Exam 3 Notes Flashcards
…: through psychoanalysis, unconscious conflict can be resolved and abnormal behaviors can be reduced or eliminated
psychoanalysis/ talk therapy
…: therapist/patient relationship leads to resolution of conflict and reduction of stress
therapeutic benefit
results of therapy: …/… of abnormal behaviors
reduction; elimination
…: process where patient begins to respond to analyst as if he/she is some significant person in his/her life
transference
….: when analyst begins to respond to patient as though they are a significant person in his/her life
counter-transference
…: unedited thought; saying whatever first comes to mind, some information will be divulged that’s reflective of …
free association; unconscious issues
…: unconscious conflicts would come through dream life, but they would be censored because they are too threatening –> interpreting true meaning of dream
dream interpretation
royal road to the unconscious: …
dreams
…: patient’s attempt to avoid painful or embarrassing thoughts and feelings
mind defending/protecting itself as person gets too close to exposing unconscious conflict –> patient typically says they …
resistance; don’t need to return
group therapy:
advantage: sharing …, starting to realize that you’re not alone
others: same issues, interaction, response
disadvantage: in groups, patient may be more … to speak up, or worse, may speak but be ….
cost; hesitant; dishonest
…: therapy with the family
family therapy
family therapy based on the fact that the functional dynamics of the family are impacting not just the patient but also … –> a lot of times are healthy and the parents are more …
the family at large; dysfunctional
…: predetermined number of sessions
it motivates the patient to try to move through the therapy more …, because some patients will keep coming without any progress –> time constraints would limit this issue
time-limited psychotherapy; quickly;
(Behavioral/learning approach) abnormal behavior is …: function of …, …, …
learned; rewards; punishments; repetition
(Behavioral/learning approach) focus of treatment: …of inappropriate behaviors and … appropriate ones
unlearning; learning
(Behavioral/learning approach) behaviorists primarily concerned with… –> opposed to .. because he was completely focused on unconscious processes
observable events; Freud
(Behavioral/learning approach) …: classical and operant conditioning
learning theories
(Behavioral/learning approach) Behavior therapy:
…: setting up reward system and when person performs x amount of correct responses/behaviors, you earn a token, which can accumulate and be exchanged for something
Hope: once they start feeling good about their behavior, …
token economies; tokens will no longer be needed
(Behavioral/learning approach) Behavior therapy:
…: slowly/gradually replace an undesired response with a more desired one –> based on belief that for any one stimulus there can only be ….
systematic desensitization; one response
(Behavioral/learning approach) …: reward desired responses, stop rewarding unwanted response
Why? extinction
operant
(Behavioral/learning approach)
Classical conditioning:
….: thrust patient into the situation that causes the fear, the sooner the patient experiences this stimulus, the sooner they will learn they have nothing to fear and phobia will go away a lot quicker
Risk: heightened levels of …, …
flooding/exposure; anxiety; panic
(Behavioral/learning approach) Classical conditioning:
…: clockwork orange, keep exposing person to a very aversive/harmful stimulus so that if they perform the behavior that you’re trying to diminish, they … (the …)
aversive conditioning; remember what happened to them; aversive stimulus
(cognitive therapy) …: abnormal behavior is the result of incorrect beliefs.
cognitive approach
(cognitive therapy) how can memories impact the person?
- each memory represents feelings, thoughts, images, physiological responses and when a memory is activated, so is the other information stored within the …
activation of one memory can … –> the activation of one unpleasant memory can cause the activation of other depressing or anxiety producing memories –> furthers levels of …/…
goal in therapy here is to ….
experience; activate other memories; anxiety; depression; change the incorrect belief system
(cognitive therapy) correcting incorrect beliefs how?
….: rebuilding person’s beliefs
aka …
record thoughts when symptoms occur
consider beliefs as ..-not fact –> these can be changed
…: challenge existing belief
create new belief - eliminating symptoms
cognitive restructuring; cognitive behavioral therapy; hypothesis; test hypothesis
(cognitive therapy) study: treated people with depression - 3 groups:
Group 1: … group
Group 2: …
Group 3: …
results: … had better results than those with placebo
Cognitive = antidepressant (level of depression between these 2 groups was the same) –> not always true, as it depends on why the depression is there. If cause of depression is physiological, … wouldn’t work
cognitive
antidepressant
placebo
cognitive
talk therapy
(cognitive therapy) can incorrect beliefs explain all abnormal behaviors?
