Exam 3 Questions

Question 1

Which type of memory is NOT considered to be a transient memory?

a. sensory
b. haptic
c. long-term
d. short-term

Answer 1

c. long term

Question 2

George Sperling’s (1960) experiments on visual sensory memory demonstrated that:

a. briefly presented information cannot be recalled.
b. iconic memory lasts for a very long time.
c. people could not learn to associate a tone with a visual stimulus.
d. people have a very brief visual memory that decays rapidly.

Answer 2

d. people have a very brief visual memory that decays rapidly.

Question 3

In Baddeley’s working-memory model, which system maintains auditory memories through internal speech rehearsal?

a. visuospatial sketchpad
b. phonological loop
c. central executive
d. haptic memory

Answer 3

b. phonological loop

Question 4

The metaphor of memory as a computer compares RAM with _____ memory and a hard drive with _____ memory.

a. long-term; working
b. working; long-term
c. sensory; iconic
d. short-term; long-term

Answer 4

b. working; long-term memory

Question 5

Which statement is an example of an overt behavior caused by an emotion?

a. Uma feels her heart rate increase right before she gives a presentation at work.
b. Greg is elated when his soccer team wins the playoffs.
c. Nancy is very sad when she misses her boyfriend.
d. Derrick screams loudly when his brother startles him.

Answer 5

d. Derrick screams loudly when his brother startles him.

Question 6

A collection of bodily responses that prepare the body to face a threat is known as:

a. emotion.
b. the stress response.
c. arousal.
d. the fear response.

Answer 6

c. arousal

Question 7

_____ theories of emotion are based on the central premise that physiological responses to stimuli come first and that they determine or induce emotions.

a. Conscious
b. Cognitive appraisal
c. Bodily response
d. Somatic

Answer 7

a. conscious

Question 8

Nonhuman animals have:

a. been proven to consciously experience the emotion of fear.
b. been shown to experience all of the same emotions that humans do.
c. not shown any expressions of joy.
d. shown behavioral responses to pleasant and unpleasant tastes.

Answer 8

d. shown behavioral responses to pleasant and unpleasant tastes.

Question 9

According to the two-factor theory of avoidance learning, the first stage of avoidance learning involves _____ and then the avoidance response involves _____.

a. reinforcement of escaping the US; reinforcement of escaping the CS
b. reinforcement of avoidance of the fear CR; reinforcement of escaping the CS
c. classical conditioning of the conditioned emotional response; reinforcement of avoidance of the fear CR
d. reinforcement of escaping the US; classical conditioning of the conditioned emotional response

Answer 9

c. classical conditioning of the conditioned emotional response; reinforcement of avoidance of the fear CR

Question 10

Janice successfully solved several problems in her math class. She was then given some very difficult problems that she could not solve. The research on learned helplessness suggests that if Janice is then given some easier problems to try to solve, she will:

a. try to solve the problems.
b. look at the problems but not bother to try solving them.
c. avoid looking at the problems altogether.
d. ask the teacher for help before trying to solve the problems.

Answer 10

b. look at the problems but not bother to try solving them.

Question 11

Which statement is an example of mood congruency of memory?

a. If one is upset, one remembers unpleasant material better than pleasant material.
b. Word pairs are easier to learn if both words convey the same mood.
c. In general, one remembers pleasant experiences better than unpleasant experiences.
d. In general, one remembers unpleasant experiences better than pleasant experiences.

Answer 11

a. If one is upset, one remembers unpleasant material better than pleasant material.

Question 12

Which memory is an example of a flashbulb memory?

a. remembering happy words because you are feeling happy
b. remembering a social media posting you saw last night
c. remembering neutral words because you weren’t happy or sad when you learned them
d. remembering the first time you saw the ocean

Answer 12

d. remembering the first time you saw the ocean

Question 13

Which statement provides an example of social learning?

a. A chimpanzee copies the hand motions made by its trainer.
b. A cat learns through trial and error to escape from a puzzle box.
c. A rat learns the correct route through a maze by being rewarded with food on reaching the end.
d. A dog learns to salivate in response to a bell after the bell is repeatedly followed by food.

Answer 13

a. A chimpanzee copies the hand motions made by its trainer.

Question 14

In observational learning, it is difficult to predict what an organism will learn because:

a. Learning occurs during copying but not during observation.
b. it is not always possible to determine what the organism perceives from the model.
c. The behavior can often be explained by instrumental conditioning rather than by observational learning.
d. it is hard to determine whether feedback is being provided to the observer.

