
axon terminals
120
what are synpatic vesicles containing in the axon terminals
neurotransmitters
121
what is an electrical synapses
Some synapses are gap junctions between neurons * Not as common as chemical synapse (more common in invertebrates)
122
what results from a higher than normal concentration of neurotransmitters
* Multiple sclerosis * Alzheimer's disease * Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) * Parkinson's disease
123
what is Tic Douloureux
* Also called Trigeminal Neuralgia * Extremely painful chronic condition * A blood vessel compresses the trigeminal nerve causing loss of myelination of sensory nerve fibers * The lack of insulation allows touch and pain nerve fibers to cross-talk * Touch is perceived pain by brain
124
what is neuronal regression in PNS
in the PNS if axon destroyed not cell body can be partial recovery
125
what makes up the CNS
brain and spinal cord
126
how much does the brain weigh
3.3 lbs
127
what tissues are under the brain
dura mater (most superficial) arachnoid mater pia mater
128
what is dura mater
dense irregular ct two layers fused with no sinus
129
what is the arachnoid mater
reticular ct web like blood supply
130
what is pia mater
loose areolar ct cling to brain surface vascularized
131
what is subdural space
space between the dura and arachnoid contain fluid
132
what does subarachnoid space contain
cerebrospinal fluid
133
what does the CSF do
provide nutrients remove waist cushion
134
what does the choroid plexus do
Produced by filtration of plasma from blood capillaries in pia mater * Filtrate moves through ependymal cells, into ventricles * CSF continuously produced by filtration of blood plasma
135
what structures has csf
lateral ventricle Third ventricle (1) * Cerebral aqueduct (1) * Fourth ventricle (1) * Central canal (1, spinal cord)
136
what are brain ventricles
fluid containing connected spaces in the brain
137
arachnoid granulations are
* Portions of arachnoid mater that extend though dura mater into dural sinuses CSF returns to blood here
138
what movement does CSF match
pulse of blood flow
139
what is hydrocephalus
csf is overproduced and not removed properly causing pressure and brain damage
140
how is hydrocephalus treated
shunt inserted
141
what is meningitis
meniges inflammation via infection can spread to brain and tissue
142
which is more dangerous bacertial or viral menengitis
bacerial
143
what is the blood brain barrier
capillaries of the brain
144
what is white matter of the brain
made of myelinated axons form fiber tracts
145
what is gray matter made of
dendrites cell bodies glial cells unmylinated axons
146
where is white matter located
spinal cord outer=fiber tracts
147
where is gray matter found
brain outer=cerebral cortex inner=nuclei inner spinal cord
148
what is the cerebrum
makes up 83% of brain two hemispheres has gray and white matter
149
what is the corpus collosum
made of white matter in cerebrum
150
what are the types of fiber tracts
projection fibers commissural
151
what are projection fibers
allow for communication between cortex and CNS decussation-fibers crossing over
152
what are commissural fibers
allow communication between right and left cerebral hemispheres
153
what are the structures of the cerebral cortex
sulci gyri fissures
154
what are structures in the cerebral cortex
central sulcus longitudinal fissure transverse cerebral fissure
155
what lobes are in the cerebral cortex
frontal parietal occipital temporal insula
156
what does the frontal lobe do
voluntary motor control most anterior region is high cognitive function
157
what is the primary motor cortex
in frontal lobe conscious control of skeletal muscle if damages voluntary motor control is gone
158
what is the motor homunculus
map of bodys motor control on brain
159
what is the prefrontal cortex
cortical region processing emotions working memory for all objects recall tasks solving complex problems
160
what happens if the prefrontal cortex is damaged
mental and personality disorders
161
what are frontal lobe lobotomies used for
to correct behavior and mental illness
162
what is the brocoas area
motor control of speaking in left frontal lobe corresponding area in right is emotional overtone to spoken words
163
what is the parietal lobe
input and interpret of sensory info from somatic senses
164
what is the primary somatosensory cortex
receive info from somatic sensory receptor if damaged process by sight unaffected but touch is
165
what is the sensory homunculus
the map of the brains sensory input
166
what is the temporal lobe
recieve and interpret sounf and sensory info from inner ear and smell from nasal cavity
167
what is the primary auditory cortex
awareness of sound inner ear
168
what is the auditory association area
evaluation of sound
169
what is the wernickes area
recognition of spoken words
170
what is the primary olfactory cortex
awareness of smells input from olfactory nerves part of limbic system
171
what is the occipital lobe
input from retina of eyes
172
