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learning & memory > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Working Memory

A

active & temporary representation of information.

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2
Q

Cognitive Control

A

manipulation & application of working memory.

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3
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

temporary memory that is maintained through active rehearsal

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4
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

permanent or near permanent storage of memory that lasts beyond a consciousness.

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5
Q

Transient Memory

A

memory expected to remain in memory for a short time.

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6
Q

Human L___ has a sensitive period that usually ends at about 12 years of age.

A

Language.

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7
Q

Alan Baddeley’s Models of Working Memory?

A
  1. Visuospatial sketchpad
  2. Phonological loop
  3. Central Executive
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8
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

holds visual & spatial images for manipulation.

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9
Q

Phonological loop

A

maintains auditory memory by internal (subvocal) speech rehearsal.

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10
Q

Central Executive

A

responsible for monitoring & manipulating both working memory and relates them to long term memory.

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11
Q

Dual Task Experiments

A

provides evidence for the independence of two memory buffers.

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12
Q

Delay Nonmatch-to-Sample (DNMS) Task

A

Tests explicit learning & memory.
- involves remembering some object seen at the trial’s start.

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13
Q

Evidence of Cognitive Control in Many Behaviors
(4 items)

A
  1. Controlled Updating of Short-Term Memory Buffers
  2. Goal Setting & Planning
  3. Task Switching
  4. Stimulus Attention & Response Inhibition
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14
Q

Controlled Updating of Short-term Memory Buffers

A
  1. updates working memory by evaluating sensory information
  2. storing & retrieving them from long-term memory.
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15
Q

Task Switching

A

executive function that can be conscious or unconscious.

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16
Q

Fear Response

A

a cluster of physiological changes, overt behaviors, and conscious reactions that accompany fear.

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17
Q

Language development begins to show in human infants at about __ (age in years.)

A

1-2 years

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18
Q

Paul Ekman

A

suggested a small set of distinct emotions are hardwired in humans from birth.

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19
Q

Is fear innate?

A

No.

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20
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

physiological changes happen in the body first, which leads to emotion.

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21
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, then a physiological response.

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22
Q

Two-factor Theory of Emotion

A

emotion is the combination of physiological arousal & cognitive appraisal.

23
Q

Conditioned Emotional Response

A

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that elicits fear or anxiety.

24
Q

Conditioned Escape

A

animals learn to make particular responses in order to escape from an aversive stimulus.

25
Q

Conditioned Avoidance

A

animals learn to make particular responses to avoid arrival of an aversive stimulus.

26
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

exposure to an uncontrollable punisher teaches an expectation that responses are futile.

27
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

memory formed under conditions of extreme emotions that seem especially vivid & long-lasting.

28
Q

Older adults often complain about TOT experiences. What’s TOT?

A

Tip of the Tongue.

29
Q

Papez Circuit

A

a neural circuit with several brain areas that are important for emotions.

30
Q

Form of attachment found very early after birth in some species.

A

Imprinting

31
Q

CER stands for?

A

Conditioned Emotional Response

32
Q

Older adults are less able to form new e__ & s___ memories.

A

episodic, semantic.

33
Q

Social Learning

A

actively monitors events involving other individuals & then houses later actions based on those observations.

34
Q

Albert Bandura & Colleagues

A

wanted to see whether preschool children would become more aggressive after observing aggressive adults. Bobo the clown.

35
Q

e___ memory matures more slowly than s ____ memory.

A

episodic, semantic.

36
Q

Modeling

A

learning by copying the behavior of someone else.

37
Q

A s_____ p_____ is a time window, usually early in life, during which a certain kind of learning occurs most easily, else may never be effective.

A

sensitive period

38
Q

Bandura’s Four Basic Processes

A
  1. Presence of a model
  2. Memories for the observed situation must be stored in an accessible format so they can guide later actions.
  3. Observer must have the ability to reproduce the action
  4. Observer must have some motivations for responding observed actions.
39
Q

Perspective Taking

A

another cognitive ability suggested as a prerequisite for the voluntary copying of actions.

40
Q

Emotional Contagion

A

reacting emotionally to visual or acoustic stimuli indicating emotional response by members of one’s species.

41
Q

Memory deficits in older people have been attributed to greater amounts of p__ interference.

A

proactive

42
Q

Observational Conditioning

A

process in which an individual learns an emotional response after observing others similar response.

43
Q

Stimulus Enhancement

A

observations of other individuals draw an organism’s attention toward specific objects.

44
Q

Social Transmission of Info

A

process in which an individual directly communicates info that may affect the future actions of a group members.

45
Q

Social Conformity

A

tendency to adopt the behavior of the group

46
Q

Elicited Imitation

A

technique for assessing memories where actions are shown then tested for ability to mimic.

47
Q

Which working memory function appears to survive most the challenges of old age?

A

verbal ability

48
Q

After about what age do most working memory operations appear to “nose dive”

A

60+ years

49
Q

Cognitive Self

A

part of our self-concept that involves knowledge, abilities, and beliefs about ourselves and the world.

50
Q

After about 25 weeks human fetuses can show _ to a repeated sound.

A

habituation

51
Q

There are no difference in boys and girls d__ s___ scores through age 15

A

digit scan

52
Q

Sensitive Period

A

a time window usually early in life, during which a certain kind of learning occurs most easily and is most effective.

53
Q

Mood Congruency

A

can help a person remember a positive or negative memory based on the emotion paired with it.

54
Q

Complex grammar is usually evident at about __ (age in years.)

A

4-5 years.

learning & memory (4 decks)

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