Answer 14

b. it is not always possible to determine what the organism perceives from the model.

Question 15

In the basic process to explain how people copy what they see, which step takes into consideration the actions of others as salient cues that act as a magnet for attention?

a. presence of a model
b. accessible format
c. ability to reproduce the action
d. motivation for reproducing

Answer 15

a. presence of a model

Question 16

One of the most important elements in copying a behavior is having a reason to repeat the observed action. Bandura referred to this as:

a. presence of a model.
b. accessible format.
c. ability to reproduce the action.
d. motivation for reproducing.

Answer 16

d. motivation for reproducing.

Question 17

According to modern social-learning theory, in order for a teenage boy to learn to do his homework, he must:

a. observe someone else being rewarded for doing homework.
b. observe someone else being rewarded for doing homework and be rewarded himself for imitating that behavior.
c. be rewarded for doing his homework without having observed anyone else doing homework.
d. observe someone else being rewarded for doing homework, be rewarded himself for imitating that behavior, and be able to take the perspective of the person he observed doing homework.

Answer 17

b. observe someone else being rewarded for doing homework and be rewarded himself for imitating that behavior.

Question 18

Copying that involves reproducing motor acts is called:

a. true imitation.
b. emulation.
c. social conformity.
d. perspective taking.

Answer 18

a. true imitation.

Question 19

Which statement is TRUE regarding emotional contagion?

a. It usually involves motor acts that have been learned.
b. The actions that result from emotional contagion are usually different from the observed actions.
c. The copied reaction is an unconditioned response.
d. The copied reactions are learned responses.

Answer 19

d. The copied reactions are learned responses.

Question 20

Gina saw her friend panic and react in fear when she saw a spider. When Gina sees a spider the next day in her kitchen, she begins to panic and react in fear. This is an example of:

a. observational conditioning.
b. stimulus enhancement.
c. social conformity.
d. emotional contagion.

Answer 20

a. observational conditioning.

Question 21

The foundation of language and speech acquisition is:

a. classical conditioning.
b. operant conditioning.
c. social learning.
d. intelligence.

Answer 21

c. social learning.

Question 22

Which statement is TRUE?

a. All animals that can vocalize can learn to do it by using vocal imitation.
b. All animals that can vocalize can learn vocally to some extent.
c. All animals can learn vocally.
d. All animals that vocally learn must be able to vocally imitate.

Answer 22

a. All animals that can vocalize can learn to do it by using vocal imitation.

Question 23

The process in which an observer learns something new through experiences with others is called:

a. observational conditioning.
b. stimulus enhancement.
c. social transmission of information.
d. emotional contagion.

Answer 23

c. social transmission of information.

Question 24

The tendency to adopt the behavior of the group is known as:

a. observational conditioning.
b. social conformity.
c. emulation.
d. perspective taking.

Answer 24

b. social conformity.

Question 25

What do commercials promote by portraying attractive people having fun drinking a particular brand of beer?

a. observational learning
b. behavior processes
c. social conformity
d. social learning

Answer 25

c. social conformity

Question 26

_____ neurons respond during both performance of an action and observations of that same action.

a. Template
b. Mirror
c. Echolalia
d. Modeling

Answer 26

b. Mirror

Question 27

The areas of the brain that become active during both the observation and performance of actions are located in what region of the brain in both humans and monkeys?

a. lower regions
b. lateral region
c. occipital lobe
d. cortical regions

Answer 27

d. cortical regions

Question 28

Gestational age refers to:

a. time since birth.
b. time since conception.
c. mental age.
d. the age at which learning is particularly effective.

Answer 28

b. time since conception.

Question 29

As physical development produces gradual improvements in muscle strength and perceptual motor coordination, acquisition of _____ occurs gradually in humans.

a. conditioning
b. complex motor skills
c. mental age
d. gestational age

Answer 29

b. complex motor skills

Question 30

The research on the development of episodic and semantic memory discussed in the textbook which tested recall of the hiding of three different stuffed toys showed that:

a. 4-year-olds remembered episodic information better than semantic information.
b. 4-year-olds provided more correct answers than 3-year-old children.
c. 6-year-olds could remember semantic information but not episodic information.
d. 8-year-olds made more extra-experimental errors than intra-experimental errors.

