Exam 1 Contd Flashcards
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 1. …: birth - 2 yrs of age
2major sub phases (birth - 9 months; 9 months - 2 years)
sensory motor
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development)
1st subphase of sensory motor:
…: no logical thought
absence of ..: limited receptive and expressive language
no …
dominated by … actions
prelogical state; language; object permanence; reflex
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 2nd subphase of sensory motor stage:
transition from child of …t o child of …
… development: vocab of about 50 words in about 1.5 yrs
…: allows child to represent external world internally
increased … skills
object permanence
reflex; intentions;
language; schema formation; motor
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) piaget noticed that kids of the same age group make the same …, but these are different from kids of different ages: indicates that cognition occurs over a series of stages
kinds of mistakes
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 2. … –> 2 - 7 yrs of age
pre operational thought
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) pre-operational thought:
greater … and … language
greater … skills
greater ability to …/… information –> many errors though (e.g. all men are daddy, all women are mommy)
receptive; expressive;
motor
categorize/classify
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 3. …: 7-11 yrs of age
concrete operations
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) concrete operations:
greater …, … skills, etc.
greater ability to … and perform … thought –> all men are mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore, Socrates is moral
language; motor skills; classify; logical
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 3. concrete operations
mental activities now present:
…: mass, weight, volume all stay same
…: ability to put objects in order from large to small, small to large
…: ability to reverse thought
what is child not able to do? …
conservation
seriation
reversibility
abstract thought
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 4. …: 11-14/15 yrs of age
formal operations
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 4. formal operations
all of the above, but now child can perform abstract thought:
… reasoning
…/…
ability to distinguish between … and …
deductive
hypothesizing; testing
fact; theory
not everybody is able to attain abstract thought:
people used to think that that was a function of … ability, but that is not the case
some people view the world in a more … way and are still intelligent
intellectual; concrete
language acquisition: 2 processes
… and ….
speech perception; language production
speech perception: what is it?
system translates … into sounds that can be perceived as speech
to acquire language, we must be able to distinguish …
vibrations; differences between sounds
…: babies suck on nipples that produces sound–>
what happens to rate of sucking? …, but then it …
this is a result of … and …
non-nutritive sucking technique; increases; decreases; habituation; dishabituation
non-nutritive sucking technique contd:
what happens to rate of sucking if you introduce new sound? … why? significance?
this is due to …–> immediate increase in rate of …/…
increases; dishabituation; response; engagement
babies can distinguish between … and … as early as 1 month
bah; pah
language production
8 weeks: … –> can put baby to sleep and is soothing to him/her
3-4 months: …
9 months: beginning of …
8/9-14 months: … stage, …; learning to … and then …, etc
18-20 months: … stage and then … speech (2 words and an order) –> usually a …
cooing; babbling intentional speech one word; turn taking; listen; speak two word; telegraphic; command
language in children: 18 months: … words 6 yrs old: … words ...: use of the word beyond the scope of the word itself …: restrictive use of the world
50; 14,000
overextensions
underextensions
language in children:’
…: inappropriate application of grammatical rules for tenses and plurals
overregularization
…: general rules of language
…: social roles of language –> learning that there are times when we can/can’t say things
syntax; pragmatics
understanding spoken language:
..>: our attempt to understand what someone else is saying to us
…: tone, inflection, pitch–> nonverbal … that help give meaning to the spoken word
language comprehension; gestures; cues
…: sentence that can have more than one meaning
ambiguous sentence
…: person’s behavioral style of responding to the environment
…: strong emotional bond child forms with mother/primary caregiver
temperament; attachment
harlow’s study on attachment: … mothers
two monkeys” one’s a wire monkey, the other is a wire monkey but with ‘warm, fuzzy’ things on it–> baby monkey went to the …
surrogate; warm fuzzy ones
… process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period early in life
imprinting
(stages of attachment) …: 0-5 months–> comfortable with essentially everyone
indiscriminant
(stages of attachment) …: 5-10 months–> …: someone comes into baby’s perceptual field and the baby is uncomfortable–> clings onto mom and stares at stranger
