Exam 2 Flashcards
operant conditioning
learning process to make or refrain from making a response in order to obtain or avoid outcomes.
classical conditioning
learning through association
internal representation
each stimulus activates an input node that is connected by a layer of fixed weights to several nodes
topographic representation
stimuli are represented by overlapping sets of nodes or stimulus elements.
sensory preconditioning
Training in which presentation of two stimuli together as a compound result in a later tendency to generalize what is known about one of these stimuli to the other.
shaping
successive approximations to the desired response are reinforced.
chaining
technique which organisms are gradually trained to execute complicated sequences of discrete response.
differences between operant condt. and classical condt.
Classical condt. involves associating an involuntary response w/ with a stimulus.
Operant condt. involves associating a voluntary behavior w/ a consequence.
Law of Effect
behaviors that produce positive consequences are likely to be repeated, while behaviors that produce negative consequences are less likely.
Free operant paradigm
where the animal can operate apparatus as it chooses in order to obtain reinforcement or avoid punishment
Discrete-trails paradigm
where the beginning & end points of each trial.
Generalization
transfer of past learning to new/novel events & problems.
Discrimination Learning
process by which individuals learn to respond to diff. stimuli
Concept Formation
process where info. is sorted into specific experiences into general rules.
Delay discounting
progressive devaluing of reward the longer its delayed.
learning happens in the p_?
present
Cumulative recorder does what?
records the total number of behavioral responses.
Primary Reinforcer
innate biological needs.
Secondary Reinforcer
reinforcers that will attain primary reinforcers.
reinforcement is?
process of proving outcomes that lead to increased probability of behavior.
punishment is?
process of providing outcomes that lead to decreased probability of a behavior.
positive reinforcement
response causes a reinforcer “added” so response occurs.
positive punishment
response causes a undesirable element “added” so responses decreases.
negative reinforcement
response causes undesirable element “subtracted” so response increases.
negative punishment
response causes reinforcer “subtracted” so response decreases.
discriminative stimuli
stimulus that helps to differentiate between similar stimulus so one may respond to only a specific stimulus.
continuous reinforcement schedule
every instance of the response is followed by the reinforcer.
partial reinforcement schedule
only some instances of the response are followed by the reinforcer.
post reinforcement schedule
brief pause in responding that follows delivery of the reinforcer.
fixed-ratio schedule
specific # of responses must occur before a reinforcer is given.
fixed-interval schedule
fixed amount of time must occur before reinforcer is given.
variable-ratio schedule
varying # of responses must occur before a reinforcer is given.
variable-interval schedule
varying amount of time must occur before reinforcer is given.
difference between fixed & variable schedule?
fixed:
predictable
variable:
unpredictable
stimulus representation
formation which info. about stimulus is encoded within model or brain
discrete-component representation
representation which each individual stim. corresponds to one element in the model.
stimulus control
describe situations in which a behavior is triggered by the presence or absence of some stimulus
Error discrimination
training procedure which a diff. discrimination is learned by starting an easy version of task & incrementally harder versions as easier versions are mastered.
Acquired equivalence
the learning organism learns that two or more stimuli are equivalent in terms of being mapped onto the same outcomes or responses.
Negative patterning
behavioral paradigm which the appropriate response to individual cues is positive, whereas the cues to a combination of things is negative.
Premack Principle
a more preferred behavior can reinforce a less preferred behavior.
ex. Child may be more reluctant to do his chores if he’s allowed to play first.
distributed representation
same data features across multiple scalable and interdependent lvls.
concept
a general idea, psychological representation of a real of abstract entity
category
division or class of entities in the world
prototype
central tendency or idealized version of a category
Henry Molaison suffered from __ ?
anterograde amnesia
episodic memory
Specific info. attached to spatial & temporal context.
- “I remember”
-autobiographical
-can be distorted
semantic memory
General info. about facts and personal general info.
- “I know”
declarative memory
broad class of both semantic & episodic mem. that can be verbalized and communicated.
non-declarative memory
skills mem. not always consciously accessible or easily verbalized.
Implicit Memory
long term mem. that’s acquired and used unconsciously.
Explicit Memory
long term mem. that requires conscious effort to retrieve.
Encoding specificity
retrieval of memory is more likely if conditions at recall are similar to when it was encoded.
The “testing effect”
the act of taking a test can serve as a powerful enhancer of later mem. for the info tested.
feeling of knowing (FOK)
ability to predict whether we can retrieve info. if asked.
judgement of learning (JOL)
judgement during learning of whether the info has been successfully acquired.
-how well you thought you learned
metamemory
knowledge of & ability to think our own mem, feelings, and judgment of learning
-knowing that you know
retroactive interference
old information disrupted by new information.
proactive interference
new information disrupted by old information.
Godden and Baddeley (1975) found that the divers who remembered the most were ___ ?
underwater
free recall
mem. test that involves asking for info.
cued recall
mem. test that involves some kind of prompt.
recognition
mem. test that involves recognizing correct term from a set of choices.
false memory
an event that never occurred
Who did research on false memory?
Their name was E_?
Elizabeth Loftus
consolidation
process where short term memory is converted into long term memory.
- permanent memory is formed from a learning experience.
- vulnerable to weakening, changed, or lost
reconsolidation
recalling memories from the past.
retrograde amnesia
can’t remember old memories before the onset of amnesia.
anterograde amnesia
can’t learn new memories after the onset of amnesia.
perceptual motor skill
movement related skills.
-depend more on physical attributes of a person
closed skill
skills performing predefined moves that don’t change.
open skill
skills performing movements based off of predictions and changing demands of environment.
variable practice
practice of skills that performs skills in a variety of ways.
massed practice
practice of skill that’s condensed into a smaller period of time.
spaced practice
practice of skills that’s spread over several sessions.
constant practice
practice of skills that repeats the same variant of the skill over and over.
feedback vs. reinforcement
feedback - changes response.
reinforcement - repeats response.
what does rotary pursuit task tell us about twins?
-both talent and effort is required to become an expert. which means.
-fraternal twins are likely to become dissimilar.
-identical twins are likely to stay the same.
Tower of Hanoi puzzle is used to learn __ skill
cognitive
level of processing idea
predicts the more depth an info. has the more likely you’ll remember it.
ex. more likely to remember Abe Lincoln than you remember than a new friend’s name.
Mnemonic’s purpose?
strategy for making memories easier to recall.
source amnesia
inability to remember where previously learned information was acquired.
transfer-appropriate processing
mem. performance is determined by depth but also how the you learned info.
ex. You learn about professor when you first meet them and usually meet them in classroom, but seeing them somewhere else can be weird.
identical elements theory
learned abilities transfer to new situations to an extent that depends on the number of elements in the new situation
observational learning
learning done by looking and imitating others.
