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Learning & Memory > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning process to make or refrain from making a response in order to obtain or avoid outcomes.

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2
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning through association

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3
Q

internal representation

A

each stimulus activates an input node that is connected by a layer of fixed weights to several nodes

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4
Q

topographic representation

A

stimuli are represented by overlapping sets of nodes or stimulus elements.

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5
Q

sensory preconditioning

A

Training in which presentation of two stimuli together as a compound result in a later tendency to generalize what is known about one of these stimuli to the other.

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6
Q

shaping

A

successive approximations to the desired response are reinforced.

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7
Q

chaining

A

technique which organisms are gradually trained to execute complicated sequences of discrete response.

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8
Q

differences between operant condt. and classical condt.

A

Classical condt. involves associating an involuntary response w/ with a stimulus.
Operant condt. involves associating a voluntary behavior w/ a consequence.

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9
Q

Law of Effect

A

behaviors that produce positive consequences are likely to be repeated, while behaviors that produce negative consequences are less likely.

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10
Q

Free operant paradigm

A

where the animal can operate apparatus as it chooses in order to obtain reinforcement or avoid punishment

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11
Q

Discrete-trails paradigm

A

where the beginning & end points of each trial.

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12
Q

Generalization

A

transfer of past learning to new/novel events & problems.

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13
Q

Discrimination Learning

A

process by which individuals learn to respond to diff. stimuli

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14
Q

Concept Formation

A

process where info. is sorted into specific experiences into general rules.

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15
Q

Delay discounting

A

progressive devaluing of reward the longer its delayed.

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16
Q

learning happens in the p_?

A

present

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17
Q

Cumulative recorder does what?

A

records the total number of behavioral responses.

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18
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

innate biological needs.

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19
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

reinforcers that will attain primary reinforcers.

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20
Q

reinforcement is?

A

process of proving outcomes that lead to increased probability of behavior.

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21
Q

punishment is?

A

process of providing outcomes that lead to decreased probability of a behavior.

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22
Q

positive reinforcement

A

response causes a reinforcer “added” so response occurs.

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23
Q

positive punishment

A

response causes a undesirable element “added” so responses decreases.

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24
Q

negative reinforcement

A

response causes undesirable element “subtracted” so response increases.

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25
Q

negative punishment

A

response causes reinforcer “subtracted” so response decreases.

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26
Q

discriminative stimuli

A

stimulus that helps to differentiate between similar stimulus so one may respond to only a specific stimulus.

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27
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

every instance of the response is followed by the reinforcer.

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28
Q

partial reinforcement schedule

A

only some instances of the response are followed by the reinforcer.

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29
Q

post reinforcement schedule

A

brief pause in responding that follows delivery of the reinforcer.

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30
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

specific # of responses must occur before a reinforcer is given.

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31
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

fixed amount of time must occur before reinforcer is given.

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32
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

varying # of responses must occur before a reinforcer is given.

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33
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

varying amount of time must occur before reinforcer is given.

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34
Q

difference between fixed & variable schedule?

A

fixed:
predictable
variable:
unpredictable

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35
Q

stimulus representation

A

formation which info. about stimulus is encoded within model or brain

36
Q

discrete-component representation

A

representation which each individual stim. corresponds to one element in the model.

37
Q

stimulus control

A

describe situations in which a behavior is triggered by the presence or absence of some stimulus

38
Q

Error discrimination

A

training procedure which a diff. discrimination is learned by starting an easy version of task & incrementally harder versions as easier versions are mastered.

39
Q

Acquired equivalence

A

the learning organism learns that two or more stimuli are equivalent in terms of being mapped onto the same outcomes or responses.

40
Q

Negative patterning

A

behavioral paradigm which the appropriate response to individual cues is positive, whereas the cues to a combination of things is negative.

41
Q

Premack Principle

A

a more preferred behavior can reinforce a less preferred behavior.

ex. Child may be more reluctant to do his chores if he’s allowed to play first.

42
Q

distributed representation

A

same data features across multiple scalable and interdependent lvls.

