Exam 1 Flashcards
psych: scientific study of … and …
mental activity; behavior
benefits of psych:
teaches critical thinking–> systematically …. information to reach conclusions supported by …–> researched with consistent outcomes
evaluating ;evidence
…: principle that mind and body were separate entities that did not interact with one another
dualism
rene Descartes- …:
principle that states that mind and body do, in fact, affect one another
mutual interaction
Wilhelm Wundt- …- interested in how perceptual information become a final object (how do we recognize that a plastic bottle is a plastic bottle–> what mental processes were involved)
structuralism
structuralists use introspection:
looking internally
introspection: consciously reporting on the processes that go from … to …
2 major problems: perceptions are …/…, affected by …, …, etc
consciously reporting on processes that occur ..
perception; final object; subjective/biased; life experiences; interpretation; unconsciously
William James- principles of psych
human mind is active, inquiring
William James crated an … of all the psych research of his time and called it “principles of psychology”
James recognized early that the human mind is …, that people engage the world
James recognized early that there are … –> primary and secondary, aka … and … memory
encyclopedia; active; separate memory stores; short and long term
Sigmund freud- … theory
structures of the mind: …, …, …
5 distinct stages of … development
psychoanalytic;
id; ego; superego
psychosexual development
freud was a pioneer in defense mechanisms- what are they?
…, …, …, etc.
something that is designed to protect the …, when it is threatened with too much anxiety, drama, etc.
alter reality so that the stimulus becomes … to the ego
projection; repression; denial
ego; less threatening
(behaviorists) ivan pavlov - …
Edward thorndike - …/… conditioning –> American psychologist, introduced number of laws that govern …
classical conditioning; connectionism; instrumental; learning processes
(behaviorists) b.f. skinner - …
john Watson- primary contribution to legitimate psychology, must strictly adhere to … –> American behaviorist, conducted … experiment which demonstrated that … can be conditioned
operant conditioning; scientific method; Little Albert; psychopathology
… studies: taking a population and following that same population over some period of time (e.g. effectiveness of bypass surgery)
longitudinal
… studies: one time snapshot of a different grouping of people. different demographics at the same time. may be differences in age, gender, race, etc. viewing how they respond/responded to one situation
cross-sectional studies
advantage of longitudinal studies: following …
disadvantage of longitudinal: some people may … or …
same people; drop out; die
…: trying to observe the individual in their natural environment –> hoping that they’re going to behave in a more natural way, truer picture of how they really behave
naturalistic observations
the most obvious issue with naturalistic observations is that the observer is … –> if observation is incorrect, … will be incorrect too
fallible; data
case study provides a great amount of detailed information about the subject
difficult to generalize the results to a …
sample size with case studies is …
difficult to identify what causes what to occur: can’t determine what’s causing the behavior
larger population; 1 person
what does the correlation allow the researcher to determine?
… and … of relationship between 2 variables
analysis of data where you’re trying to determine whether a … between 2 variables
no .. is identified by correlation
magnitude; direction
relationship exists
causal effect
…: references strength of the relationship
…: whether it is + or -
magnitude; direction
…: as one variable increases, the other increases as well
positive correlation
…: as one variable increases, the other variable decreases
negative correlation
experiments: systematic manipulation of the environment so that a … of this manipulation can be observed on behavior
causal effect
..: variables that are being manipulated
..: variables that you are measuring
independent; dependent
…: no exposure to independent variable
control condition
control variables provide baseline judgment
…: receives independent variable
experimental condition
experimental designs: within and between subjects–> the study you’re doing dictates which design is selected
…: same subjects across all conditions
…: different subjects in each condition
within subjects; between subjects
within subjects:
advantage- requires … subjects, truer assessment of the effect of the independent variable on a person when you’re comparing it to that same person
less subjects
development of psych: study of …, …, and …
human growth; development; change
… plays greater role in defining personality. values, interests, etc. through is more greatly defined by …
genetics; nurture
growth typically is both … and in …
periods of time where growth occurs …
other periods of time where it’s more .., …
continuous; stages; rapidly; stable, continuous
…: characteristics that define who/what we are (e.g. honesty, compassion, etc.)