paradox: won’t go to person, but they have baby’s …
child is more fussy about who they’re with
selective; stranger anxiety; attention
(stages of attachment) …: older than 10 months
–> comfortable with being with many different people
multiple attachments;
…: developed as function of consistency of care that the child receives from the primary caregiver
attachment styles
(attachment styles) …: developed when child receives much love–> translates to greater levels of …, more …
faith and comfort in the world and in trusting yourself/others
secure; trust; optimistic
(attachment styles) …: if primary caregivers don’t provide a lot of support/care/love/etc. this is acquired
have difficulty … to others
don’t … very much
more prone to …, …, …, etc
often engage in promiscuous relationships because they equate … to …
avoidant; attaching; trust; jealousy; possessiveness; envious; sex; love
(attachment styles) …: parents that are sometimes consistent and other time’s aren’t
these pople want to attach, but when they get too close to someone else, they …
anxious ambivalent; withdraw
according to attachment theorists, your attachment styles are developed … and … they are …
early in life; do not change; fixed
deprivation of attachment:
animals- …, higher level of …, incapable of …
babies: …, …, …
adults: unloved become the ..–> abused/neglected kids have a higher rate of being abusive
frightened; aggression; mating;
withdrawn; frightened; speechless; unloving
(day care and attachment) high quality: … and … staff
low quality: … and … staff
warm; supportive
boring; unresponsive
children in day care:
slight advances in … and …, but increased rates of … and …
advances due to the fact that there are more levelsof …
aggression and defiance isn’t necessarily bad; good for child to have their own …/…
language; thinking; aggression; defiance
engagement;
voice; will
father-child relationship:
growing change of focus: traditionally, … primary caregivers
moms: more …, provide toys, …, …, …, be careful etc
dads: more …, challenging, …, be daring, etc
women;
talking; comfort; reassure; safe harbor
stimulating activity; arousing physical play
role of the parents:
love, care, nurture, supportive:
impacts …–> trust vs. mistrust –> foundational
attachment style
authoritarian parents: ... rules ... transgressions demand … outcomes: … intellectual performance, … social skills
arbitrary
punish
obedience
lower; less
authoritative parents:
… but … goals–> attainable, allows child to experience … and …
… and …
encourage …–> child will be more comfortable going to parents to talk to them about things going on in their lives
high; realistic
success; failures
demanding; responsive
communication
authoritative parents contd:
establish … and … them –> explain whey they are in place; the rules are enforced consistently –> allows child to know what the boundaries are
warm, nurturant, supportive, responsive
outcomes: … self-esteem, … academic performance, … social competence, … self-reliance, … independence
rules; enforce;
greater for everything at the end
permissive parents:
… rules; not consistently enforced
… control behavior
children will know that their … will get them what they want
outcomes: …, …, …, …, … self-reliance, … delinquent behavior
few; children; persistence
immature; promiscuous sex; impulsive; dependent; less; more
other factors that impact socialization:
… relationships
…/…–> violence/aggression, shaping the child’s view of the world
peer; television; media
…: collection of beliefs of who we think we are
interests, talents, things good/bad at, strengths, weaknesses, traits/characteristics, etc
self concept
…: evaluations about self concept
self esteem
…: clear sense of who one is and think highly of who they are
…: less clear self-concept
high self esteem
low self esteem
low self esteem:
establish … goals–> setting self up for failure, validates/reinforces self esteem
… about future
more adverse behavioral reactions to …/…
unrealistic; pessimistic; criticism; negative feedback
low self esteem contd:
…: recognizes and embraces the many different parts that you are–> the more things you are, the fewer adverse rxns you will have –> able to fall back on the other components of who you are when you fail in one arena
people that have low self-esteem tend to be … people, but they don’t realize that
self complexity; nice
Margaret Mahler: … and …
attachment and separation
Mahler makes distinction between … children and … children
truly autistic; symbiotically psychotic
(Mahler) autistic children: no ability to use mother as …(experiencing world through mom) –> have difficulty … and with … dynamics
auxiliary ego; attaching; social
(Mahler) symbiotically psychotic children – attachment is too …
where does mom end and i begin?
have ability to …/…, but they are too attached
…: relationships between two or more individuals that may/may not be to their benefit
accompanied by …, …, etc
no … development
fused; attach; affiliate symbiosis anxiety issues; school phobia individual
(Mahler) observes interactions between mother and child:
how does she … child?
