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Psych 102 > Exam 3 Notes > Flashcards

Exam 3 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

…: through psychoanalysis, unconscious conflict can be resolved and abnormal behaviors can be reduced or eliminated

A

psychoanalysis/ talk therapy

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2
Q

…: therapist/patient relationship leads to resolution of conflict and reduction of stress

A

therapeutic benefit

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3
Q

results of therapy: …/… of abnormal behaviors

A

reduction; elimination

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4
Q

…: process where patient begins to respond to analyst as if he/she is some significant person in his/her life

A

transference

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5
Q

….: when analyst begins to respond to patient as though they are a significant person in his/her life

A

counter-transference

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6
Q

…: unedited thought; saying whatever first comes to mind, some information will be divulged that’s reflective of …

A

free association; unconscious issues

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7
Q

…: unconscious conflicts would come through dream life, but they would be censored because they are too threatening –> interpreting true meaning of dream

A

dream interpretation

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8
Q

royal road to the unconscious: …

A

dreams

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9
Q

…: patient’s attempt to avoid painful or embarrassing thoughts and feelings
mind defending/protecting itself as person gets too close to exposing unconscious conflict –> patient typically says they …

A

resistance; don’t need to return

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10
Q

group therapy:

advantage: sharing …, starting to realize that you’re not alone
others: same issues, interaction, response
disadvantage: in groups, patient may be more … to speak up, or worse, may speak but be ….

A

cost; hesitant; dishonest

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11
Q

…: therapy with the family

A

family therapy

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12
Q

family therapy based on the fact that the functional dynamics of the family are impacting not just the patient but also … –> a lot of times are healthy and the parents are more …

A

the family at large; dysfunctional

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13
Q

…: predetermined number of sessions
it motivates the patient to try to move through the therapy more …, because some patients will keep coming without any progress –> time constraints would limit this issue

A

time-limited psychotherapy; quickly;

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14
Q

(Behavioral/learning approach) abnormal behavior is …: function of …, …, …

A

learned; rewards; punishments; repetition

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15
Q

(Behavioral/learning approach) focus of treatment: …of inappropriate behaviors and … appropriate ones

A

unlearning; learning

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16
Q

(Behavioral/learning approach) behaviorists primarily concerned with… –> opposed to .. because he was completely focused on unconscious processes

A

observable events; Freud

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17
Q

(Behavioral/learning approach) …: classical and operant conditioning

A

learning theories

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18
Q

(Behavioral/learning approach) Behavior therapy:
…: setting up reward system and when person performs x amount of correct responses/behaviors, you earn a token, which can accumulate and be exchanged for something
Hope: once they start feeling good about their behavior, …

A

token economies; tokens will no longer be needed

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19
Q

(Behavioral/learning approach) Behavior therapy:
…: slowly/gradually replace an undesired response with a more desired one –> based on belief that for any one stimulus there can only be ….

A

systematic desensitization; one response

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20
Q

(Behavioral/learning approach) …: reward desired responses, stop rewarding unwanted response
Why? extinction

A

operant

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21
Q

(Behavioral/learning approach)
Classical conditioning:
….: thrust patient into the situation that causes the fear, the sooner the patient experiences this stimulus, the sooner they will learn they have nothing to fear and phobia will go away a lot quicker

Risk: heightened levels of …, …

A

flooding/exposure; anxiety; panic

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22
Q

(Behavioral/learning approach) Classical conditioning:

…: clockwork orange, keep exposing person to a very aversive/harmful stimulus so that if they perform the behavior that you’re trying to diminish, they … (the …)

A

aversive conditioning; remember what happened to them; aversive stimulus

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23
Q

(cognitive therapy) …: abnormal behavior is the result of incorrect beliefs.

A

cognitive approach

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24
Q

(cognitive therapy) how can memories impact the person?
- each memory represents feelings, thoughts, images, physiological responses and when a memory is activated, so is the other information stored within the …
activation of one memory can … –> the activation of one unpleasant memory can cause the activation of other depressing or anxiety producing memories –> furthers levels of …/…
goal in therapy here is to ….

