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Anatomy > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What components are in the cardiovascular system

A

heart
blood vessels
blood

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2
Q

cardiac muscles cells have what

A

Has similar cell components as skeletal muscle cell (T tubule, sarcomeres,
sarcoplasmic reticulum, etc.)
* 1 nucleus
* Branched

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3
Q

do all cardiac cells conduct impulse?

A

no, some contract

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4
Q

What is the seminlunar

A

valve that keeps blood moving in one direction

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5
Q

what is the pulmonary semilunar valve

A

valve between right ventircle and pulmonary trunk

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6
Q

what is the aortic semilunar

A

valve between left ventricle and aorta

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7
Q

The chordae tendineae attached to a bicuspid (mitral/bicuspid/left
atrioventricular ) valve are diagnosed as being too long. How will that
affect the function of the valve when the left ventricle contracts?

A

Blood will be able to leak back into the left atrium.

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8
Q

what is the lub in lub dub

A

closing of av valve

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9
Q

what is the dub in lub dub

A

closing of semilunar valves

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10
Q

what is a heart murmer

A

whooshing sound of blood flowing back into chamber

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11
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

common type of heart murmer

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12
Q

stenosis

A

narrow opening between valves
heart murmer

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13
Q

What type of cells conduct an electrical impulse through
the myocardium of the heart wall?

A

cardiac muscle

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14
Q

what are cardiac muscle cells

A

straiated
branches
uninuculate
intercalated discs between cells

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15
Q

fribrous skeleton is what

A

barrier between atria and ventricles that prevent an electrical impulse from passing

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16
Q

how many pathways are there from atria to ventricles

A

1, via AV node

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17
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

cells have autorythmicity
nodes and bundles in cardiac muscle conduct electrical impulses

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18
Q

pathway for CCS

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular AV Node
Atrioventricular AV bundle
right and left branches
punkinje fibers

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19
Q

Atria contracts how

A

top to bottom
simultaneously

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20
Q

ventricles contract how

A

bottom to top
simultaneously

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21
Q

what is the SA node

A

pacemaker of heart

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22
Q

Blood supply to heart comes from where

A

cardiac veins

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23
Q

altherosclerosis is what

A

build of plaque in arteries

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24
Q

Mydocardial infection is what

A

a heart attack
result of blood not reaching cardiac muscle tissue

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25
Q

are there different signs for women and men with a heart attack

A

yes

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26
Q

what are the vessels of the body

A

blood and lymph

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27
Q

what are blood vessels

A

transport blood
continuous circit

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28
Q

what are lympth vessles

A

transport lymph
one way transport

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29
Q

layers of vessel walls

A

tunica intima
tunica media

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30
Q

The tunica media layer of a blood vessel allows the vessel to change
diameter. What type of tissue do you think this layer is made up of?

A

smooth muscle

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31
Q

what is the tunica intima

A

simple squamous epithelium
loose areolar
smooth

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32
Q

tunica media

A

smooth muscle
arranges circularly

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33
Q

tunica externa

A

loose areolar ct
some large vessels have own blood supply that is called vasa vasorum

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34
Q

what is the tunica externa of veins

A

of equal thickness as arteries

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35
Q

what is the tunica intima of veins

A

form valves

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36
Q

how are vessels structured

A

tunica media is thick with elastic fibers
arteries are rounded

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37
Q

elastic artery is what

A

found off of ventricles
expand and recoil to smooth our pressure
tunica media is rich

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38
Q

muscular arteries are what

A

supply organs and skeletal muscles
include all tunics

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39
Q

precapillary spincter does what

A

regulate blood flow into capillary bed

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40
Q

blood passes through the capillary bed via the what

A

metarteriole

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41
Q

what are the different types of capillary permiability

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal

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42
Q

what is endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium

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43
Q

what are some characteristics of the continuous capillary

A

most common
tight junctions
intercellular clefts
complete basement membrane
pericytes

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44
Q

what are pericytes

A

surround capillary
control permeability
stem cells

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45
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

have tight junctions and pores called fenestrations
found in small intestine

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46
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A

large intercellular clefts
incomplete basement membrane
fewer tight junctions
location in spleen bone marow lymph nodes and liver

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47
Q

blood brain barrier

A

low permeability continous capillaries
prolonged emotional stress effects it.

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48
Q

A red blood cell leaving the heart and traveling to the small intestine
would travel through how many capillary beds before returning to the
heart?