how do mother and child deal with … from one another?
carry; separation
(Mahler) if focus on separation, what factor impacts on growth and development? A: …
egos develop in … situations–» develop coping skills this way and learn how to deal with separation
anxiety; anxiety-inducing situations
(Mahler) 6 phases of development:
1. …- 1st month of life
primary autism
(Mahler) 6 phases of development:
primary autism –> no recognition of any … that is the agent of satisfactions; very egocentric period
midway through- beginning to recognize that someone …
external object; other than self
(Mahler) 6 phases of development: 2. …- 2 through 4 months:
child’s … begins to crack –> … and … growth occurring
very strong emotional attachment ot … what is the significance of mother’s holding, feeding, touching, etc. have on the child? –»> I am a person of … and …, or the opposite (seeing the world as a place of hostility)
normal symbiosis; autistic shell; psychological; emotional; mother; value; worth
(Mahler) 6 phases of development:
3. 1st-subphase: … and … of …- 5 through 9 months
differentiation and development of body image
(Mahler) 6 phases of development:
3. 1st subphase:
hatching from shell
child emerging as a … individual –> able to distinguish between mom and me more ably, recognizing that mother is source of sustenance/care, rather than …
early attempts to .. and … from mother –» can crawl at that point; more … from one another –> separation and anxiety and developing skills to deal with that
great deal of time exploring world
period of physical and emotional growth
perceptually aware; self
break away; separate
physical distance
(Mahler) 6 phases of development: 4. …- 10 through 14 months
practicing sub phase
(Mahler) 6 phases of development: what is happening during this time period? child has:
… language
… locomotion
… cognitive ability
ego is now capable of …
child now focuses on … (playing with toys) –> but … is still object of central focus
greater; greater; greater
reality testing
mother
(Mahler) 6 phases of development:
5 …- 14 months through 2 yrs
rapproachment
(Mahler) 6 phases of development:
5. rapproachment:
what is happening during this period? child has
… language: receptive and expressive
… locomotion
… cognitive
child becomes more aware of … from mother
> ; >; >; separation
(Mahler) 6 phases of development: 5. rapproachment contd:
child now more …–> with this independence comes greater … and …–» because of recognition that dependence on mom and interactions with mom will become very different as this independence develops
increased sensitivy to …
independent; fear; anxiety; mom’s absence
(Mahler) 6 phases of development: 6. …- 2nd through 3rd yrs
separation and individuation
(Mahler) 6 phases of development: 6 separation and invidiuation
…: even though mom is not here, she still loves me. must be … for this to occur
ego can now tolerate anxiety associated with … and can … –> beginning to define who i am
emotional object constancy; trust; separation; individuate
…: transition period from childhood to adulthood
…: period of rapid physical growth and change
adolescence; puberty
puberty:
adolescent growth spurt–
girls: … to … yrs full height by …-… yrs old
boys: …-… yrs full height by …-… yrs
11;13; 16; 17
13; 15; 18; 20
adolescent age group created by …: partly intended to take younger people out off the workforce
society
menarche typically occurs around …0… yrs old
12.5 - 15.5
girls:
early maturers tend to be …, earlier exposure to … and …, deal with …, earlier … experiencies, …, … academic performance
self conscious; drugs; alcohol; sexual advances; sexual; pregnancies; decreased
boys:
early maturers tend to be …, …, … from females, … success academically, viewed more … by adults, … responsibility, … freedom
taller; stronger; admiration; greater; favorably; greater; greater
late maturers: what impact might this hav eon girls and boys?
boys: … and …d elayed
girls; tend to do better …, but deal with …
growth spurt; secondary characteristics
academically; social pressure
(erikson’s psychosocial theory of development) expands the … and … of ego
sometimes referred to as the …: ego develops the following–> trust, hope, autonomy, will, industry, competence, etc.
functions; capacities; creative ego
(erikson’s psychosocial theory of development) recognizes and stresses importance of …, …, and … factors- how so?