what is the primary visual cortex
recieve info from receptor in retina
173
what is the insula
new lobe of cerebrum divese functions vicreal sensory cortex is here process emotions self recognition
174
where is the gustatory cortex
in insula taste recieves and sensory info from taste and oral cavity
175
what is parkinsons disease
lose dopamine cells in nigra clustering of protien in lewy bodies
176
what is the limbic system
found in cerebrum and diencephalon emotional brain
177
what structures are in the limbic system
amygdaloid body hippocampus olfactory cortex hypothalmus
178
what is the diencephalon
the thalmus epithalmus hypothalmus
179
what is the thalmus
info going to cerebral cortex must go though here first relay sensory info to cerebral cortex
180
what is the epithalmus
pineal gland melatonin secretion
181
what is the hypothalamus
hunger and thirst body temp regulator control muscle and glands blood pressure digestion respiration limbic control center release of hormones
182
what is the cerebellum
smooths and coordinates muscle involved in balance fine motor control and motor memory originates from metenephalon
183
brain stem is what
medulla oblongata pons midbrain
184
what is the medulla oblongata
basic life functions cardiac center vasomotor center respiratory center
185
what is a stroke
interupprtion of blood flow to brain resulting in neuron cell death
186
what is the spinal cord
run from medulla oblongata to L1 or L2
187
functions of the spinal cord
connect PNS to brain white matter in motor pathway gray matter in reflex center
188
what are meningeal layers made of
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
189
what do epidural spaces include
fat filled spacce around dura mater epideral here
190
what is the anatomy of the spinal cord
white matter ascending tracts descending tracts commissural tracts
191
what is the ascending tracts
sensory neuron axons
192
what are decending tracts
motor neuron axons
193
commissural tracts
interneurons that carry info from one to another side of spinal cord
194
what are the columns of the white matter in spine
dorsal lateral and ventral funiculus
195
what are apart of gray matter in spine
ventral horns lateral horns and dorsal horns
196
what are ventral horns
neurons for motor
197
what are lateral horns in spine
viceral motor neurons in ANS thoracic and upper lumbar region
198
what are the dorsal horns in spine
sensory neurons enter here
199
what are the four neuron classes in PNS
somatic and viceral sensory somatic motor viceral motor
200
what is the sensory in PNS
sensory cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia dorsal root to horn
201
what is somatic motor
cell bodies in ventral horn axons exit via ventral root
202
what is visceral motor
cell bodies from lateral horns exit through ventral root
203
what do dorsal roots do
transport sensory into spinal cord
204
what do ventral roots do
transport motor away from spinal cord
205
spinal nerves do what
mix of both dorsal and ventral roots
206
what are acending pathways sensory
1. Sensory receptors are activated 2. Sensory neurons synapse with interneurons within the dorsal horn of spinal cord gray matter 3. Interneurons transport signal via ascending tracts to thalamus 4. Ascending tracts to somatosensory cortex
207
waht is a decending pathway
1. Primary motor cortex initiates a response 2. Interneurons transport signal to appropriate region of spinal cord 3. Interneurons synapse within ventral horns with motor neuron 4. Motor neuron transports signal to cells of action (ex. Skeletal muscle fibers)
208
what is a reflex arc
an automatic and rapid motor response that does not require input from the brain
209
what is a monosynaptc reflex
axon terminals of sensory neurons directly synapse on motor neuron with spine 2 neurons 1 synapse
210
polysynaptic reflex
axon terminals of sensory neurons connected via one or more interneurons to a motor neuron 3 neurons 2 synapse
211
what is the ANS
part of PNS involuntary or unconcious control smooth muscle cardiac muscle glands
212
Which division of the PNS is considered to be the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
viceral motor
213
somatic motor neuron in ANS
one motor neuron runs between spinal cord and skeletal muscle
214
viceral motor neuron in ANS
two motor neurons run between spinal cord and target tissue * Preganglionic neuron * Postganglionic neuron * These 2 neurons synapse within an autonomic ganglion
215
ANS general functions ar e
work in conjugation with viceral sensory division self governing and often involuntary motor responses
216
ANS parasympatheitc
* Rest and digest * Conserves energy and oversees standard bodily functions * Localized effect: not much teamwork
217
ANS sympathetic division
* Fight, fright, or flight * Many organs involved * Mobilizes body in extreme situations * Fear * Exercise * Anger * Short-term response, requires more energy
218
What type of neurotransmitter is released from a SOMATIC motor neuron at a synapse with a skeletal muscle fiber?