A

two

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49
Q

portal system

A

blood passes through 2nd capillary bed before returning to heart

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50
Q

is it harder to get chemicals that are polar or non polar into the bbb

A

polar

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51
Q

where is the bbb located

A

capillaries around the brain

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52
Q

what are veins

A

thinner walls in comparison to arteries
lower blood pressure

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53
Q

what are venules

A

drain capillaries
smalles made of only endothemlium
larger have tunica media

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54
Q

what are medium veins

A

Drain venules
* Have all three tunics
* Endothelium forms valves

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55
Q

what are large veins

A

Medium veins return blood
to large veins
* Large veins have all three
tunics
* Endothelium forms valves
* Under extremely low
pressure

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56
Q

what are veins made of

A

valves
tunica intima
keep blood moving

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57
Q

what counters low venous pressure

A

valves
squeeze of veins by adjacent organs

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58
Q

what are varicose veins

A

supeficials veins of lower legs
incompetent valves in veins — blood pools— stretching veins causing misshapen vessels

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59
Q

anastomoses is what

A

coming together
providing an alternative pathway for blood to reach given body region

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60
Q

are arterial or anastomoses more common

A

vein anastomoses

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61
Q

systolic blood pressure is

A

arterial pressure when left ventricle contracts

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62
Q

diastolic blood pressure is

A

arterial pressure when the left ventricle relaxes

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63
Q

what are some disorders of blood vessels

A

deep vein thrombosis
aneurysm

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64
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis

A

clots of lower limb
related to inactivity
abnormal clotting
can dislodge and become embolus

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65
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

sac like ballooning of artery or vein
common in abdominal aorta

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66
Q

what is blood

A

a connective tissue
distrisbute o2
regulate body temp
prevent infection

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67
Q

what are the cellular components

A

erythrocytes
leukoctyes
platelets

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68
Q

what is plasma

A

ct extracellular matrix
makes up 55% blood volume

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69
Q

what are the formed elements

A

buffy coat and erythroctyes

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70
Q

how does a blood cell develop

A

dirived from common ancestor

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71
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

anucleate and no organelles
anaerobic
full of hemoglobin
biconcave large surface area

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72
Q

erythropoiesis

A

prodcution of RBC from stem cells in red bone marrow
iron needed

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73
Q

anemia

A

low oxygen carrying capacity
iron deficiency

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74
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

hemoglobin molecule is off
fragile cells

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75
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells
complete cells
move through capillary walls through diapedesis
immune response

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76
Q

what are platelets

A

cell fragments
important in blood clotting

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77
Q

what are abo blood groups

A

Groups based on differing glycoproteins found on cell membranes called:
Antigens→ A, B and Rh
Type A→ A antigens only
Type B→ B antigens only
Type AB → body A & B antigens
Type O → neither A or B

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78
Q

what are some functions of the nervous system

A

sensory input
interpretation and integration of senesory input
motor output

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79
Q

divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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80
Q

what is the CNS

A

Integration and interpretation of sensory
input
* Dictates motor response
* Brain and spinal cord

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81
Q

what is the PNS

A

Neurons transport sensory input toward
CNS & motor output away from CNS
* Afferent (sensory) division
* Efferent (motor) division
* Includes cranial and spinal nerves

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82
Q

what are viceral functions

A

organs within body cavities

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83
Q

what are somatic functions

A

all other structures like muscles and skin

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84
Q

what cell types are in nervous tissue

A

neurons - excitable cells
neuroglia- non excitable cells

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85
Q

what are parts of the neuron structure

A

cell body
dendrites
axon
myelin sheaths
axon terminals

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86
Q

what is the cell body

A

single nucleus and organelles

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87
Q

what are the dendrites

A

input regions
carry into to cell body
many

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88
Q

what is the axon

A

carries info away from cell body
one per neuron
end at axon terminal
has myelin sheath

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89
Q

what are the classifications of neurons

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar

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90
Q

what are multipolar neurons

A

many dendrites single axon
most in CNS
motor neurons

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91
Q

what are bipolar neurons

A

single dendrite
one axon
only in few locations
retina olfactory mucosa

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92
Q

what are unipolar neurons

A

single axon connected via short process to cell body
sensory neuron

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93
Q

what is a sensory neuron

A

afferent neuron
bring impulse to CNS
cell bodies are clustered in ganglia

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94
Q

what is a motor neuron

A

efferent neuron
take impulse away from CNS
cell bodies are within CNS
multipolar shape

