Exam 3 Flashcards
What components are in the cardiovascular system
heart
blood vessels
blood
cardiac muscles cells have what
Has similar cell components as skeletal muscle cell (T tubule, sarcomeres,
sarcoplasmic reticulum, etc.)
* 1 nucleus
* Branched
do all cardiac cells conduct impulse?
no, some contract
What is the seminlunar
valve that keeps blood moving in one direction
what is the pulmonary semilunar valve
valve between right ventircle and pulmonary trunk
what is the aortic semilunar
valve between left ventricle and aorta
The chordae tendineae attached to a bicuspid (mitral/bicuspid/left
atrioventricular ) valve are diagnosed as being too long. How will that
affect the function of the valve when the left ventricle contracts?
Blood will be able to leak back into the left atrium.
what is the lub in lub dub
closing of av valve
what is the dub in lub dub
closing of semilunar valves
what is a heart murmer
whooshing sound of blood flowing back into chamber
mitral valve prolapse
common type of heart murmer
stenosis
narrow opening between valves
heart murmer
What type of cells conduct an electrical impulse through
the myocardium of the heart wall?
cardiac muscle
what are cardiac muscle cells
straiated
branches
uninuculate
intercalated discs between cells
fribrous skeleton is what
barrier between atria and ventricles that prevent an electrical impulse from passing
how many pathways are there from atria to ventricles
1, via AV node
cardiac conduction system
cells have autorythmicity
nodes and bundles in cardiac muscle conduct electrical impulses
pathway for CCS
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular AV Node
Atrioventricular AV bundle
right and left branches
punkinje fibers
Atria contracts how
top to bottom
simultaneously
ventricles contract how
bottom to top
simultaneously
what is the SA node
pacemaker of heart
Blood supply to heart comes from where
cardiac veins
altherosclerosis is what
build of plaque in arteries
Mydocardial infection is what
a heart attack
result of blood not reaching cardiac muscle tissue
are there different signs for women and men with a heart attack
yes
what are the vessels of the body
blood and lymph
what are blood vessels
transport blood
continuous circit
what are lympth vessles
transport lymph
one way transport
layers of vessel walls
tunica intima
tunica media
The tunica media layer of a blood vessel allows the vessel to change
diameter. What type of tissue do you think this layer is made up of?
smooth muscle
what is the tunica intima
simple squamous epithelium
loose areolar
smooth
tunica media
smooth muscle
arranges circularly
tunica externa
loose areolar ct
some large vessels have own blood supply that is called vasa vasorum
what is the tunica externa of veins
of equal thickness as arteries
what is the tunica intima of veins
form valves
how are vessels structured
tunica media is thick with elastic fibers
arteries are rounded
elastic artery is what
found off of ventricles
expand and recoil to smooth our pressure
tunica media is rich
muscular arteries are what
supply organs and skeletal muscles
include all tunics
precapillary spincter does what
regulate blood flow into capillary bed
blood passes through the capillary bed via the what
metarteriole
what are the different types of capillary permiability
continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal
what is endothelium
simple squamous epithelium
what are some characteristics of the continuous capillary
most common
tight junctions
intercellular clefts
complete basement membrane
pericytes
what are pericytes
surround capillary
control permeability
stem cells
fenestrated capillary
have tight junctions and pores called fenestrations
found in small intestine
sinusoid capillaries
large intercellular clefts
incomplete basement membrane
fewer tight junctions
location in spleen bone marow lymph nodes and liver
blood brain barrier
low permeability continous capillaries
prolonged emotional stress effects it.
A red blood cell leaving the heart and traveling to the small intestine
would travel through how many capillary beds before returning to the
heart?