acetylcholine
219
are preganglionic axons long or short
LONG
220
postganglionic axon long or short
SHORT
221
what is the vagus nerve
part of ANS 90% of pregangloinic fibers in body typical rest and digest activities in visceral muscle and glands
222
where is the autonomic ganglion located
near spinal cord
223
what is in a synapse with autonomic ganglion
acetylcholine
224
what is in a synapse between posetganglionic axon and tissue
norepienephrine
225
what is the sympathetic trunk ganglia
expansion of trunk pre and post ganglionic neurons synapse
226
sympathetic trunk
run parallel to spinal cord pathway for neurons of sympathetic division
227
where is the adrenal gland
on top of both kidneys
228
what is the internal adrenal medulla
major organ of SNS
229
You are quietly reading a book after a large meal. Which division of the ANS is primarily controlling digestion?
parasympathetic
230
Which of the following would you expect to see in the parasympathetic division?
D. Long preganglionic & short postganglionic fibers with very little branching
231
what are dermatomes
paraplegia (T1 to T2 damgage) quadriplegia (damage above T1)
232
what are shingles
varicella zoster virus resides is dorsal root ganglion from chicken pox weakened immune system results in multiplication and travel
233
organization of PNS
sensory receptors to sensory neurons to motor neurons to effectors
234
sensory receptors
simple or complex many types
235
what are mechanoreceptors
respond to mechanical forces
236
what are thermoreceptors
temperature changes
237
what are chemoreceptors
chemicals
238
photoreceptors
light
239
nociceptors
pain
240
what is ecolocation
specialized sensory processing
241
What are proprioceptors, and where might you find them?
Free nerve endings found around skeletal muscle fibers that detect stretch in the fiber when it moves.
242
what are proprioceptors
nerve endings that moniror stretch in their locomotry organs movement awareness cerabellum uses info to find where we are in space
243
what is the root hair plexuses
mechanoreceptors
244
what is pain
the emotional way our brain interpretes the stimulus
245
what is an itch receptor
free nerve endings response to inflammatory chemicals itch elicits a scratch reflex
246
what are chemoreceptors sensitive to
taste taste buds have them to response to food chemicals gustatory pathway
247
photoreceptors sensitive to what
light in retina of eye
248
what are cranial and spinal nerves
peripheral nerves
249
what are the divisions of the spinal nerve
dorsal ramus and ventral ramus
250
what is the nerve plexus made of
ventral rami wheras dorsal innervate back muscles
251
what is a nerve plexus
a network of nerves that supply specific regions of the body
252
what is a nerve plexus made of
ventral rami of all spinal nerves except T2-T12
253
what is the cervical plexus
innervates back of neck and diaphragm
254
where is the cervical plexus
ventral rami C1-C5
255
where is the brachial plexus
innervates upper limb
256
what is the brachial plexus
from ventral rami C5-T1
257
where is the lumbar plexus
ventral rami L1-L4
258
what is the lumbar plexus
innervates anterior region of lower limb
259
what is sacral plexus
innervates the posterior region of lower limb
260
where is the sacral plexus
ventral rami L4-S4
261
what is the sciatic nerve
forms the sacral plexus
262
what is polio
virus that target motor neurons paralysis from which neurons infected vaccines avalible
263
what is an innervation of skeletal muscle
motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles
264
what is postpolio syndrome
motor neuron invaded from polio is destroyed but neighboring isnt after reovery, surviving neurons extend to missing inervation causing over use and function lass