Answer 30

c. 6-year-olds could remember semantic information but not episodic information.

Question 31

The technique of elicited imitation is used for assessing memories in infants because infants:

a. cannot use language to respond in standard recall and recognition tests.
b. do not respond to classical-conditioning situations.
c. cannot perceive sounds well enough to learn them.
d. learn more rapidly than older children do.

Answer 31

a. cannot use language to respond in standard recall and recognition tests.

Question 32

Which statement does NOT provide a possible reason for the slow maturation of episodic memories in children?

a. The hippocampus is immature at birth and takes time to develop.
b. Very young children do not have a sense of self.
c. Very young children cannot express their memories verbally.
d. Young children are incapable of elicited imitation.

Answer 32

d. Young children are incapable of elicited imitation.

Question 33

The time period in which learning occurs MOST easily and is MOST effective is known as:

a. a critical period.
b. a sensitive period.
c. an imprinting period.
d. gestational age.

Answer 33

b. a sensitive period.

Question 34

Each human language uses about _____ speech sounds, which are referred to as phonemes.

a. 25 - 40
b. 35 - 50
c. 45 - 60
d. 55 - 70

Answer 34

a. 25 - 40

Question 35

Aiko is 5 years old, and her parents have just moved from Japan to the United States. Since the Japanese language does not make a distinction between the /l/ and /r/ sounds, what will happen to Aiko’s and her parents’ abilities to distinguish between these sounds in the United States?

a. Aiko will be able to learn to make the distinction, but her parents will not.
b. Aiko’s parents will be able to learn to make the distinction, but Aiko will not.
c. Both Aiko and her parents will be able to learn to make the distinction.
d. Neither Aiko nor her parents will be able to learn to make the distinction.

Answer 35

a. Aiko will be able to learn to make the distinction, but her parents will not.

Question 36

Research has shown that the use of gestures:

a. emerges before children have mastered spoken language.
b. is negatively correlated with the development of verbal language.
c. causes parents to reduce verbal communication with their children.
d. may interfere with the development of verbal language.

Answer 36

a. emerges before children have mastered spoken language.

Question 37

During adolescence, a person’s digit span:

a. declines from a higher-than-adult capacity.
b. has already reached typical adult capacity.
c. is still only three or four digits.
d. increases until it reaches typical adult capacity.

Answer 37

d. increases until it reaches typical adult capacity.

Question 38

Men generally perform better than women on tasks involving:

a. verbal abilities.
b. remembering locations of objects.
c. remembering the way around a maze.
d. working memory.

Answer 38

c. remembering the way around a maze.

Question 39

The principal class of sex hormones present in adult males is known as:

a. hemoglobin.
b. testosterone.
c. androgen.
d. estrogen.

Answer 39

b. testosterone.

Question 40

Based on the Seattle Longitudinal Study, as people age from their twenties to their fifties, most types of memory:

a. gradually decline.
b. increase into the thirties and decline.
c. remain relatively stable.
d. gradually increase.

Answer 40

b. increase into the thirties and decline.

Question 41

Which type of memory seems to be MOST vulnerable to decline as adults age?

a. working
b. episodic
c. semantic
d. skill

Answer 41

a. working

Question 42

It has been suggested that older adults might be _____ susceptible to _____ interference than younger adults.

a. more; proactive
b. less; proactive
c. more; retroactive
d. less; retroactive

Answer 42

a. more; proactive

Question 43

Which statement is TRUE regarding skill learning?

a. Elderly individuals are always impaired in learning basic skills but not in real-world skills.
b. People who exhibit highly practiced skills continue to improve their skills even into old age.
c. Middle-aged and older adults both show a decline in skill learning.
d. Older adults make more errors in learning skills but learn them as quickly as younger adults do.

Answer 43

b. People who exhibit highly practiced skills continue to improve their skills even into old age.

Question 44

Which person’s skill will be the MOST resistant to decline in older adulthood?

a. Tucker, who goes bowling once a year
b. Harriet, who learned to speak French in her forties
c. Oscar, who repaints his house about every 5 years
d. Janice, who is a professional chef

Answer 44

d. Janice, who is a professional chef

Question 45

In studies of emotion and episodic memory, elderly adults typically remember:

a. more negative than positive images.
b. more positive than negative images.
c. more images overall than young adults do.
d. the same number of all kinds of images as young adults do.

Answer 45

b. more positive than negative images.