two
portal system
blood passes through 2nd capillary bed before returning to heart
is it harder to get chemicals that are polar or non polar into the bbb
polar
where is the bbb located
capillaries around the brain
what are veins
thinner walls in comparison to arteries
lower blood pressure
what are venules
drain capillaries
smalles made of only endothemlium
larger have tunica media
what are medium veins
Drain venules
* Have all three tunics
* Endothelium forms valves
what are large veins
Medium veins return blood
to large veins
* Large veins have all three
tunics
* Endothelium forms valves
* Under extremely low
pressure
what are veins made of
valves
tunica intima
keep blood moving
what counters low venous pressure
valves
squeeze of veins by adjacent organs
what are varicose veins
supeficials veins of lower legs
incompetent valves in veins — blood pools— stretching veins causing misshapen vessels
anastomoses is what
coming together
providing an alternative pathway for blood to reach given body region
are arterial or anastomoses more common
vein anastomoses
systolic blood pressure is
arterial pressure when left ventricle contracts
diastolic blood pressure is
arterial pressure when the left ventricle relaxes
what are some disorders of blood vessels
deep vein thrombosis
aneurysm
what is deep vein thrombosis
clots of lower limb
related to inactivity
abnormal clotting
can dislodge and become embolus
what is an aneurysm
sac like ballooning of artery or vein
common in abdominal aorta
what is blood
a connective tissue
distrisbute o2
regulate body temp
prevent infection
what are the cellular components
erythrocytes
leukoctyes
platelets
what is plasma
ct extracellular matrix
makes up 55% blood volume
what are the formed elements
buffy coat and erythroctyes
how does a blood cell develop
dirived from common ancestor
what are erythrocytes
anucleate and no organelles
anaerobic
full of hemoglobin
biconcave large surface area
erythropoiesis
prodcution of RBC from stem cells in red bone marrow
iron needed
anemia
low oxygen carrying capacity
iron deficiency
sickle cell anemia
hemoglobin molecule is off
fragile cells
leukocytes
white blood cells
complete cells
move through capillary walls through diapedesis
immune response
what are platelets
cell fragments
important in blood clotting
what are abo blood groups
Groups based on differing glycoproteins found on cell membranes called:
Antigens→ A, B and Rh
Type A→ A antigens only
Type B→ B antigens only
Type AB → body A & B antigens
Type O → neither A or B
what are some functions of the nervous system
sensory input
interpretation and integration of senesory input
motor output
divisions of the nervous system
CNS and PNS
what is the CNS
Integration and interpretation of sensory
input
* Dictates motor response
* Brain and spinal cord
what is the PNS
Neurons transport sensory input toward
CNS & motor output away from CNS
* Afferent (sensory) division
* Efferent (motor) division
* Includes cranial and spinal nerves
what are viceral functions
organs within body cavities
what are somatic functions
all other structures like muscles and skin
what cell types are in nervous tissue
neurons - excitable cells
neuroglia- non excitable cells
what are parts of the neuron structure
cell body
dendrites
axon
myelin sheaths
axon terminals
what is the cell body
single nucleus and organelles
what are the dendrites
input regions
carry into to cell body
many
what is the axon
carries info away from cell body
one per neuron
end at axon terminal
has myelin sheath
what are the classifications of neurons
multipolar
bipolar
unipolar
what are multipolar neurons
many dendrites single axon
most in CNS
motor neurons
what are bipolar neurons
single dendrite
one axon
only in few locations
retina olfactory mucosa
what are unipolar neurons
single axon connected via short process to cell body
sensory neuron
what is a sensory neuron
afferent neuron
bring impulse to CNS
cell bodies are clustered in ganglia
what is a motor neuron
efferent neuron
take impulse away from CNS
cell bodies are within CNS
multipolar shape
what is an interneuron
only found in CNS
account for 99% of all neurons in body
multipolar shape
what is the neuroganglia in CNS
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
what is neuroganglia in PNS
satallite cells
schwann cells
what are astrocytes
most abundant glial cells
surround capillaries and neurons
what are functions of astrocytes
Forms the blood brain barrier (more later)
* Regulate neurotransmitter levels
* Increase blood flow to active brain regions
* Produce BDNF (brain-derived trophic
factor) which promotes neural growth
what are microglia
smallest and least abundant glial cell in CNS
what are macrophages
type of microglia
Consume microorganisms and dead
neurons
* Originate in red bone marrow and
migrate to CNS during fetal
development
what are ependymal cells
Form simple epithelium that lines hollow portions of brain and spinal cord
* Ventricles of brain
* Central canal of spinal cord
* Have cilia that help circulate cerebrospinal fluid in CNS
what are oligodendrocytes
mylen sheath are formed in the CNS
wrap around axons
increase action potential
satellite cells
in PNS
surround cell bodies
prevent a crossover when cell bodies are crowded together