A

experience; activate other memories; anxiety; depression; change the incorrect belief system

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25
Q

(cognitive therapy) correcting incorrect beliefs how?
….: rebuilding person’s beliefs
aka …
record thoughts when symptoms occur
consider beliefs as ..-not fact –> these can be changed
…: challenge existing belief
create new belief - eliminating symptoms

A

cognitive restructuring; cognitive behavioral therapy; hypothesis; test hypothesis

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26
Q

(cognitive therapy) study: treated people with depression - 3 groups:

Group 1: … group
Group 2: …
Group 3: …
results: … had better results than those with placebo
Cognitive = antidepressant (level of depression between these 2 groups was the same) –> not always true, as it depends on why the depression is there. If cause of depression is physiological, … wouldn’t work

A

cognitive
antidepressant
placebo

cognitive
talk therapy

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27
Q

(cognitive therapy) can incorrect beliefs explain all abnormal behaviors?
No –> example. … –> person knows they are anxious, but do not know why

A

generalized anxiety disorder

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28
Q

(cognitive therapy) Medications:
Normalize …: normalize dendrite/axon thing

is medication effective in all cases? can medication normalize all neurotransmission? NO

A

neurotransmission

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29
Q 
(cognitive therapy) treatment: 
depression - ... 
limitations of antidepressants: 
treatment not ... --> just treating symptoms 
delayed effect: ...-... weeks
A

antidepressants
cure
3-4

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30
Q

(cognitive therapy) antidepressants:

what about people with suicide ideation? these people can’t wait for the 3-4 weeks–> might … during this time frame

A

attempt/commit suicide

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31
Q

(physiological: medication and surgery) antidepressants:
side effects: … of mouth, … of vision, …, difficulty in …, …, low …, … (increased time to orgasm or eliminate it completely)

A

dryness; blurring; constipation; urination; palpitations; blood pressure; sexual dysfunctioning

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32
Q

(physiological: medication and surgery) schizophrenia treatment: … –> greater severity of disorder = more … drugs = more … side effects

A

neuroleptics; potent; severe

33
Q 
(physiological: medication and surgery) side effects of neuroleptics: 
... of mouth or ... 
... vision 
... 
reduced ... 
.../... motor activity
A 
dryness; excessive salivation 
blurred
constipation 
sexual arousal 
awkward; slowed
34
Q

(physiological: medication and surgery) side effects of neuroleptics:
involuntary .. –> these tend to be irreversible
…, … actions
… and … of tongue
… (tardive: late developing body movements): involuntary movement of arms and trunk and in some cases, contractions of diaphragm that cause a bark-like noise

A

muscle movement
sucking, chewing
thrusting; twisting
tardive dyskinesia

35
Q

(physiological: medication and surgery) anxiety disorders;
physiological approach- drugs to …
block …
… - valium, Xanax, Ativan
… - drugs that limit the degree to which heart rate can increase which can limit fear response –> these generally reduce BP, keeps physiological symptoms under control

A

reduce arousal
physiological arousal
benzodiazepines
beta blockers

36
Q

(physiological: medication and surgery) anxiety disorders- concerns:
side effects: .., …., …., …, …, …, etc
… not cures
problem: …. and … – prolonged use and high doses –> sometimes patients will take the medication in anticipation of anxiety even though at the present moment they don’t feel anxious –> increases likelihood of …

A

drowsiness; dry mouth; nausea; blurred vision; constipation; memory
treatments
drug dependence; addiction;
addiction

37
Q

(physiological: medication and surgery) surgery:

…: make small lesions (cuts) which reduces the flow of nerve impulses –> slowing … to reduce symptoms of anxiety

A

nerve tracts; electrical impulses

38
Q

(physiological: medication and surgery) can you use surgery for all abnormal behavior? No; Why not? it’s not a …
Risk: …

A

cure

permanently damaging nerve

39
Q

(physiological: medication and surgery) …: previously used surgeries where frontal lobes are separated from the rest of the brain

A

prefrontal and transorbital lobotomy

40
Q

(physiological: medication and surgery) prefrontal and transorbital lobotomy:

….: holes drilled in top of the skull, knife inserted, separation

….: knife inserted through eye socket to sever frontal lobes

efficacy: many cases patient is …, more …, easier to manage

side effects: loss of … ability/ …

A

prefrontal
transorbital
calmer; docile
cognitive; emotional control

41
Q

(physiological: medication and surgery)
…: used for treatment of depression
- USA, > 10,000 patients receive ECT daily
- originally used for … and …
- reduction in symptoms of two conditions above following convulsion
- at first, convulsions were induced by …
- ECT resulted in greater … over the convulsions