these all define who you become as an individual
the period of time you grow up in also impacts your development
expands …- when does development/growth end? believes that people continue to grow and develop until death, can potentially change throughout life
social; historical; cultural; developmental process
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
first 4 stages cover … through …
5th stage covers adolescence, the … stage- identity vs. …
6th-8th covers …
birth; childhood; critical; identity confusion; adulthood
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stages: positive and negative aspects (.. vs ..)
to have healthy development need to experience both the positive and negative, but … must be reinforced more, must be more dominant
negative: sometimes referred to as … or …
trust; mistrust; positive; crisis; hazard
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 1: … - 1st yr of life
how can you tell if child sees the world as a safe place/not? …,…, …
… interactions are critical –> influences how child sees themselves and the world, primary caretaker acts as …
trust vs mistrust; sleeping; eating; excreting;
mother/child;
mirror to the world
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
stage 1 contd:
what role does anxiety/separation from mother play in trust issue?
must occur for … to develop
child learns to trust self and others: respond to parental …, trust that parents know what they are doing
trust; prohibitions
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 1 contd:
transition from … to …: pleasure and expression of aggression, anger, frustration
what are sources of frustration, anger? …, …, …
gradual recognition of self being … from others
sucking; biting;
hunger; thirst; diaper
separate
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 1 contd:
…: gradual removal of something
what is baby being weaned from and why? mom … (work, another pregnancy/child, intimacy with partner, resumption of own life)
what is the psychological hazard if weaning is not handled properly? … –> state of mourning, reflecting on better days –> occurs if weaning is too …
weaning; leaving; acute infantile depression; sudden
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
stage 2: … vs … –> 2nd yr of life
autonomy; shame and doubt
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 2 contd:
witness a …:
time to learn of the dos, donts, expectations, obligations, rights privileges:
learning about … and … –> occurs partly through … –. indicates that there’s a time and place for things
battle of the wills
obedience; conformity
toilet training
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
stage 2 contd:
time of greater autonomy, freedom, exploration –> gained through …
child learns to accept … from others, and to …
self control; control; control self
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
2nd stage contd:
what tool do parents have to deal with this battle and control child’s behavior? …: aware that you are exposed to others, conscious of being looked at
what happens if parents shame too much? it makes it …
shame; ineffective
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) 2nd stage contd:
if shame handled properly: …, …, …, …, …, …
if not handled properly: leave stage with sense of …–> inhibitis … bc child is afraid of …
independence; autonomy; self-expression; lovingness; goodwill; pride
doubt; initiative; failure
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) 2nd stage contd:
psychological hazard: … –> developed sooner than it should have, standard of conscience is …
precocious conscience; perfection
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
stage 3: … vs …: 3rd-5th years of life
> …
> ….
> … abilities
> … of environment
> capacity to … and establish … –> child of …, activity even in play has some … to it
initiative; guilt language locomotion cognitive exploration plan; goals; intention; purpose
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 3 contd:
eager to learn and perform for … and …
period of the …:
…: intruder is child upon parents
…: intruder is child upon parents, when they are inquisitive and when parents get tired of hearing why
… (physical attack towards others or upon self by others)
parents; peers great intrusions space mind body
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 3 contd:
child has … fears–> child doesn’t have emotional understanding of these feelings which creates a sense of …
crisis is …: what impact can this have on initiative –> … is the potential inhibitor of initiative–> when child thinks they will .., it inhibits action
oedipal; apprehension; guilt; conscience; fail
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 3 contd:
we also learn of … –> not an issue of right or wrong, but rather of power; people in power can get away with things that others cannot
injustice
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 4: … vs … - 5/6 yrs of adolescence
1st stage: I am what I am …
2nd stage: I am what I … –> exerting … and …
3rd stage: I am what I can …
4rd stage: I am what I … –> at age 5, formal education has begun–> … occurring
industry; inferiority; given will; independence; autonomy imagine learn; dissemination of knowledge
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 4 contd:
formal education: increases in …, …, … abilities
locomotion; language; cognitive
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 4 contd:
eager to learn and perform for … and … along with parents now
what about peer group? adults? traditions? beliefs? values? being exposed to new ideas that either …/… yours
teachers; classmates
support; question yours
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 4 contd:
gains a sense of …, …, fruits of … and …, …, …, etc.