what are schwann cells
surround axon form myelin sheath in PNS
Myelin sheath in PNS do what
increase speed of action potential down axon
insulate axons
what are myelinated axons in the PNS
schwann cells wrap around an axon
one will have many cells
cells do not touch eachother, leaving gaps called nodes of ranvier
Saltatory Conduction
Action potentials jump over the myelin, jumping from node of
Ranvier to node of Ranvier
what are the nonmyelinated axons in PNS
Only thick, fast conducting
axons are myelinated
* Thin, slower are not
* Unmyelinated axons have a
Schwann cell partly enclose
15 or more unmyelinated
axons
* Axons are separated
* Slower conduction
what is multiple sclerosis
autoimmune disease where myelin is attacked in the CNS
plaque develops
action potential is disrupted causing motor or sensory issues
what are gliomas
neurons have limited ability to regenerate or undergo mitosis
what are most brain tumors derived from
glioma
what is a nerve
- In PNS, axons of sensory and
motor neurons - Example
- Nerves off of spinal cord
what is the nerve tract
In CNS, axons of interneurons
* Example
* Corpus callosum of brain
are most nerves containing only one or both sensory and motor neurons
both
what is the exepction to mixed nerves types
Some cranial nerves are sensory (optic nerve) or motor (hypoglossal nerve) only
what is the structure of a nerve
A nerve is an organ
* Cells (axons of neurons, Schwann cells)
* Connective tissue
* Epineurium (dense irregular CT)
* Perineurium (fibrous CT)
* Endoneurium (over myelin, thin reticular)
blood vessels too
what is a synapse
site where neurons communicate
with each other or with other cell types
where does presynpatic axons end
axon terminals
what are synpatic vesicles containing in the axon terminals
neurotransmitters
what is an electrical synapses
Some synapses are gap junctions between neurons
* Not as common as chemical synapse (more common in invertebrates)
what results from a higher than normal concentration of neurotransmitters
- Multiple sclerosis
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- Parkinson’s disease
what is Tic Douloureux
- Also called Trigeminal Neuralgia
- Extremely painful chronic condition
- A blood vessel compresses the trigeminal
nerve causing loss of myelination of
sensory nerve fibers - The lack of insulation allows touch and
pain nerve fibers to cross-talk - Touch is perceived pain by brain
what is neuronal regression in PNS
in the PNS
if axon destroyed not cell body
can be partial recovery
what makes up the CNS
brain and spinal cord
how much does the brain weigh
3.3 lbs
what tissues are under the brain
dura mater (most superficial)
arachnoid mater
pia mater
what is dura mater
dense irregular ct
two layers fused with no sinus
what is the arachnoid mater
reticular ct
web like
blood supply
what is pia mater
loose areolar ct
cling to brain surface
vascularized
what is subdural space
space between the dura and arachnoid
contain fluid
what does subarachnoid space contain
cerebrospinal fluid
what does the CSF do
provide nutrients
remove waist
cushion
what does the choroid plexus do
Produced by filtration of plasma from blood capillaries in pia mater
* Filtrate moves through ependymal cells, into ventricles
* CSF continuously produced by filtration of blood plasma
what structures has csf
lateral ventricle
Third ventricle (1)
* Cerebral aqueduct (1)
* Fourth ventricle (1)
* Central canal (1, spinal cord)
what are brain ventricles
fluid containing connected spaces in the brain
arachnoid granulations are
- Portions of arachnoid mater that
extend though dura mater into
dural sinuses
CSF returns to blood here
what movement does CSF match
pulse of blood flow
what is hydrocephalus
csf is overproduced and not removed properly causing pressure and brain damage
how is hydrocephalus treated
shunt inserted
what is meningitis
meniges inflammation via infection
can spread to brain and tissue
which is more dangerous bacertial or viral menengitis
bacerial
what is the blood brain barrier
capillaries of the brain
what is white matter of the brain
made of myelinated axons
form fiber tracts
what is gray matter made of
dendrites
cell bodies
glial cells
unmylinated axons
where is white matter located
spinal cord
outer=fiber tracts
where is gray matter found
brain
outer=cerebral cortex
inner=nuclei
inner spinal cord
what is the cerebrum
makes up 83% of brain
two hemispheres
has gray and white matter
what is the corpus collosum
made of white matter
in cerebrum
what are the types of fiber tracts
projection fibers
commissural
what are projection fibers
allow for communication between cortex and CNS
decussation-fibers crossing over
what are commissural fibers
allow communication between right and left cerebral hemispheres
what are the structures of the cerebral cortex
sulci
gyri
fissures
what are structures in the cerebral cortex
central sulcus
longitudinal fissure
transverse cerebral fissure
what lobes are in the cerebral cortex
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
insula
what does the frontal lobe do
voluntary motor control
most anterior region is high cognitive function
what is the primary motor cortex
in frontal lobe
conscious control of skeletal muscle
if damages voluntary motor control is gone