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95
Q

what is an interneuron

A

only found in CNS
account for 99% of all neurons in body
multipolar shape

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96
Q

what is the neuroganglia in CNS

A

astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

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97
Q

what is neuroganglia in PNS

A

satallite cells
schwann cells

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98
Q

what are astrocytes

A

most abundant glial cells
surround capillaries and neurons

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99
Q

what are functions of astrocytes

A

Forms the blood brain barrier (more later)
* Regulate neurotransmitter levels
* Increase blood flow to active brain regions
* Produce BDNF (brain-derived trophic
factor) which promotes neural growth

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100
Q

what are microglia

A

smallest and least abundant glial cell in CNS

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101
Q

what are macrophages

A

type of microglia
Consume microorganisms and dead
neurons
* Originate in red bone marrow and
migrate to CNS during fetal
development

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102
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

Form simple epithelium that lines hollow portions of brain and spinal cord
* Ventricles of brain
* Central canal of spinal cord
* Have cilia that help circulate cerebrospinal fluid in CNS

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103
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

mylen sheath are formed in the CNS
wrap around axons
increase action potential

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104
Q

satellite cells

A

in PNS
surround cell bodies
prevent a crossover when cell bodies are crowded together

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105
Q

what are schwann cells

A

surround axon form myelin sheath in PNS

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106
Q

Myelin sheath in PNS do what

A

increase speed of action potential down axon
insulate axons

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107
Q

what are myelinated axons in the PNS

A

schwann cells wrap around an axon
one will have many cells
cells do not touch eachother, leaving gaps called nodes of ranvier

108
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Action potentials jump over the myelin, jumping from node of
Ranvier to node of Ranvier

109
Q

what are the nonmyelinated axons in PNS

A

Only thick, fast conducting
axons are myelinated
* Thin, slower are not
* Unmyelinated axons have a
Schwann cell partly enclose
15 or more unmyelinated
axons
* Axons are separated
* Slower conduction

110
Q

what is multiple sclerosis

A

autoimmune disease where myelin is attacked in the CNS
plaque develops
action potential is disrupted causing motor or sensory issues

111
Q

what are gliomas

A

neurons have limited ability to regenerate or undergo mitosis

112
Q

what are most brain tumors derived from

A

glioma

113
Q

what is a nerve

A
  • In PNS, axons of sensory and
    motor neurons
  • Example
  • Nerves off of spinal cord
114
Q

what is the nerve tract

A

In CNS, axons of interneurons
* Example
* Corpus callosum of brain

115
Q

are most nerves containing only one or both sensory and motor neurons

A

both

115
Q
A
116
Q

what is the exepction to mixed nerves types

A

Some cranial nerves are sensory (optic nerve) or motor (hypoglossal nerve) only

117
Q

what is the structure of a nerve

A

A nerve is an organ
* Cells (axons of neurons, Schwann cells)
* Connective tissue
* Epineurium (dense irregular CT)
* Perineurium (fibrous CT)
* Endoneurium (over myelin, thin reticular)
blood vessels too

118
Q

what is a synapse

A

site where neurons communicate
with each other or with other cell types

119
Q

where does presynpatic axons end

A

axon terminals

120
Q

what are synpatic vesicles containing in the axon terminals

A

neurotransmitters

121
Q

what is an electrical synapses

A

Some synapses are gap junctions between neurons
* Not as common as chemical synapse (more common in invertebrates)

122
Q

what results from a higher than normal concentration of neurotransmitters

A
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
  • Parkinson’s disease
123
Q

what is Tic Douloureux

A
  • Also called Trigeminal Neuralgia
  • Extremely painful chronic condition
  • A blood vessel compresses the trigeminal
    nerve causing loss of myelination of
    sensory nerve fibers
  • The lack of insulation allows touch and
    pain nerve fibers to cross-talk
  • Touch is perceived pain by brain
124
Q

what is neuronal regression in PNS

A

in the PNS
if axon destroyed not cell body
can be partial recovery

125
Q

what makes up the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

126
Q

how much does the brain weigh

A

3.3 lbs

127
Q

what tissues are under the brain

A

dura mater (most superficial)
arachnoid mater
pia mater

128
Q

what is dura mater

A

dense irregular ct
two layers fused with no sinus

129
Q

what is the arachnoid mater

A

reticular ct
web like
blood supply

130
Q

what is pia mater

A

loose areolar ct
cling to brain surface
vascularized

131
Q

what is subdural space

A

space between the dura and arachnoid
contain fluid

132
Q

what does subarachnoid space contain

A

cerebrospinal fluid

133
Q

what does the CSF do

A

provide nutrients
remove waist
cushion

134
Q

what does the choroid plexus do

A

Produced by filtration of plasma from blood capillaries in pia mater
* Filtrate moves through ependymal cells, into ventricles
* CSF continuously produced by filtration of blood plasma

