Exam 1 Flashcards
Aristotle’s 3 Laws of Association
Contiguity, Frequency, Similarity
Contiguity
things occur close to each other in space or time tend to get linked together in the mind.
Frequency
how frequently paired things are more the stronger the connections between them.
Similarity
If two things are similar they tend to evoke the thought of the other.
William James
strong proponent of associationism, act of remembering events would involve a network of multiple connections.
Ivan Pavlov
discovered classical conditioning.
Edward Thorndike
discovered instrumental conditioning.
Rene Descartes
firm believer of dualism, mind & body exists as separate entities.
John Locke
argued all knowledge is derived from experience. children are blank slates.
John Watson
founder of behaviorism. argued psychology should restrict itself to observable behaviors and not what’s in the mind.
Extinction
process of reducing learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with a reward or punishment.
Generalization
individual will transfer what it has learned about one stimulus to similar stimuli.
Classical Conditioning
learning through association.
Instrumental Conditioning
process by which behavior is modified by reinforcing or inhibiting its effects of consequences.
Burrhus Frederic Skinner B.F. Skinner
developed Operant conditioning. argued psychologist should limit themselves to observable behaviors that can be learned through experience.
Charles Darwin
developed the theory of natural selection.
Edward Tolman
developed neo-behaviorism, argued humans are by nature motivated to learn.
Charles Sherrington
concluded simple spinal reflexes are building blocks of all behavior.
ubiquitous
being everywhere at the same time.
Central Nervous System
responsible for receiving, processing and responding to sensory information.
Peripheral Nervous System
controls involuntary bodily functions & regulates glands.
Neuron
cell responsible for transmitting information to other cells.
Dendrite
receives electrical signals.
Axon
transmits electrical signals.
Frontal Lobe
enables person to act and plan. voluntary movenments.
Parietal Lobe
touch/sensory perception, taste, hearing, smell.
Occipital Lobe
vision, memory formation.
Temporal Lobe
language, sounds.
Cerebellum
balance & posture.
Brain Stem
responsible for subconscious functions. (i.e. breathing)
Basal Ganglia
motor control, action selection.
Thalamus
info relay system.
Amygdala
processing center for emotions.
Hippocampus
long term memory & retrieval.
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
reads changes in magnetic fields.
DTI
Diffusion Tensor Imaging.
measures connection between brain regions.
fMRI
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
shows how different parts of brain are working through blood flow.
ERP
event related potential.
EEG
electroencephalography.
Hebbian Learning
connections between neurons become effective over time.
HSAM
Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory
Habituation
becoming less responsive to repeated stimulus over time.
Sensitization
becoming more attentive to repeated stimulus over time. reaction is amplified.
RAS
Reticular Activating System
Dual Process Theory
theory that habituation and sensitization are independent of each other but operate in parallel.
Novel
new
Priming
phenomenon where prior exposure to stimulus can improve ability to recognize it again.
Perceptual Learning
similar to priming in that it leads to effective processing on past encounter with stimuli
Spatial Learning
acquisition of info about one’s surroundings
What’s the sea hare’s name?
Aplysia
Synaptic Depression
a reduction of synaptic transmission
Receptive Fields
range of the sensory stimuli that causes and particular neuron to fire.
Unconditioned Stimulus US
cue that has some biological significance that evokes a naturally response.
Unconditioned Response US
naturally occurring response to US
Conditioned Stimulus CS
cue paired with US and comes to a evokes a CR
Conditioned Response CR
trained response to a CS
Appetitive Conditioning
conditioning where Us is a desirable event.
Aversive Conditioning
conditioning where US is a disagreeable event.
Compound Conditioning
condt. where two or more cues are present together, can form compound CS.
Overshadowing
when a stronger cue within a compound acquires more association with US.
Latent Inhibition
familiar stimulus takes longer to become CS.
US Modulation Theory
any theory of condt. an association is determined by a change in how the US is processed.
CS Modulation Theory
any theory of condt. an association is determined by a change in how the CS is processed.
Trial Level Model
Theory of learning which all cues that occur during a trial and changes are a single event.
Delay Conditioning
CS is presented and delays before US is presented. time/temporal gap doesn’t exist.
Trace Conditioning
CS is presented first then US is presented. time/temporal gap exists.
Interstimulus Conditioning
temporal/time gap between the onset of CS and the onset of US.
The (numerical value) time gap for Interstimulus Conditioning
0.5 Seconds
Conditioned Taste Aversion
condition where subjects learns to avoid taste with aversive outcome. Usually Nausea.