No –> example. … –> person knows they are anxious, but do not know why
generalized anxiety disorder
(cognitive therapy) Medications:
Normalize …: normalize dendrite/axon thing
is medication effective in all cases? can medication normalize all neurotransmission? NO
neurotransmission
(cognitive therapy) treatment: depression - ... limitations of antidepressants: treatment not ... --> just treating symptoms delayed effect: ...-... weeks
antidepressants
cure
3-4
(cognitive therapy) antidepressants:
what about people with suicide ideation? these people can’t wait for the 3-4 weeks–> might … during this time frame
attempt/commit suicide
(physiological: medication and surgery) antidepressants:
side effects: … of mouth, … of vision, …, difficulty in …, …, low …, … (increased time to orgasm or eliminate it completely)
dryness; blurring; constipation; urination; palpitations; blood pressure; sexual dysfunctioning
(physiological: medication and surgery) schizophrenia treatment: … –> greater severity of disorder = more … drugs = more … side effects
neuroleptics; potent; severe
(physiological: medication and surgery) side effects of neuroleptics: ... of mouth or ... ... vision ... reduced ... .../... motor activity
dryness; excessive salivation blurred constipation sexual arousal awkward; slowed
(physiological: medication and surgery) side effects of neuroleptics:
involuntary .. –> these tend to be irreversible
…, … actions
… and … of tongue
… (tardive: late developing body movements): involuntary movement of arms and trunk and in some cases, contractions of diaphragm that cause a bark-like noise
muscle movement
sucking, chewing
thrusting; twisting
tardive dyskinesia
(physiological: medication and surgery) anxiety disorders;
physiological approach- drugs to …
block …
… - valium, Xanax, Ativan
… - drugs that limit the degree to which heart rate can increase which can limit fear response –> these generally reduce BP, keeps physiological symptoms under control
reduce arousal
physiological arousal
benzodiazepines
beta blockers
(physiological: medication and surgery) anxiety disorders- concerns:
side effects: .., …., …., …, …, …, etc
… not cures
problem: …. and … – prolonged use and high doses –> sometimes patients will take the medication in anticipation of anxiety even though at the present moment they don’t feel anxious –> increases likelihood of …
drowsiness; dry mouth; nausea; blurred vision; constipation; memory
treatments
drug dependence; addiction;
addiction
(physiological: medication and surgery) surgery:
…: make small lesions (cuts) which reduces the flow of nerve impulses –> slowing … to reduce symptoms of anxiety
nerve tracts; electrical impulses
(physiological: medication and surgery) can you use surgery for all abnormal behavior? No; Why not? it’s not a …
Risk: …
cure
permanently damaging nerve
(physiological: medication and surgery) …: previously used surgeries where frontal lobes are separated from the rest of the brain
prefrontal and transorbital lobotomy
(physiological: medication and surgery) prefrontal and transorbital lobotomy:
….: holes drilled in top of the skull, knife inserted, separation
….: knife inserted through eye socket to sever frontal lobes
efficacy: many cases patient is …, more …, easier to manage
side effects: loss of … ability/ …
prefrontal
transorbital
calmer; docile
cognitive; emotional control
(physiological: medication and surgery)
…: used for treatment of depression
- USA, > 10,000 patients receive ECT daily
- originally used for … and …
- reduction in symptoms of two conditions above following convulsion
- at first, convulsions were induced by …
- ECT resulted in greater … over the convulsions
electroconvulsive shock therapy
schizophrenia; epilepsy
insulin
control
(physiological: medication and surgery) ECT therapy–> how is it administered:
- … and …
- electrodes placed on …
- electric current is passed between them (70 - 150 V)
- patient experiences some …
- procedure lasts … mins
- treatment administered … times weekly
- usually 5-8 treatments, sometimes 8-10
sedative; muscle relaxant skull muscle movement 15 3
(physiological: medication and surgery) ECT effectiveness: more than …
study: drugs- 30% < depression; 60% ECT
… effect than drugs
like drugs: it is a … - not a cure
drugs
faster
treatment
(physiological: medication and surgery) mental health professionals? differ mostly in levels of …/…
…: PhD, 1000s hrs of clinical experience
…: MD/DO, specializing in psychiatry
…: go through programs that deal with training, part of which you have to go under psychoanalysis as well and see patients during that time
…: masters in psych, etc
only … describe meds of this grouping
which is right for you (as patient)?
dependent on therapeutic approach, gender, age, etc
education; training clinical psychologist psychiatrist psychoanalyst social worker psychiatrists
…: how the actual, implied, or imagined presence of others influences the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of others
social psychology
(social psychology) confederate vs. naïve subjects
….: someone you think is a part of the study, but they’re really part of the research team
…: real subjects
confederate; naïve
(social psychology)
forming impressions- what info do we use to start forming impressions?
…: height, weight, gender, posture, attire, attraction, etc
…: judgment of how good/poorly they perform their duties
…: judgment on how social people are
physical cues
competence
sociability
(social psychology) impressions:
…: tendency for positive evaluations of others to outnumber negative ones - why? If I think of someone else in a positive way, they will think of me in a positive way –> …
…: what impact does it play in forming impressions? big impact, partly bc people are always looking for positive, so when something negative happens, it stands out more –> negative events are … more
positivity bias; shared positivity
negative information; remembered
(social psychology) impressions:
…: overall impression of another influenced more by first impression
people don’t want to admit they’re wrong, so they tend to hold onto their beliefs
primacy effect
(social psychology)
…: cause of one’s own or another’s behavior –> like the world to be safe/predictable
attribution theory
(social psychology)
…: attributing behavior to some external cause/factor (e.g. job, position, relationship)
issue: that might not be who a person truly is –> behavior might just be dictated by …
situational attribution; role person is playing
(social psychology) …: attributing behavior to some internal factor –> the “true” me (e.g. personality traits, motivation)
dispositional attribution
(social psychology) …: overattribution of …- underestimation of … –> giving too much credit to person’s behavior being who they truly are, rather than considering the situation and how it may be influencing their behavior
fundamental attribution error; disposition; situation;
(social psychology) situational vs dispositional may only be determined by observing over a variety of …
…: untrue belief that the way I think/feel about something is the way everybody else thinks/feels about something –> tend to associate with those who are similar, and they reinforce beliefs
belief is that if others use logical thinking, they will come to the same conclusion as me
situations;
false consensus;
(social psychology) ..: untrue belief that one’s talents, skills, etc are better than another’s
false uniqueness
(social psychology) ..: credit for success - deny responsibility for failure
self-serving attributional bias
(social psychology) …: an exaggerated perception of your responsibility for an outcome - positive/negative –> my efforts were greater than yours –> so if things go well, it’s because of me
self-centered bias
(social psychology) attraction: what factors contribute to whether/not we like someone?