135
Q

what structures has csf

A

lateral ventricle
Third ventricle (1)
* Cerebral aqueduct (1)
* Fourth ventricle (1)
* Central canal (1, spinal cord)

136
Q

what are brain ventricles

A

fluid containing connected spaces in the brain

137
Q

arachnoid granulations are

A
  • Portions of arachnoid mater that
    extend though dura mater into
    dural sinuses
    CSF returns to blood here
138
Q

what movement does CSF match

A

pulse of blood flow

139
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

csf is overproduced and not removed properly causing pressure and brain damage

140
Q

how is hydrocephalus treated

A

shunt inserted

141
Q

what is meningitis

A

meniges inflammation via infection
can spread to brain and tissue

142
Q

which is more dangerous bacertial or viral menengitis

A

bacerial

143
Q

what is the blood brain barrier

A

capillaries of the brain

144
Q

what is white matter of the brain

A

made of myelinated axons
form fiber tracts

145
Q

what is gray matter made of

A

dendrites
cell bodies
glial cells
unmylinated axons

146
Q

where is white matter located

A

spinal cord
outer=fiber tracts

147
Q

where is gray matter found

A

brain
outer=cerebral cortex
inner=nuclei
inner spinal cord

148
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

makes up 83% of brain
two hemispheres
has gray and white matter

149
Q

what is the corpus collosum

A

made of white matter
in cerebrum

150
Q

what are the types of fiber tracts

A

projection fibers
commissural

151
Q

what are projection fibers

A

allow for communication between cortex and CNS
decussation-fibers crossing over

152
Q

what are commissural fibers

A

allow communication between right and left cerebral hemispheres

153
Q

what are the structures of the cerebral cortex

A

sulci
gyri
fissures

154
Q

what are structures in the cerebral cortex

A

central sulcus
longitudinal fissure
transverse cerebral fissure

155
Q

what lobes are in the cerebral cortex

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
insula

156
Q

what does the frontal lobe do

A

voluntary motor control
most anterior region is high cognitive function

157
Q

what is the primary motor cortex

A

in frontal lobe
conscious control of skeletal muscle
if damages voluntary motor control is gone

158
Q

what is the motor homunculus

A

map of bodys motor control on brain

159
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex

A

cortical region
processing emotions
working memory for all objects recall tasks
solving complex problems

160
Q

what happens if the prefrontal cortex is damaged

A

mental and personality disorders

161
Q

what are frontal lobe lobotomies used for

A

to correct behavior and mental illness

162
Q

what is the brocoas area

A

motor control of speaking
in left frontal lobe
corresponding area in right is emotional overtone to spoken words

163
Q

what is the parietal lobe

A

input and interpret of sensory info from somatic senses

164
Q

what is the primary somatosensory cortex

A

receive info from somatic sensory receptor
if damaged process by sight unaffected but touch is

165
Q

what is the sensory homunculus

A

the map of the brains sensory input

166
Q

what is the temporal lobe

A

recieve and interpret sounf and sensory info from inner ear
and smell from nasal cavity

167
Q

what is the primary auditory cortex

A

awareness of sound
inner ear

168
Q

what is the auditory association area

A

evaluation of sound

169
Q

what is the wernickes area

A

recognition of spoken words

170
Q

what is the primary olfactory cortex

A

awareness of smells
input from olfactory nerves
part of limbic system

171
Q

what is the occipital lobe

A

input from retina of eyes

172
Q

what is the primary visual cortex

A

recieve info from receptor in retina

173
Q

what is the insula

A

new lobe of cerebrum
divese functions
vicreal sensory cortex is here
process emotions
self recognition