question of if they’re stable over time is dependent on what … you adhere to (e.g. Freud believes personality is set in stone by the time you’re 5)
personality traits; theoretical principle
…: study of relative power and limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior
behavior genetics
…: segments of DNA located on chromosomes that transmit hereditary traits
genes
…: rod shaped structures in cell nuclei that contain all genes. humans have 46 total, but germ (sex) cells have … of these each
chromosomes; 23
sex chromosomes are the … pair of the chromosomes
females are … and males are …
egg cell: … chromosome
sperm: … or … chromosome
23rd; xx; xy; x; x or y
… male sperm carries the x chromosome, … carries the y
half; half
… genes: expressed phenotypically
… genes: only expressed if both alleles are recessive
dominant; recessive
… twins: identical twins where the egg splits
… twins: fraternal twins where 2 separate eggs are fertilized
monozygotic; dizygotic
does the fact that identical twins have the same genetic makeup mean that they will have equal strengths, talents, abilities? …
examples: two brothers in gymnastics competition, one was good other wasn’t
no
what do the twin studies show?
higher rates of … when compared to fraternal twins for the following:
…: e.g. alzheimers- fraternal twin has it, other twin has a 30% risk; identical has a 60% risk
… rates: if fraternal twin is the likelihood that other will be is 1.6 times higher; if an identical twin is, the likelihood is 5.5 times higher
incidence; disease; divorce
separated twins: Jim Lewis twins separated at birth
one adopted by a … family; the other by a … family; reunited after 37 years. what happened?
all things right down to the dog’s name was the same for each: …, …, …, …, etc
middle class; blue collar; intelligence; personality; heart rate; brain waves
…. factors shared by a family have virtually no impact on their personality, but they do share … and …
environmental; values; attitudes
what impact does adoptive homes have on children?
adopted children have higher… scores than their biological parents
stronger feelings of …
more … and …
generally … and more ….
reason for this: adoptive parents are usually …
intelligence; attachment; self-giving; altruistic; happier; stable; better suited to be parents
temperament is how we naturally … the world
it’s a person’s characteristic … and …
engage; emotional reactivity and intensity
temperament contd:
… in kids: some intention to it
intense, fidgety, irritable kids don’t … very easily with parents
cheerful, relaxed, easygoing, quiet, placid children … more easily with parents
projectile vomiting; bond; bond
temperament studies:
inhibited and fearful 2 yr olds are … at 8 and half of them will be … adults –> shows that .. remains through adulthood
intense preschoolers tend to be … young adults
shy; introverted; attachment style; intense
…: the extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their genetic makeup –> nature
genetic makeup typically has more of a factor on …
heritability; development
…: study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using the principles of natural selection
primary focus is to understand what makes us … as a species rather than any individual …
evolutionary psychology; most alike; differences
…: among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed onto succeeding generations
natural selection
…: a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
mutation
are we more alike/different? if alike, what influences might contribute to the differences?
…, …, … etc contribute to differences
generally people are more …–> things that are more the same are also very different across cultures
environment; cultural practices; ethnic backgrounds; alike
2004: US entering college students asked if it was ok to have sex even if they have known each other for a short time if they really like each other:
65% men said …
35% women said …
yes; yes
survey of 18-59 yr olds:
48% women cited … as a reason for first intercourse; only 25% men answered the same
affection
how often do you think of sex- everyday or several times a day?
more than … men thought several times a day, where only … women thought several times a day
half; 19%
gender attitudes- any differences? Yes:
causal, impulsive sex is most frequent among males that have … attributes
traditional masculine
florida state university study:
average looking research assistants would say, “I have been noticing you around campus and I find you very attractive, would you go to be with me tonight?”
Results: … declined
… of men agreed and wanted to know why we have to wait until tonight
women all; 75%
what do heterosexual men and women find attractive in the other sex?
men look for a … appearance, …, waists that are … narrower than hips, suggesting many … to come
teen males more excited by … women
mid 20s males prefer people …
older men prefer … women
shapely youthful; smooth skin; 1/3; childbearing years;
older
their own age
younger
what do heterosexual men and women find attractive in the other sex?
women: attracted to … looking men, especially those that seem …, …, …, and …
also prefer men who have the potential for … –> these would be … dads
healthy; mature; bold; dominant; affluent; long term mating; stick around
prenatal environment:
better nourishment = better … (helps defend against …)
placental barrier; viruses
the power of parenting to shape us is found in the …:
the abused become ..
the neglected become …
loved, but firmly and led children become … and …
extremes; abusive; neglectful; self-confident; socially competent
family environment impact:
…, …, …, …, etc are impacted, but not …, which is more genetic in nature
values; beliefs; traditions; political attitudes; personality
are children more/less likely to engage in behaviors demonstrated/requested by parents/peers?
