Exam 3: Patient Skills Flashcards
What is the general cycle of infection
Pathogen -> Reservoir -> exit portal -> means of transmission -> entry portal -> susceptible host -> continuous cycle back to pathogen
In the cycle of infection, what are the types of infectious agents
bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses
In the cycle of infection, what are the types of reservoirs
Humans, animals, insects, formites, blood/body fluids
In the cycle of infection, what are the different portals of exit
Nose, mouth, mucous membranes, specimen collection
How should we “break the link” in formites reservoir
disinfect and hand hygiene
How should we “break the link” in the portals of exit
Hand hygiene, standard precautions, sealed waste products and specimen containers
In the cycle of infection, what are the different means of transmission
droplet, airborne, contact, vector, vehicle
How should we “break the link” in means of transmission
hand hygiene, standard precautions, PPE, patient, isolation
In the cycle of infection, what are the different types of portal of entry
nose, mouth, mucous membranes, skin, unsterile equipment
How should we “break the link” in the different portals of entry
hand hygiene, standard precautions, PPE, and sterile equipment
In the cycle of infection, what are the different types of susceptible hosts
patients, elderly, newborns, immunocompromised, healthcare workers
How should we “break the link” in the different types of susceptible hosts
immunizations, patient isolation, nursery precautions, and healthy lifestyle
What term can be defined as bacteria and viruses that are the most frequently encountered by U.S. healthcare workers
infectious agents
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions are considered types of _____ _____
infectious agents
What does MDROs stand for
multi-drug resistant organism
True or False:
MDROs are not a factor in developing infections
false
What are MDROs?
organisms, typically bacteria, that have developed resistance to one or more antibiotic
What is an example of an MDRO
methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA)
_____ and ____ are the most common pathogen sources in the US healthcare settings
people and objects
Give some examples of human pathogen reservoirs
healthcare personnel, patients, family members, visitors
True or False
a pathogen reservoir may not show signs of disease but may be a carrier or the disease may be in its incubation period
true
Give some examples of object pathogen reservoirs
Handshakes, door handles, skin, clothing, hair, jewelry, artificial/own nails
What is a reservoir visitor
a potential source of pathogens
Visitors with droplet contamination must wear a ___ and restrict activity ______ the room
mask, outside
____ direct patient contact if you, the healthcare personnel, has a respiratory infection. If direct contact with patients cannot be avoided, wear a _____
avoid, mask
What are examples of portals of exit
Bodily secretions, bodily excretions, openings in the skin
Infection can happen through means of transmission via contact. What are the two types of contact
direct and indirect
(Direct/indirect) contact is person to person transfer of pathogens
direct
(Direct/indirect) contact is person to object to person transfer of pathogens
Indirect
Direct contact with a patient’s blood can allow _____ pathogens to enter the clinicians system through even a small opening in the skin
bloodborne
(direct/indirect) contact involves an intermediate step
indirect
clinical attire can provide ___ contact transmission
indirect
In regards of means of transmission and clinical attire, pay special attention to ___ ____ and long ____
lab coats; neckties
What term describes a large pathogenic particle coming in contact with the host’s conjunctivae or mucous membranes
droplet
Droplets are often generated by coughing, talking, or ______ by certain medical procedures such as suctioning
sneezing
Most droplets travel a maximum of ____ feet
three
True or False:
Because of size, droplets remain suspended in the air
false, they do not
What term describes small pathogenic particles that remain suspended in the air for longer periods of time and are inhaled by or deposited on the host
airborne
True or False:
Airborne particles remain suspended in the air
true
What are the most common portals of entry
mucous membranes that are more permeable and openings in the skin
Openings in the skin is one of the most common portals of entry. Give examples of different openings in the skin
cuts, incisions, open wounds, torn cuticles, scrapes, and open sores
What are four factors that can increase susceptibility of getting an infection
existing disease processes
weakened immune system
medical interventions
near the end of life
_____ _____ is the attempt to prevent the spread of infection by separating susceptible hosts from sources of pathogens
isolation precautions
What are the two types of isolation precautions
standard precautions and transmission based precautions
_____ precautions assume that open skin, mucous membranes, and all body fluids expect sweat are potential sources of infection
standard
True or False:
Standard precautions states that sweat is not a potential source of infection
true
_________ precautions are based on the mode of transmission of known or suspected pathogens
transmisison-based
What are the types of standard precautions
hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, barriers (PPE), sharps disposal
Standard precautions of infection includes hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, barriers, and sharps disposal. What are examples of different barriers
PPE: gloves, gown, mask, eye protection, CPR mouthpiece
Standard precautions apply to the care of ____ patients in ____ healthcare settings
all; all
Sanitizer/Hand rub and antimicrobial soap and water are types of ___ ____ of standard precautions
hand hygiene
Which type of hand hygiene is preferred in most clinical situations
sanitizer or hand rub
To properly use sanitizer or hand rub, remove ____ and cover all surfaces of hands. Rub dry ___ seconds. Do NOT rinse
jewelry; 15
When should antimicrobial soap and water be used as a hand hygiene stand precuation
when hands are visibly dirty, with enteric infections such as C. diff, or after multiple applications of sanitizer or hand rub
To properly use antimicrobial soap and water, wash ___ - ___ seconds ( ___ seconds after contact with known infectious material) using soap and warm water.
15-60; 60
When washing hands with antimicrobial soap and water, should you use cold or warm water
warm
Cough etiquette relates to what type of hygiene
respiratory
In most patient care activities, PPE includes what 4 things?
gloves, gowns, face masks, eye coverings
Any instrument capable of puncturing the skin must be discarded in a ____ container
sharps
In regards to airborne precautions and standard precautions, patients must be placed in a (positive/negative) air flow room, and door must remain (open/closed)
negative; closed