payoff for putting in hard work generalized to life
perseverance; diligence; labor; hard work; productivity; mastery
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
stage 4 contd:
danger/crisis: …–> unwillingness to take …/…
fear of …
…
inferiority
chances/risks
failure
guilt
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
stage 4 contd:
what should parents/teachers do to foster industry and minimize inferiority?
another lesson of life: independent of one’s personal abilities, strengths, talents, what factors determine worth and opportunity to develop these strengths? major factor: … (.. status)
if parents have more money, they can provide you with better opportunities. with less money, may not be able to develop skills to the fullest
money; socioeconomic status
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5: … vs … (adolescence)
identity; identity confusion
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5 contd:
Erikson considers this the most … stage: defining who person is
sense of who I am, what is the … of life, my life
defining interests, talents, skills, likes, dislikes, goals, what is my …, etc
critical; meaning; destiny
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5 contd:
adolescence: time of …
…: putting something on hold
in adolescence, people are given some freedom to explore things–> moment of time/break where they’re not necessarily held to the same … as in other periods of their lives
psychosocial moratorium;
moratorium
standards
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5 contd: where is this person? .../... what issues are most important? ... and ... time of great .../..--> focused on ...
middle school; high school
peers; family
self-consciousness; awareness
appearances
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5 contd:
crisis/hazard: …–> failure of person to establish …
feelings of …, …, …, …
identity confusion
stable identity
isolation; emptiness; anxiousness; indecisiveness
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5 contd:
if negative identity is formed, sometimes adolescents make … choices in an attempt to not only be hurtful, but also to …
vindictive; regain control
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5 contd:
…: ability to sustain loyalties what previous virtue is needed for this to be possible? …
fidelity; trust
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 6: … vs …
person is prepared to unite identity with …
seek …
… with others
… with others
intimacy; isolation another partnerships affiliation intimacy
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 6 contd: ‘
crisis/hazard: …—> avoidance of …, unwillingness to attach to others, unable/unwilling to commit one’s identity to another–> again an issue of trust
isolation; relationships
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 7: … vs….
characterized by a concern for what is …; products
…
…
most … adulthood yrs
…. interest over … interest
generativity; stagnation; generated; ideas; progeny; productive; social; self
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 7 contd:
care–> concern for others
transmission of knowledge to the … through … and … (….), as well as …
next generation; teaching; healing; social healing; parenthood
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 7 contd:
what value to the person does teaching others have?
sense of being …
sense of being … and of … –>encourages you to care more about others than self
become less consumed by …
needed
important; value
self-interest
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
stage 8: … vs….
sense of my life had …
i have cared, taught, produced, etc
crisis/hazard: …–> life has been in .., not …, …
unwillingness to let life end, a life that has had no meaning, no achievement
integrity; despair; despair; vain; satisfying; empty
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 8 contd:
..: concern for life in the face of death
wisdom
(moral and social development) Kohlberg’s theory of moral development”
… level- ages 4-10–> based on standards of others, … consequences–> … vs …, avoid …, …
preconventional; physical; punishment; rewards; punishment; self-interest
(moral and social development) kohlbert contd ... - ages 10-13 right and wrong based on ... standards ... to others consistent with ...
conventional level; internalized standards; pleasing; laws of society
(moral and social development) Kohlberg contd:
… level - age 13
moral reasoning based on …–> corresponds to piaget’s formal operations (4th stage),
respect for individual … and others
follow … independent of restrictions or others’ opinions
postconventional; ethical principles; rights of self; conscience
(moral and social development) teenage pregnancy:
…- highest rate of teenage pregnancy of all developed counries
… teenagers annually become pregnant
40% …
13% …
70% of the girls are not ..