what is the motor homunculus
map of bodys motor control on brain
what is the prefrontal cortex
cortical region
processing emotions
working memory for all objects recall tasks
solving complex problems
what happens if the prefrontal cortex is damaged
mental and personality disorders
what are frontal lobe lobotomies used for
to correct behavior and mental illness
what is the brocoas area
motor control of speaking
in left frontal lobe
corresponding area in right is emotional overtone to spoken words
what is the parietal lobe
input and interpret of sensory info from somatic senses
what is the primary somatosensory cortex
receive info from somatic sensory receptor
if damaged process by sight unaffected but touch is
what is the sensory homunculus
the map of the brains sensory input
what is the temporal lobe
recieve and interpret sounf and sensory info from inner ear
and smell from nasal cavity
what is the primary auditory cortex
awareness of sound
inner ear
what is the auditory association area
evaluation of sound
what is the wernickes area
recognition of spoken words
what is the primary olfactory cortex
awareness of smells
input from olfactory nerves
part of limbic system
what is the occipital lobe
input from retina of eyes
what is the primary visual cortex
recieve info from receptor in retina
what is the insula
new lobe of cerebrum
divese functions
vicreal sensory cortex is here
process emotions
self recognition
where is the gustatory cortex
in insula
taste recieves and sensory info from taste and oral cavity
what is parkinsons disease
lose dopamine cells in nigra
clustering of protien in lewy bodies
what is the limbic system
found in cerebrum and diencephalon
emotional brain
what structures are in the limbic system
amygdaloid body
hippocampus
olfactory cortex
hypothalmus
what is the diencephalon
the thalmus
epithalmus
hypothalmus
what is the thalmus
info going to cerebral cortex must go though here first
relay sensory info to cerebral cortex
what is the epithalmus
pineal gland
melatonin secretion
what is the hypothalamus
hunger and thirst
body temp regulator
control muscle and glands
blood pressure
digestion
respiration
limbic control center
release of hormones
what is the cerebellum
smooths and coordinates muscle
involved in balance fine motor control and motor memory
originates from metenephalon
brain stem is what
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
what is the medulla oblongata
basic life functions
cardiac center
vasomotor center
respiratory center
what is a stroke
interupprtion of blood flow to brain resulting in neuron cell death
what is the spinal cord
run from medulla oblongata to L1 or L2
functions of the spinal cord
connect PNS to brain
white matter in motor pathway
gray matter in reflex center
what are meningeal layers made of
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
what do epidural spaces include
fat filled spacce around dura mater
epideral here
what is the anatomy of the spinal cord
white matter
ascending tracts
descending tracts
commissural tracts
what is the ascending tracts
sensory neuron axons
what are decending tracts
motor neuron axons
commissural tracts
interneurons that carry info from one to another side of spinal cord
what are the columns of the white matter in spine
dorsal lateral and ventral funiculus
what are apart of gray matter in spine
ventral horns lateral horns and dorsal horns
what are ventral horns
neurons for motor
what are lateral horns in spine
viceral motor neurons in ANS
thoracic and upper lumbar region
what are the dorsal horns in spine
sensory neurons enter here
what are the four neuron classes in PNS
somatic and viceral sensory
somatic motor
viceral motor
what is the sensory in PNS
sensory cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia
dorsal root to horn
what is somatic motor
cell bodies in ventral horn
axons exit via ventral root
what is visceral motor
cell bodies from lateral horns exit through ventral root
what do dorsal roots do
transport sensory into spinal cord
what do ventral roots do
transport motor away from spinal cord
spinal nerves do what
mix of both dorsal and ventral roots
what are acending pathways sensory
- Sensory receptors are activated
- Sensory neurons synapse with
interneurons within the dorsal horn
of spinal cord gray matter - Interneurons transport signal via
ascending tracts to thalamus - Ascending tracts to somatosensory
cortex
waht is a decending pathway
- Primary motor cortex initiates a
response - Interneurons transport signal to
appropriate region of spinal cord - Interneurons synapse within
ventral horns with motor neuron - Motor neuron transports signal
to cells of action (ex. Skeletal
muscle fibers)
what is a reflex arc
an automatic and rapid motor response that does not require input from the brain
what is a monosynaptc reflex
axon terminals of sensory neurons directly synapse on motor neuron with spine
2 neurons
1 synapse
polysynaptic reflex
axon terminals of sensory neurons connected via one or more interneurons to a motor neuron
3 neurons
2 synapse
what is the ANS
part of PNS
involuntary or unconcious control
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands
Which division of the PNS is considered to be the Autonomic Nervous
System (ANS)?
