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Psych 102 > Exam 2 Notes > Flashcards

Exam 2 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

personality- what is it?

the sets of … and … that define us as a person

A

characteristics; traits

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2
Q

personality: the metaphor of the …
it creates the … vs … self
… self: part that we show to other people
… self: part of us that we don’t reveal to others

A

mask; private; public; public; private

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3
Q

need to have public and private self: fear of …, potential … with others, form of … – don’t want to be ridiculed, demeaned; conditioned to not do/say certain things at certain times

A

judgment; conflict; protection

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4
Q

story of jean marie and roselle:
roselle premeditates hitting her friend after jean marie hits her first
person or situation?
can only determine if you …

A

see individual over many situations

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5
Q

jean marie and roselle continued:
… vs …
what does this distinction suggest?
what challenge does it present in relation to personality?

A

situational; dispositional

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6
Q

techniques used to assess symptoms:

…- structured and unstructured

A

interviews

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7
Q

techniques used to assess symptoms:
…: what are they? strengths/weaknesses:
get a better assessment of how they really behave when you’re observing someone in their …
problem with any observation: once the person knows they’re being observed, their behavior …

A

observations; natural setting; changes

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8
Q

techniques used to assess symptoms:
…
…- 2 categories

A

rating scales

psychological tests

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9
Q

techniques used to assess symptoms:
2 categories of psychological tests:
…- consisting of objective items or questions (e.g. a bunch of mc questions)
…: comprised of ambiguous stimuli (inkblots, pictures, incomplete sentences, etc.)–> opposite of objective, subject has to tell researcher what they think of the stimuli presented

A

objective; projective

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10
Q

techniques used to assess symptoms:
interview:
… –> every person is asked the same question; this is both an advantage and disadvantage–> interviewer isn’t allowed to explore further questions. might be missing important info
…–> interviewer has flexibility to deviate from the questions

A

structured; unstructured

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11
Q

techniques used to assess symptoms:
objective …:
MMPI-2: Minnesota multiphase personality inventory:
567 questions: measure 9 types of … behavior ranging from depression to schizophrenia, social responsibility, PTSD
difficult for person to cheat/deceive –> advantage
disadvantage is the …

A

personality tests
abnormal
length

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12
Q

projective personality tests: assess what a person … why is this important? by projecting onto an ambiguous stimulus, we learn of the individual’s own …, …, and …

A

projects onto others; traits; needs; conflicts

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13
Q

(projective personality tests) … test- 10 ambiguous inkblot configurations –> shown series of inkblot that has no actual form and you have to say what you think it is and they determine if your response falls into range of normal responses

A

Rorschach

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14
Q

(projective personality tests)
…: series of pictures- task is to create stories
stories reflect personal themes, conflicts, problems, and characters that are important in the person’s world

A

thematic apperception test (TAT)

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15
Q

(projective personality tests)
…:
given a sentence fragment that you have to complete
e.g. “what bothers me is that, other people …”

A

incomplete sentence tests

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16
Q

(projective personality tests)
…:
looking for detail and proportionality –> when you’re younger, you will draw a simpler drawing but it should still be proportionate
standard level of … and … in terms of age and development

A

draw a person

detail;; proportionality

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17
Q

(projective personality tests)
…
same idea as draw a person

A

house tree person test

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18
Q

(projective personality tests)
…:
can reveal info about familial relationships

A

draw a family

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19
Q

(defense mechanisms) these are methods used by ego to fight off excessive levels of ..

A

anxiety

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20
Q

(defense mechanisms)
all defense mechanisms have the following characteristics in common:
…, …, … reality- if real event is too threatening or overwhelming, doing this makes it less threatening
… - individual has no say in what defense mechanism will be employed

A

deny; distort; falsify

unconscious processes

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21
Q

(defense mechanisms) …: abrupt and involuntary removal from awareness any threatening impulse/event

A

repression

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22
Q

(defense mechanisms)

…: blocking of external events from entry into awareness

A

denial

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23
Q

(defense mechanisms) diff between repression and denial: in repression it has been …, in denial you are trying to …

A

experienced; block it from your awareness

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24
Q

(defense mechanisms)
…: attribution to another person, one’s own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, behaviors –> seeing things in other people that we don’t like, but don’t see it in yourself

A

projection

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25
Q

(defense mechanisms)
…: transformation on unacceptable or anxiety producing impulses into their opposites
e.g. mother who is upset that her baby is interfering with her life presents to others as a loving mother

A

reaction formation

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26
Q

(defense mechanisms) …: redirection of impulses, usually aggressive ones, onto a substitute target whent he appropriate target is too threatening… why select someone who is less threatening?