A

electroconvulsive shock therapy
schizophrenia; epilepsy
insulin
control

42
Q

(physiological: medication and surgery) ECT therapy–> how is it administered:
- … and …
- electrodes placed on …
- electric current is passed between them (70 - 150 V)
- patient experiences some …
- procedure lasts … mins
- treatment administered … times weekly
- usually 5-8 treatments, sometimes 8-10

A 
sedative; muscle relaxant 
skull 
muscle movement 
15 
3
43
Q

(physiological: medication and surgery) ECT effectiveness: more than …
study: drugs- 30% < depression; 60% ECT
… effect than drugs
like drugs: it is a … - not a cure

A

drugs
faster
treatment

44
Q

(physiological: medication and surgery) mental health professionals? differ mostly in levels of …/…
…: PhD, 1000s hrs of clinical experience
…: MD/DO, specializing in psychiatry
…: go through programs that deal with training, part of which you have to go under psychoanalysis as well and see patients during that time
…: masters in psych, etc
only … describe meds of this grouping

which is right for you (as patient)?
dependent on therapeutic approach, gender, age, etc

A 
education; training 
clinical psychologist
psychiatrist 
psychoanalyst 
social worker 
psychiatrists
45
Q

…: how the actual, implied, or imagined presence of others influences the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of others

A

social psychology

46
Q

(social psychology) confederate vs. naïve subjects
….: someone you think is a part of the study, but they’re really part of the research team

…: real subjects

A

confederate; naïve

47
Q

(social psychology)
forming impressions- what info do we use to start forming impressions?
…: height, weight, gender, posture, attire, attraction, etc
…: judgment of how good/poorly they perform their duties
…: judgment on how social people are

A

physical cues
competence
sociability

48
Q

(social psychology) impressions:
…: tendency for positive evaluations of others to outnumber negative ones - why? If I think of someone else in a positive way, they will think of me in a positive way –> …

…: what impact does it play in forming impressions? big impact, partly bc people are always looking for positive, so when something negative happens, it stands out more –> negative events are … more

A

positivity bias; shared positivity

negative information; remembered

49
Q

(social psychology) impressions:

…: overall impression of another influenced more by first impression
people don’t want to admit they’re wrong, so they tend to hold onto their beliefs

A

primacy effect

50
Q

(social psychology)

…: cause of one’s own or another’s behavior –> like the world to be safe/predictable

A

attribution theory

51
Q

(social psychology)
…: attributing behavior to some external cause/factor (e.g. job, position, relationship)
issue: that might not be who a person truly is –> behavior might just be dictated by …

A

situational attribution; role person is playing

52
Q

(social psychology) …: attributing behavior to some internal factor –> the “true” me (e.g. personality traits, motivation)

A

dispositional attribution

53
Q

(social psychology) …: overattribution of …- underestimation of … –> giving too much credit to person’s behavior being who they truly are, rather than considering the situation and how it may be influencing their behavior

A

fundamental attribution error; disposition; situation;

54
Q

(social psychology) situational vs dispositional may only be determined by observing over a variety of …
…: untrue belief that the way I think/feel about something is the way everybody else thinks/feels about something –> tend to associate with those who are similar, and they reinforce beliefs
belief is that if others use logical thinking, they will come to the same conclusion as me

A

situations;

false consensus;

55
Q

(social psychology) ..: untrue belief that one’s talents, skills, etc are better than another’s

A

false uniqueness

56
Q

(social psychology) ..: credit for success - deny responsibility for failure

A

self-serving attributional bias

57
Q

(social psychology) …: an exaggerated perception of your responsibility for an outcome - positive/negative –> my efforts were greater than yours –> so if things go well, it’s because of me

A

self-centered bias

58
Q

(social psychology) attraction: what factors contribute to whether/not we like someone?
…: location/nearness –> will be friendlier/closer to someone you’re geographically closer to
…: study- 4 attractive college females that all attended same class. independent variable- … (how often they came to class) –> one who was in class more often had more friends