174
Q

where is the gustatory cortex

A

in insula
taste recieves and sensory info from taste and oral cavity

175
Q

what is parkinsons disease

A

lose dopamine cells in nigra
clustering of protien in lewy bodies

176
Q

what is the limbic system

A

found in cerebrum and diencephalon
emotional brain

177
Q

what structures are in the limbic system

A

amygdaloid body
hippocampus
olfactory cortex
hypothalmus

178
Q

what is the diencephalon

A

the thalmus
epithalmus
hypothalmus

179
Q

what is the thalmus

A

info going to cerebral cortex must go though here first
relay sensory info to cerebral cortex

180
Q

what is the epithalmus

A

pineal gland
melatonin secretion

181
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

hunger and thirst
body temp regulator
control muscle and glands
blood pressure
digestion
respiration
limbic control center
release of hormones

182
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

smooths and coordinates muscle
involved in balance fine motor control and motor memory
originates from metenephalon

183
Q

brain stem is what

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

184
Q

what is the medulla oblongata

A

basic life functions
cardiac center
vasomotor center
respiratory center

185
Q

what is a stroke

A

interupprtion of blood flow to brain resulting in neuron cell death

186
Q

what is the spinal cord

A

run from medulla oblongata to L1 or L2

187
Q

functions of the spinal cord

A

connect PNS to brain
white matter in motor pathway
gray matter in reflex center

188
Q

what are meningeal layers made of

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

189
Q

what do epidural spaces include

A

fat filled spacce around dura mater
epideral here

190
Q

what is the anatomy of the spinal cord

A

white matter
ascending tracts
descending tracts
commissural tracts

191
Q

what is the ascending tracts

A

sensory neuron axons

192
Q

what are decending tracts

A

motor neuron axons

193
Q

commissural tracts

A

interneurons that carry info from one to another side of spinal cord

194
Q

what are the columns of the white matter in spine

A

dorsal lateral and ventral funiculus

195
Q

what are apart of gray matter in spine

A

ventral horns lateral horns and dorsal horns

196
Q

what are ventral horns

A

neurons for motor

197
Q

what are lateral horns in spine

A

viceral motor neurons in ANS
thoracic and upper lumbar region

198
Q

what are the dorsal horns in spine

A

sensory neurons enter here

199
Q

what are the four neuron classes in PNS

A

somatic and viceral sensory
somatic motor
viceral motor

200
Q

what is the sensory in PNS

A

sensory cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia
dorsal root to horn

201
Q

what is somatic motor

A

cell bodies in ventral horn
axons exit via ventral root

202
Q

what is visceral motor

A

cell bodies from lateral horns exit through ventral root

203
Q

what do dorsal roots do

A

transport sensory into spinal cord

204
Q

what do ventral roots do

A

transport motor away from spinal cord

205
Q

spinal nerves do what

A

mix of both dorsal and ventral roots

206
Q

what are acending pathways sensory

A
  1. Sensory receptors are activated
  2. Sensory neurons synapse with
    interneurons within the dorsal horn
    of spinal cord gray matter
  3. Interneurons transport signal via
    ascending tracts to thalamus
  4. Ascending tracts to somatosensory
    cortex
207
Q

waht is a decending pathway

A
  1. Primary motor cortex initiates a
    response
  2. Interneurons transport signal to
    appropriate region of spinal cord
  3. Interneurons synapse within
    ventral horns with motor neuron
  4. Motor neuron transports signal
    to cells of action (ex. Skeletal
    muscle fibers)
208
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

an automatic and rapid motor response that does not require input from the brain

209
Q

what is a monosynaptc reflex

A

axon terminals of sensory neurons directly synapse on motor neuron with spine
2 neurons
1 synapse

210
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

axon terminals of sensory neurons connected via one or more interneurons to a motor neuron
3 neurons
2 synapse

211
Q

what is the ANS

A

part of PNS
involuntary or unconcious control
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands

212
Q

Which division of the PNS is considered to be the Autonomic Nervous
System (ANS)?

A

viceral motor

213
Q

somatic motor neuron in ANS

A

one motor neuron runs
between spinal cord and
skeletal muscle

214
Q

viceral motor neuron in ANS

A

two motor neurons run
between spinal cord and
target tissue
* Preganglionic neuron
* Postganglionic neuron
* These 2 neurons synapse
within an autonomic
ganglion

215
Q

ANS general functions ar e

A

work in conjugation with viceral sensory division
self governing and often involuntary motor responses

216
Q

ANS parasympatheitc

A
  • Rest and digest
  • Conserves energy and oversees
    standard bodily functions
  • Localized effect: not much teamwork
217
Q

ANS sympathetic division

A
  • Fight, fright, or flight
  • Many organs involved
  • Mobilizes body in extreme situations
  • Fear
  • Exercise
  • Anger
  • Short-term response, requires more energy
218
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is released from a SOMATIC motor
neuron at a synapse with a skeletal muscle fiber?