viceral motor
somatic motor neuron in ANS
one motor neuron runs
between spinal cord and
skeletal muscle
viceral motor neuron in ANS
two motor neurons run
between spinal cord and
target tissue
* Preganglionic neuron
* Postganglionic neuron
* These 2 neurons synapse
within an autonomic
ganglion
ANS general functions ar e
work in conjugation with viceral sensory division
self governing and often involuntary motor responses
ANS parasympatheitc
- Rest and digest
- Conserves energy and oversees
standard bodily functions - Localized effect: not much teamwork
ANS sympathetic division
- Fight, fright, or flight
- Many organs involved
- Mobilizes body in extreme situations
- Fear
- Exercise
- Anger
- Short-term response, requires more energy
What type of neurotransmitter is released from a SOMATIC motor
neuron at a synapse with a skeletal muscle fiber?
acetylcholine
are preganglionic axons long or short
LONG
postganglionic axon long or short
SHORT
what is the vagus nerve
part of ANS
90% of pregangloinic fibers in body
typical rest and
digest activities in visceral muscle
and glands
where is the autonomic ganglion located
near spinal cord
what is in a synapse with autonomic ganglion
acetylcholine
what is in a synapse between posetganglionic axon and tissue
norepienephrine
what is the sympathetic trunk ganglia
expansion of trunk
pre and post ganglionic neurons synapse
sympathetic trunk
run parallel to spinal cord
pathway for neurons of sympathetic division
where is the adrenal gland
on top of both kidneys
what is the internal adrenal medulla
major organ of SNS
You are quietly reading a book after a large meal. Which division of the
ANS is primarily controlling digestion?
parasympathetic
Which of the following would you expect to see in the parasympathetic
division?
D. Long preganglionic & short postganglionic fibers with very little
branching
what are dermatomes
paraplegia (T1 to T2 damgage)
quadriplegia (damage above T1)
what are shingles
varicella zoster virus resides is dorsal root ganglion from chicken pox
weakened immune system results in multiplication and travel
organization of PNS
sensory receptors to sensory neurons to motor neurons to effectors
sensory receptors
simple or complex
many types
what are mechanoreceptors
respond to mechanical forces
what are thermoreceptors
temperature changes
what are chemoreceptors
chemicals
photoreceptors
light
nociceptors
pain
what is ecolocation
specialized sensory processing
What are proprioceptors, and where might you find them?
Free nerve endings found around skeletal muscle fibers that detect
stretch in the fiber when it moves.
what are proprioceptors
nerve endings that moniror stretch in their locomotry organs
movement awareness
cerabellum uses info to find where we are in space
what is the root hair plexuses
mechanoreceptors
what is pain
the emotional way our brain interpretes the stimulus
what is an itch receptor
free nerve endings
response to inflammatory chemicals
itch elicits a scratch reflex
what are chemoreceptors sensitive to
taste
taste buds have them to response to food chemicals
gustatory pathway
photoreceptors sensitive to what
light
in retina of eye
what are cranial and spinal nerves
peripheral nerves
what are the divisions of the spinal nerve
dorsal ramus and ventral ramus
what is the nerve plexus made of
ventral rami
wheras dorsal innervate back muscles
what is a nerve plexus
a network of nerves that supply specific regions of the body
what is a nerve plexus made of
ventral rami of all spinal nerves except T2-T12
what is the cervical plexus
innervates back of neck and diaphragm
where is the cervical plexus
ventral rami C1-C5
where is the brachial plexus
innervates upper limb
what is the brachial plexus
from ventral rami C5-T1
where is the lumbar plexus
ventral rami L1-L4
what is the lumbar plexus
innervates anterior region of lower limb
what is sacral plexus
innervates the posterior region of lower limb
where is the sacral plexus
ventral rami L4-S4
what is the sciatic nerve
forms the sacral plexus
what is polio
virus that target motor neurons
paralysis from which neurons infected
vaccines avalible
what is an innervation of skeletal muscle
motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles
what is postpolio syndrome
motor neuron invaded from polio is destroyed but neighboring isnt
after reovery, surviving neurons extend to missing inervation causing over use and function lass
