Exam 3 Flashcards
Working Memory
active & temporary representation of information.
Cognitive Control
manipulation & application of working memory.
Short-Term Memory
temporary memory that is maintained through active rehearsal
Long-Term Memory
permanent or near permanent storage of memory that lasts beyond a consciousness.
Transient Memory
memory expected to remain in memory for a short time.
Human L___ has a sensitive period that usually ends at about 12 years of age.
Language.
Alan Baddeley’s Models of Working Memory?
- Visuospatial sketchpad
- Phonological loop
- Central Executive
Visuospatial sketchpad
holds visual & spatial images for manipulation.
Phonological loop
maintains auditory memory by internal (subvocal) speech rehearsal.
Central Executive
responsible for monitoring & manipulating both working memory and relates them to long term memory.
Dual Task Experiments
provides evidence for the independence of two memory buffers.
Delay Nonmatch-to-Sample (DNMS) Task
Tests explicit learning & memory.
- involves remembering some object seen at the trial’s start.
Evidence of Cognitive Control in Many Behaviors
(4 items)
- Controlled Updating of Short-Term Memory Buffers
- Goal Setting & Planning
- Task Switching
- Stimulus Attention & Response Inhibition
Controlled Updating of Short-term Memory Buffers
- updates working memory by evaluating sensory information
- storing & retrieving them from long-term memory.
Task Switching
executive function that can be conscious or unconscious.
Fear Response
a cluster of physiological changes, overt behaviors, and conscious reactions that accompany fear.
Language development begins to show in human infants at about __ (age in years.)
1-2 years
Paul Ekman
suggested a small set of distinct emotions are hardwired in humans from birth.
Is fear innate?
No.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
physiological changes happen in the body first, which leads to emotion.
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, then a physiological response.
Two-factor Theory of Emotion
emotion is the combination of physiological arousal & cognitive appraisal.
Conditioned Emotional Response
learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that elicits fear or anxiety.
Conditioned Escape
animals learn to make particular responses in order to escape from an aversive stimulus.
Conditioned Avoidance
animals learn to make particular responses to avoid arrival of an aversive stimulus.
Learned Helplessness
exposure to an uncontrollable punisher teaches an expectation that responses are futile.
Flashbulb Memories
memory formed under conditions of extreme emotions that seem especially vivid & long-lasting.
Older adults often complain about TOT experiences. What’s TOT?
Tip of the Tongue.
Papez Circuit
a neural circuit with several brain areas that are important for emotions.
Form of attachment found very early after birth in some species.
Imprinting
CER stands for?
Conditioned Emotional Response
Older adults are less able to form new e__ & s___ memories.
episodic, semantic.
Social Learning
actively monitors events involving other individuals & then houses later actions based on those observations.
Albert Bandura & Colleagues
wanted to see whether preschool children would become more aggressive after observing aggressive adults. Bobo the clown.
e___ memory matures more slowly than s ____ memory.
episodic, semantic.
Modeling
learning by copying the behavior of someone else.
A s_____ p_____ is a time window, usually early in life, during which a certain kind of learning occurs most easily, else may never be effective.
sensitive period
Bandura’s Four Basic Processes
- Presence of a model
- Memories for the observed situation must be stored in an accessible format so they can guide later actions.
- Observer must have the ability to reproduce the action
- Observer must have some motivations for responding observed actions.
Perspective Taking
another cognitive ability suggested as a prerequisite for the voluntary copying of actions.
Emotional Contagion
reacting emotionally to visual or acoustic stimuli indicating emotional response by members of one’s species.
Memory deficits in older people have been attributed to greater amounts of p__ interference.
proactive
Observational Conditioning
process in which an individual learns an emotional response after observing others similar response.
Stimulus Enhancement
observations of other individuals draw an organism’s attention toward specific objects.
Social Transmission of Info
process in which an individual directly communicates info that may affect the future actions of a group members.
Social Conformity
tendency to adopt the behavior of the group
Elicited Imitation
technique for assessing memories where actions are shown then tested for ability to mimic.
Which working memory function appears to survive most the challenges of old age?
verbal ability
After about what age do most working memory operations appear to “nose dive”
60+ years
Cognitive Self
part of our self-concept that involves knowledge, abilities, and beliefs about ourselves and the world.
After about 25 weeks human fetuses can show _ to a repeated sound.
habituation
There are no difference in boys and girls d__ s___ scores through age 15
digit scan
Sensitive Period
a time window usually early in life, during which a certain kind of learning occurs most easily and is most effective.
Mood Congruency
can help a person remember a positive or negative memory based on the emotion paired with it.
Complex grammar is usually evident at about __ (age in years.)
4-5 years.