A

acetylcholine

219
Q

are preganglionic axons long or short

A

LONG

220
Q

postganglionic axon long or short

A

SHORT

221
Q

what is the vagus nerve

A

part of ANS
90% of pregangloinic fibers in body
typical rest and
digest activities in visceral muscle
and glands

222
Q

where is the autonomic ganglion located

A

near spinal cord

223
Q

what is in a synapse with autonomic ganglion

A

acetylcholine

224
Q

what is in a synapse between posetganglionic axon and tissue

A

norepienephrine

225
Q

what is the sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

expansion of trunk
pre and post ganglionic neurons synapse

226
Q

sympathetic trunk

A

run parallel to spinal cord
pathway for neurons of sympathetic division

227
Q

where is the adrenal gland

A

on top of both kidneys

228
Q

what is the internal adrenal medulla

A

major organ of SNS

229
Q

You are quietly reading a book after a large meal. Which division of the
ANS is primarily controlling digestion?

A

parasympathetic

230
Q

Which of the following would you expect to see in the parasympathetic
division?

A

D. Long preganglionic & short postganglionic fibers with very little
branching

231
Q

what are dermatomes

A

paraplegia (T1 to T2 damgage)
quadriplegia (damage above T1)

232
Q

what are shingles

A

varicella zoster virus resides is dorsal root ganglion from chicken pox
weakened immune system results in multiplication and travel

233
Q

organization of PNS

A

sensory receptors to sensory neurons to motor neurons to effectors

234
Q

sensory receptors

A

simple or complex
many types

235
Q

what are mechanoreceptors

A

respond to mechanical forces

236
Q

what are thermoreceptors

A

temperature changes

237
Q

what are chemoreceptors

A

chemicals

238
Q

photoreceptors

A

light

239
Q

nociceptors

A

pain

240
Q

what is ecolocation

A

specialized sensory processing

241
Q

What are proprioceptors, and where might you find them?

A

Free nerve endings found around skeletal muscle fibers that detect
stretch in the fiber when it moves.

242
Q

what are proprioceptors

A

nerve endings that moniror stretch in their locomotry organs
movement awareness
cerabellum uses info to find where we are in space

243
Q

what is the root hair plexuses

A

mechanoreceptors

244
Q

what is pain

A

the emotional way our brain interpretes the stimulus

245
Q

what is an itch receptor

A

free nerve endings
response to inflammatory chemicals
itch elicits a scratch reflex

246
Q

what are chemoreceptors sensitive to

A

taste
taste buds have them to response to food chemicals
gustatory pathway

247
Q

photoreceptors sensitive to what

A

light
in retina of eye

248
Q

what are cranial and spinal nerves

A

peripheral nerves

249
Q

what are the divisions of the spinal nerve

A

dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

250
Q

what is the nerve plexus made of

A

ventral rami
wheras dorsal innervate back muscles

251
Q

what is a nerve plexus

A

a network of nerves that supply specific regions of the body

252
Q

what is a nerve plexus made of

A

ventral rami of all spinal nerves except T2-T12

253
Q

what is the cervical plexus

A

innervates back of neck and diaphragm

254
Q

where is the cervical plexus

A

ventral rami C1-C5

255
Q

where is the brachial plexus

A

innervates upper limb

256
Q

what is the brachial plexus

A

from ventral rami C5-T1

257
Q

where is the lumbar plexus

A

ventral rami L1-L4

258
Q

what is the lumbar plexus

A

innervates anterior region of lower limb

259
Q

what is sacral plexus

A

innervates the posterior region of lower limb

260
Q

where is the sacral plexus

A

ventral rami L4-S4

261
Q

what is the sciatic nerve

A

forms the sacral plexus

262
Q

what is polio

A

virus that target motor neurons
paralysis from which neurons infected
vaccines avalible

263
Q

what is an innervation of skeletal muscle

A

motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles

264
Q

what is postpolio syndrome

A

motor neuron invaded from polio is destroyed but neighboring isnt
after reovery, surviving neurons extend to missing inervation causing over use and function lass

Anatomy (7 decks)

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