dependent upon …, … of child, … may dictate behavior
family unit/structure; age grouping; who you’re with
parents vs. peers in terms of their impact on someone:
parents: …, …, …, .., interacting with … peers: inventing … of same age people, learning …, …
education; discipline; responsibility; orderliness; authority; styles of interaction; cooperation; popularity
…: enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted to the next
what are the commonalities of all cultures?
language, food, music, belief system, attire, moral code, etc.
how do cultures differ from one another?
they differ in all the areas that they’re the same in
culture
..: an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
norms
…: giving priority to one’s goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification
…: giving priority to the goals of a group (usually extended family and work) and defining one’s identity accordingly
individualism; collectivism
individualistic: more …; personal …; greater pride in …
however, greater potential losses: more …, …, …, and …-related diseases
competitive; freedom; personal achievements; loneliness; divorce; homicide; stress
culture and childrearing:
are there differences across cultures? Yes: western civilization promotes …, being …, following your …, etc
independence; true to yourself; conscience
are their similarities across cultures?
speak to … the same way
respond similarly to …
child from warm and supportive parents feel … and are less … when compared to children with … and …. parents
infants; baby’s coos and cries; better about themselves; hostile; punitive; rejecting
gender development:
at the moment of birth, we are assigned a …, but gender is ..
sex; subsequently developed
although there are many similarities between male and female, there are differences:
average height- women … inches shorter
weight: 70% more …, 40% less … for women
females enter puberty about … yrs sooner than males
females will outlive males by about … yrs
5; body fat; muscle; 2; 5
differences between males and females: women dream … about men and women women smell … more acutely women express emotions more …. women are more likely to suffer from … and … disorders
equally; faint odors; freely; depression; anxiety
differences between men and women contd:
women have a 10 times greater risk for …
women more likely to … suicide, whereas men tend to … suicide more often
some women become sexually rearoused immediately after orgasm
eating disorders; threaten suicide; actually commit
men admit to more … and behave more aggressively
men have higher arrest rates for …
men are 4 times more likely to
aggression; murder; commit suicide
men have higher rates of …, …, …., and …
autism; color blindness; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; anti-social personality disorder
men express more support for
war
men perceived as more …, …, … place more importance on … and … talk … … more initiate … … more … less
dominant; forceful; independent power; achievement; assertively interrupt touch stare smile
women considered …, …, …
more …
more welcoming of subordinate’s participation in …–> willing to …, not just talk
express … in interactions
deferential; nurturant; affiliative
caring;
decision-making; listen
support
perceived differences between men and women foster inequity in …, … for the same work etc.
social power; lower wages
(gender and social connectedness) early play:
boys- … groups
girls- … groups/.. friend; as teens girls spend more time with friends, less time alone
larger; smaller; one
(gender and social connectedness) women:
more …
… is used to explore relationships
more pleasure in …/…
emphasis on …
purchase 85% of greeting cards
stronger … as mothers, sisters, aunt, daughter, etc.
interdependent language talking; communicating face-to-face; caring emotional ties
(gender and social connectedness) men:
language used to communicate …
emphasize … and …
less …, … less
solutions
freedom; self-reliance
religious; pray
gender roles:
roles: set of expectations about a …, defining how those in that position ought to behave
…: set of expected behaviors for male and females
gender roles are genetic/biologically driven and culturally influenced
social position; gender role
…: one’s sense of being male and female
…: acquisition of a traditional masculine/feminine role
gender identity; gender typing
social learning theory: albert bandura
what is ti? behavioral theory
earning social behavior, observing, and then … the behaviors of others and being …/… –> influenced by parents, peers, authority figures, celebrities, people who share same values/beliefs/traditions, etc. and people we have assessed to be …
imitating; rewarded; punished; attractive
stages of prenatal development:
… period: conception-birth
- period of the … (fertilized egg): conception-2 weeks
- period of the …: 3-8 weeks –> 1 inch long, 1/7 of an ounce, limbs, fingers, toes, some organ functioning
major organs, systems, structures of the body
- period of the …: 9 weeks-birth–> period of rapid growth and development
prenatal; zygote; embryo; fetus
negative influences on prenatal development:
…: harmful agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo and fetus during prenatal development that can negatively impact development
teratogens
negative influences on prenatal development contd:
…: an important period (shortly after birth) in development when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli/experiences produces proper development. the introduction of a harmful environmental influence can impact structural, intellectual, and/or social development –> period of … during a define dperiod of time
critical period; rapid growth
hazards of drugs: can drugs directly affect the unborn sild?