A

proximity

mere-exposure effect

59
Q

(social psychology) attraction contd:
… effect: inferring positive/negative traits as a function of one major positive/negative trait
similarity - what is it? how does that impact on liking? –> the more I have in common with someone, the more likely I will … them

A

halo effect; befriend

60
Q

(social psychology) social influence:
…: changing, adopting an attitude or behavior based on the social norms/expectations of a group of people –> power of …
…: attitudes and standards of behavior expected from members of a particular group

A

conformity; peer pressure;

social norms

61
Q

(social psychology) Asch study on conformity:
8 subjects asked to make judgment of the …
- standard line and 3 choices - only 1 correct choice
- 7 subs are confederates - they all pick the incorrect line
- results: 25% not swayed, 5% conformed, 70% conformed some of the time
Asch varied size of groups - 2, 3, 4, 8, 10-15 –> did group size impact conformity? .. –> once you get to about … or … people, rate of conformity …

A

length of a line

no; 3; 4; remains the same

62
Q

(social psychology) Milgram’s study on obedience:
participants/roles:
the …: high school bio teacher- stern, serious
the … - confederate
the … - naïve subject

A

experimenter
learner
teacher

63
Q

(social psychology) milgram’s study on obedience:
teacher is delivered a sample electric shock - 45 V, stings but not painful –> makes them think that there truly is an electric current present
learner is connected to device that will deliver electric shock, learner indicates he has a …, told by experimenter the shock can be extremely painful, but will not cause permanent tissue damage –> learner is in different room, but teacher can hear them

A

heart condition;

64
Q

(social psychology) milgram’s study on obedience contd:
teacher is instructed by experimenter to present a list of words and then test learner’s memory. if wrong, …
30 switches - each increases shock by 15 V –> range of shock: 15-450 V

Results: in spite of learner’s rxn, 87.5% …, and 65% continue to the point of … levels of shock

A

administer electric shock; continue to administer painful shocks; dangerous

65
Q

(social psychology) …: acting in accordance to the direct request of another

A

compliance

66
Q

(social psychology) 3 techniques used to gain compliance:
..: small request at first, larger request later
…: large unreasonable request, smaller request later (smaller request is all the individual really wants) –> kind of like bargaining
…: initial attractive offer - changed to less favorable terms

A

foot-in-the-door
door-in-the-face technique
low-ball technique

67
Q

(social psychology) …: effects of group on individual performance

A

group influence

68
Q

(social psychology) group influence:
…: positive/negative effect on your behavior due to the presence of others
…: put forth less effort when working with others on a common task when compared to working alone –> group size increases, individual effort decreases
…: socially defined patterns of behavior considered appropriate for certain positions within a group

A

social facilitation
social loafing
social roles

69
Q

(social psychology) … behavior: behavior that benefits others

A

prosocial behavior

70
Q

(social psychology) prosocial behavior:
…: self-sacrificing behavior aimed at helping another for no personal gain –> Freud would argue that we act in this way to avoid the guilt of not helping someone
…: as numbers increase, probability of helping decreases –> related to …
…: as numbers increase, responsibility decreases –> again related to ..

A

altruism
bystander effect; social loafing
diffusion of responsibility; social loafing

71
Q

(social psychology) …: any behavior that intends to harm or hurt another –> if you intend to harm but fail, it is still aggression
aggression is tied to …

A

aggression; intention

72
Q

(social psychology) …: forms of aggression allowed for the benefit of the larger population (e.g. military, police, etc)

A

prosocial aggression

73
Q

(social psychology) …: aggression that is okay under one set of circumstances but not ok in another

A

sanctioned aggression

74
Q

(social psychology) causes of aggression:

…: interference in the attainment of a desired goal –> precursor to aggression

A

frustration

75
Q

(social psychology) causes of aggression contd:

…: perspective that suggests frustration is the precursor to and produces aggression

A

frustration-aggression hypothesis

76
Q

(social psychology) causes of aggression contd:

… events –> .., …, …

A

aversive; pain; heat; noise

77
Q

(social psychology) causes of aggression contd:
aversive events:
crowding:
…: amount of people in a given location
…: unique to each individual, if violated –> frustration increases

A

density; personal space

78
Q

(social psychology) causes of aggression contd:

… and … can cause heightened levels of aggression –> relationship found

A

media; video games

Psych 102 (4 decks)

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