54% of teenage girls see nothing wrong having baby w/out being married compared to 49% teenage boys
U.S. 1 million terminated by abortion miscarriage married
(moral and social development) teen pregnancies
consequences for mom and child-
physical: poor prenatal care and nutrition - no … benefits, … status–> greater rates of …, …, and delivery .., …., greater … deliveries
50% don’t finish hs
greater …, lower … scores, greater …, greater …
health; socioeconomic; miscarriage; stillbirth; complications; low birth weight; premature; poverty; intelligence scores; abuse; neglect
(moral and social development) reinke: life course of women
1. no … phase
2. …. phase
3. … age phase
4. … phase
5. … phase (1st child leaving home-last child leaving) aka … phase
6 …. phase
children starting a family school adolescent launching; empty nest postparental
(moral and social development) early and middle adulthood–> physical changes:
20s and 30s: .. of life
late 30s: gradual …
middle age: loss of ….., …, …, mostly associated with … and …, not …
prime; decline
vigor; vitality; endurance; diet; exercise; aging
(moral and social development) early/middle adulthood:
…: lens in eye can no longer accommodate near vision
…: ages 45-55: physical symptoms –> hot flashes, anxiety, irritability, mood swings, depression; affects everyone around her
presbyopia; menopause
(moral and social development) intellectual ability:
memory differences between the elderly and young adults:
sensory memory: … –> when diffs do appear they are possibly due to the way young adults and elderly … –> adults are more … whereas elderly .. their focus more
no significant diffs; distribute their attention; flexible; restrict
(moral and social development) memory diffs:
short term mem:
… –> what impact does task difficulty have? … perform better
no sig diffs; young adults
(moral and social development) memory diffs:
long term mem:
…: no differences
…: there is a diff–. one possible explanation as to why this occurs–> elderly less likely to take risks if not sure
recognition; recall
(moral and social development) does a person’s profession play a role in productivity?
historians, philosophers, no decline through …
scientists - …
arts - dramatic decline in …
70s; 60s; 70s
life style patterns in adulthood:
singles-playing the filed
recent trend: … for people under 25–> is the divorce rate of these couples higher/lower when compared to those who do not cohabitate? …
cohabitation; higher
life style patterns in adulthood:
marriage
median age- 1960- females …; males …
today: females …; male …
impact of marriage: quality of life–> married people are … and … –> better able to deal with … of life compared to those who are unmarried
rate of divorce for 1st marriage is … compared to for 2nd, 3rd, etc
20; 23; 25; 27
happier; live longer
stresses; lowest
life style patterns in adulthood: divorce: rate in 1960: 9 per 1000 today: 20 per 1000 age groupings: 35-54 experience greater ... 55+: less ... potentially
discord; financial stressors
life style patterns in adulthood:
parenthood:
… decreases after first born child –> women especially bc women are generally …; partly post partum impact
rates of depression … due to added stress, tension, financial obligations
marital satisfaction; primary caretakers; higher
life style patterns in adulthood:
remaining childless: may be because one or both of the parents had a …
… factors
bad childhood; financial
life style patterns in adulthood:
career choice: critical to … and ….–> sense of … from job
if who you are is tied to your career, any change in that/retirement will have a … impact on sense of worth and value
identity; self-esteem; worth; negative
life style patterns in adulthood:
trends:
middle aged workers –> … job satisfaction –> job is usually more … at this point
… women in workforce
greater; stable; more
later adulthood:
physical changes–> …, …, …/…/…/… function
vision; stamina; heart; lung; kidney; muscle
later adulthood:
80% people over 65 have 1 or more of the following:
…, …, … problems, … blood pressure
leading causes of death: …, …, …
arthritis; rheumatism; heart; high; heart disease; cancer; stroke
later adulthood:
cognitive issues:
…: greater verbal ability and general knowledge over time
…: less abstract reasoning and mental flexibility over time
crystallized intelligence
fluid intelligence
later adulthood:
Alzheimer’s and dementia:
…: mental deterioration caused by physical deterioration of brain
…: incurable form of …–> progressive deterioration of intellect, personality; widespread degeneration of brain cells
senile dementia; Alzheimer’s; dementia
latter adult life adjustments: ... loss of .. losing a ... ... and ...
retirement
peers
spouse
death; dying
latter adult life adjustments:
Kubler-ross: 5 stages of death and dying
…
…- 1st stage of …; realizing for the first time now that you are actually going to die
…
…
…
denial anger; acceptance bargaining depression acceptance
latter adult life:
decisions about death
…
…: period of mourning following loss of a loved one; do those who show intense grief, weeping, pain get through this process better? no, everyone handles it differently
assisted death
bereavement