43
Q

concept

A

a general idea, psychological representation of a real of abstract entity

44
Q

category

A

division or class of entities in the world

45
Q

prototype

A

central tendency or idealized version of a category

46
Q

Henry Molaison suffered from __ ?

A

anterograde amnesia

47
Q

episodic memory

A

Specific info. attached to spatial & temporal context.
- “I remember”
-autobiographical
-can be distorted

48
Q

semantic memory

A

General info. about facts and personal general info.
- “I know”

49
Q

declarative memory

A

broad class of both semantic & episodic mem. that can be verbalized and communicated.

50
Q

non-declarative memory

A

skills mem. not always consciously accessible or easily verbalized.

51
Q

Implicit Memory

A

long term mem. that’s acquired and used unconsciously.

52
Q

Explicit Memory

A

long term mem. that requires conscious effort to retrieve.

53
Q

Encoding specificity

A

retrieval of memory is more likely if conditions at recall are similar to when it was encoded.

54
Q

The “testing effect”

A

the act of taking a test can serve as a powerful enhancer of later mem. for the info tested.

55
Q

feeling of knowing (FOK)

A

ability to predict whether we can retrieve info. if asked.

56
Q

judgement of learning (JOL)

A

judgement during learning of whether the info has been successfully acquired.

-how well you thought you learned

57
Q

metamemory

A

knowledge of & ability to think our own mem, feelings, and judgment of learning
-knowing that you know

58
Q

retroactive interference

A

old information disrupted by new information.

59
Q

proactive interference

A

new information disrupted by old information.

60
Q

Godden and Baddeley (1975) found that the divers who remembered the most were ___ ?

A

underwater

61
Q

free recall

A

mem. test that involves asking for info.

62
Q

cued recall

A

mem. test that involves some kind of prompt.

63
Q

recognition

A

mem. test that involves recognizing correct term from a set of choices.

64
Q

false memory

A

an event that never occurred

65
Q

Who did research on false memory?
Their name was E_?

A

Elizabeth Loftus

66
Q

consolidation

A

process where short term memory is converted into long term memory.

  • permanent memory is formed from a learning experience.
  • vulnerable to weakening, changed, or lost
67
Q

reconsolidation

A

recalling memories from the past.

68
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

can’t remember old memories before the onset of amnesia.

69
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

can’t learn new memories after the onset of amnesia.

70
Q

perceptual motor skill

A

movement related skills.
-depend more on physical attributes of a person

71
Q

closed skill

A

skills performing predefined moves that don’t change.

72
Q

open skill

A

skills performing movements based off of predictions and changing demands of environment.

73
Q

variable practice

A

practice of skills that performs skills in a variety of ways.

74
Q

massed practice

A

practice of skill that’s condensed into a smaller period of time.

75
Q

spaced practice

A

practice of skills that’s spread over several sessions.

76
Q

constant practice

A

practice of skills that repeats the same variant of the skill over and over.

77
Q

feedback vs. reinforcement

A

feedback - changes response.
reinforcement - repeats response.

78
Q

what does rotary pursuit task tell us about twins?

A

-both talent and effort is required to become an expert. which means.

-fraternal twins are likely to become dissimilar.
-identical twins are likely to stay the same.

79
Q

Tower of Hanoi puzzle is used to learn __ skill

A

cognitive

80
Q

level of processing idea

A

predicts the more depth an info. has the more likely you’ll remember it.

ex. more likely to remember Abe Lincoln than you remember than a new friend’s name.

81
Q

Mnemonic’s purpose?

A

strategy for making memories easier to recall.

82
Q

source amnesia

A

inability to remember where previously learned information was acquired.

83
Q

transfer-appropriate processing

A

mem. performance is determined by depth but also how the you learned info.

ex. You learn about professor when you first meet them and usually meet them in classroom, but seeing them somewhere else can be weird.

84
Q

identical elements theory

A

learned abilities transfer to new situations to an extent that depends on the number of elements in the new situation

85
Q

observational learning

A

learning done by looking and imitating others.

Learning & Memory (4 decks)

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