…: location/nearness –> will be friendlier/closer to someone you’re geographically closer to
…: study- 4 attractive college females that all attended same class. independent variable- … (how often they came to class) –> one who was in class more often had more friends
proximity
mere-exposure effect
(social psychology) attraction contd:
… effect: inferring positive/negative traits as a function of one major positive/negative trait
similarity - what is it? how does that impact on liking? –> the more I have in common with someone, the more likely I will … them
halo effect; befriend
(social psychology) social influence:
…: changing, adopting an attitude or behavior based on the social norms/expectations of a group of people –> power of …
…: attitudes and standards of behavior expected from members of a particular group
conformity; peer pressure;
social norms
(social psychology) Asch study on conformity:
8 subjects asked to make judgment of the …
- standard line and 3 choices - only 1 correct choice
- 7 subs are confederates - they all pick the incorrect line
- results: 25% not swayed, 5% conformed, 70% conformed some of the time
Asch varied size of groups - 2, 3, 4, 8, 10-15 –> did group size impact conformity? .. –> once you get to about … or … people, rate of conformity …
length of a line
no; 3; 4; remains the same
(social psychology) Milgram’s study on obedience:
participants/roles:
the …: high school bio teacher- stern, serious
the … - confederate
the … - naïve subject
experimenter
learner
teacher
(social psychology) milgram’s study on obedience:
teacher is delivered a sample electric shock - 45 V, stings but not painful –> makes them think that there truly is an electric current present
learner is connected to device that will deliver electric shock, learner indicates he has a …, told by experimenter the shock can be extremely painful, but will not cause permanent tissue damage –> learner is in different room, but teacher can hear them
heart condition;
(social psychology) milgram’s study on obedience contd:
teacher is instructed by experimenter to present a list of words and then test learner’s memory. if wrong, …
30 switches - each increases shock by 15 V –> range of shock: 15-450 V
Results: in spite of learner’s rxn, 87.5% …, and 65% continue to the point of … levels of shock
administer electric shock; continue to administer painful shocks; dangerous
(social psychology) …: acting in accordance to the direct request of another
compliance
(social psychology) 3 techniques used to gain compliance:
..: small request at first, larger request later
…: large unreasonable request, smaller request later (smaller request is all the individual really wants) –> kind of like bargaining
…: initial attractive offer - changed to less favorable terms
foot-in-the-door
door-in-the-face technique
low-ball technique
(social psychology) …: effects of group on individual performance
group influence
(social psychology) group influence:
…: positive/negative effect on your behavior due to the presence of others
…: put forth less effort when working with others on a common task when compared to working alone –> group size increases, individual effort decreases
…: socially defined patterns of behavior considered appropriate for certain positions within a group
social facilitation
social loafing
social roles
(social psychology) … behavior: behavior that benefits others
prosocial behavior
(social psychology) prosocial behavior:
…: self-sacrificing behavior aimed at helping another for no personal gain –> Freud would argue that we act in this way to avoid the guilt of not helping someone
…: as numbers increase, probability of helping decreases –> related to …
…: as numbers increase, responsibility decreases –> again related to ..
altruism
bystander effect; social loafing
diffusion of responsibility; social loafing
(social psychology) …: any behavior that intends to harm or hurt another –> if you intend to harm but fail, it is still aggression
aggression is tied to …
aggression; intention
(social psychology) …: forms of aggression allowed for the benefit of the larger population (e.g. military, police, etc)
prosocial aggression
(social psychology) …: aggression that is okay under one set of circumstances but not ok in another
sanctioned aggression
(social psychology) causes of aggression:
…: interference in the attainment of a desired goal –> precursor to aggression
frustration
(social psychology) causes of aggression contd:
…: perspective that suggests frustration is the precursor to and produces aggression
frustration-aggression hypothesis
(social psychology) causes of aggression contd:
… events –> .., …, …
aversive; pain; heat; noise
(social psychology) causes of aggression contd:
aversive events:
crowding:
…: amount of people in a given location
…: unique to each individual, if violated –> frustration increases
density; personal space
(social psychology) causes of aggression contd:
… and … can cause heightened levels of aggression –> relationship found
media; video games