…
… and … (aspirins, nasal sprays, antibiotics, diet agents, vitamin supplements, anticonvulsants, tranquilizers, etc.)
…: linked to miscarriage, fetal death, prematurity, low birthweight; physical birth defects, sleep disturbances –> when used by father, can attach to sperm
…: < birthweight, > hospital stays, >intensive specie care
placental barrier
prescription; nonprescription
cocaine
heroin
alcohol: can alter brain development
…: physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking –> …, small …,
…, …, and … abnormalities
fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation; head; facial; organ; behavioral
smoking: less … crossing the placental barrier higher rates of … lower … higher rate of … higher risk of … and … lower …
oxygen prematurity birthweight SIDS depression; anxiety IQs
caffeine during pregnancy leads to lower … and greater rates of …
birthweight; miscarriage
(physical development and learning in infancy)
neonate: … yr of life
average weight- 7.5 lbs
average length- 20 inches
1 yr
(physical development and learning in infancy)
…: involuntary responses to stimuli
…: when you put something near baby’s mouth, baby will turn towards it and attach to it –> stroking side of baby’s face and they’ll turn that way, helps baby find mother’s breast
reflexes; rooting
infants: originally seen as not being competent, no .., no … –> now seen as possessing great skills and abilities
memory; language
memory in infants:
when does memory begin?
distinguish between mom and stranger’s face- … –> … sense is last to become acute
distinguish between mom and stranger’s voices - … days
smell - … days
1 month; visual; 3; 6
cat in the hat study:
moms read story 2 times a day for the last 6.5 weeks of pregnancy
a few days after birth, infants are hooked up to a … and read either cat in the hat or another story. they preferred … –> even before birth there’s a memory in place
pressure sensitive nipple; cat in the hat;
what procedures do researchers have to study memory in infants?
friedman study: 4 vs 144 block checkerboard:
…: decrease in response because of repeated exposure to stimuli
…: significance- fatigue vs. memory,, sudden increase in the rate of response and engagement due to the intro of something new
habituation; dishabituation
what procedures do researchers have to study memory in infants?
… technique–> mobile, infant, kicking, baseline
findings: 2 month old infants- recall for 3 days
3 month old infants: recall for 13 days
conjugate reinforcement
memory reactivation:
forgotten something, having trouble recalling it–> given cues that … that memory
> recall –> effect delayed for 8 hrs for infants, whereas for adults it occurs …
reactivates; immediately
context effects: do infants benefit from ….- recall of info is better in the environment that it was learned in?
Yes, but only if the context is not …- … or fewer items
encoding specificity; significantly changed; 2
any differences in memory btwn children and adults?
…: no significant difference s
… memory: 2 yr olds- 2 items, adults- 7 items +/- 2, by 12-no differences
sensory; short term (STM)
differences in memory btwn adults and kids:
long term memory: …- no differences, …- yes, because of strategies that adults use that children don’t know how to use: …, …, …, …
if you encourage children to use these strategies, differences are reduced
recognition; recall; rehearsal; organizational; imagery; retrieval strategies
piaget: …
cognitive development
(terminology associated with piaget’s theory) …: cognitive structures that hold the current representation of an object, event, experience, emotion
schema
(terminology associated with piaget’s theory) …: where we try to match the perceptual world against prior knowledge
assimilation
(terminology associated with piaget’s theory) …: when we either create a new schema or modify an existing one
accommodation
(terminology associated with piaget’s theory) …: driving force of cognition –> we’re always trying to solve the problem of not knowing –> when cyou can’t solve the problem it motivates you to learn
equilibration
(terminology associated with piaget’s theory) …: gradual lack of dependency on the physical world as our ability to represent items internally increases
interiorization
(terminology associated with piaget’s theory) …: ability to reverse thought
reversibility
(terminology associated with piaget’s theory) …: where weight, mass, and volume stay the same no matter what you do to them –> ability to recognize this
conservation
(terminology associated with piaget’s theory) …: the only psychological world that exists is mine
egocentrism
(terminology associated with piaget’s theory) …: ability to put things in order from small to large, or vice versa
seriation
(terminology associated with piaget’s theory) …: tendency to focus on one aspect of an object/situation/etc and neglect potential other relevant aspects –> it’s that surrounding info that helps give meaning to the object we’re focusing on
centration
(terminology associated with piaget’s theory) …: object continues to exist, even when it’s no longer in your perceptual field
object permanence
Frank’s “title”
SI TM TM TL TMC TTP
we don’t wanna go!!