A

displacement/displaced aggression

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27
Q

(defense mechanisms) …: adopting the traits, beliefs, and mannerisms of a feared object

A

identification with the aggressor

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28
Q

(defense mechanisms) …: incorporation into one’s own behavior and beliefs, the characteristics/traits of another

A

introjection

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29
Q

(defense mechanisms) … : a return to some earlier form of behavior when faced with anxiety –> makes individual feel safer/less anxious

A

regression

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30
Q

(defense mechanisms) …: providing a good reason instead of the real reason for your behavior thereby denying unacceptable motivations

A

rationalization

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31
Q

…/…:

purging of some emotion (e.g. crying)

A

catharsis; abreaction

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32
Q

…
analyst becomes a special person for the patient –> patient responds to analyst/therapist as if she/her is some other special person in their life such as their mother, sister, etc.
unconscious event
way to resolve some unconscious conflict

A

transference

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33
Q

… :
opposite of transference
when patient becomes some other significant person for the analyst, where the analyst now reacts to the patient

A

countertransference

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34
Q

…: associated with Freud

A

psychoanalytic theory

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35
Q

(psychoanalytic theory)
…: thoughts, feelings, experiences/memories that the person is aware of and that they can retrieve and share
…: thoughts, feelings, experiences/memories that person is not aware of , but may be brought to consciousness
…: thoughts, feelings, experiences/memories that person is not aware of, and cannot be brought to consciousness–> freud’s theory is primarily a function of this; this is the … of behavior

A

conscious;
preconscious
unconscious; motivating force

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36
Q

(freud’s structures of the mind) …- first system of personality:: (born with this)
no collective will
no judgments of right/wrong
no judgments of good/evil
governed by the … principle: seek .., avoid …
primary goal: immediate …–> no …
wants what it wants, when it wants it
what happens when the Id is unsuccessful in obtaining immediate gratification? the … emerges –> mediator between self and world

A

id;
pleasure principle; pleasure; pain
discharge of tension; delayed gratification
ego

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37
Q

(freud’s structures of the mind)
…: second system of personality
governed by the .. principle: restrictions of society
mediator between person and world
mediator between id and superego
we learn ..–> delaying it for some future moment, making sacrifices in the present
primary goal: finds ways to satisfy Id’s needs without violating the values of the ..

A

.ego
delayed gratification
superego

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38
Q

(freud’s structures of the mind)
…: final system of personality
primary goal: inhibit/deny id urges/ impulses; strive for …
represents …
… agent of personality: … component, part of the superego that has the standard of right/wrong, good/evil
makes you feel …/…/etc when you fail to achieve perfection

A

superego; perfection
society’s restraints
moral; punishing
guilt; shame

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39
Q

(freud’s structures of the mind) superego contd:
two components:
…
…: rewards us for good behavior or for not doing something that is wrong

A

conscience

ego-ideal

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40
Q

(freud’s structures of the mind) superego contd:
how does the superego accomplish its goal?
… person for moral behavior
… person for unacceptable thoughts, deeds, and actions

A

reward; punish

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41
Q 
(freud's structures of the mind) superego contd: 
categories of rewards/punishments: 
… rewards - e.g. money, food hug 
… rewards - e.g. "im proud of you" 
… punishments 
… punishments
A

physical
psychological
physical
psychological

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42
Q

(freud’s structures of the mind) important: …, …, …, are a function of which system of personality is in control
e.g. id dominant doesn’t really care about right/wrong; if superego driven, will usually feel guilty/disgusted/etc
ego should be more dominant for healthy development

A

behaviors; thoughts; feelings

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43
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development) each stage has a source of …
associated to … -frustration

A

conflict; gratification

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44
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development)
1st stage: …- from birth through approximately 18 months
where is libido? libido as in the dominant force of …/…, not sexually necessarily
primary source of pleasure is derived from …

A

oral;
life/life drive
oral cavity

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45
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development)
1st stage- oral
what is fixation and regression? how might this impact behaviors?
depending upon what stage you’re either …/… (fixated) in, that is the form of behavior you’ll … back to in adult life –> e.g. if when you were younger, during oral stage, mother never let you experience frustration, when you’re older will look for pleasure orally in terms of smoking, drinking, etc

A

overgratified; frustrated; regress

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46
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development)
oral stage
pleasure and anger expressed orally
mother is responsive to needs (hunger, thirst, discomfort, etc.) then the world is experienced by child as a …, if not, then it is …
how does child express frustration/anger? …, …, …–> whatever oral activity child can engage in to express how frustrated/angry they are
potential outcomes:
…/… (if the mother was too responsive and never let baby experience anxiety during this phase) vs. … and … (if experience with mom and world is too frustrating)

A

safe place; hostile
biting; crying; vomiting;
gullibility; dependence; sarcasm; argumentativeness

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47
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development)
2nd stage: …- from approximately 18 months through 3 yrs old
major issue: …–> major psychological issue that this deals with is … and … learning that there’s a time and a place to do/say certain things
child learns …

A

anal
toileting
obedience; conformity
conformity

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48
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development) 2nd stage: anal
positive outcomes: …, …, …, …
negative outcomes: when parents try to force toileting before the child is ready –> …, …,…, .., …

A

productivity; generosity; creativity; competence

obsessive; compulsive; orderly; stingy; obstinate

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49
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development) 2nd stage- anal
battle of wills- whose? …/…
who must win? who cannot be defeated? … must win here, child needs to learn about conformity, but can’t come at expense of child’s sense of …
how does child express anger, defiance, etc? anally

A

child; society

society; will

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50
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development) 3rd stage: …- 3 to 5/6 yrs of age
critical stage in analytic theory
…, …, … comes to be during this stage

A

phallic

personality; sexuality; object choice

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51
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development) 3rd stage: phallic
major issue/source of conflict:
… - what are the issues? identification, object choice, penis envy (for girls), castration anxiety (for males)
prior to this stage: all children are psychologically …

A

Oedipus complex; little boys

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52
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development) 3rd stage- phallic:
what issue thrusts the M/F/C into the oedipal complex?
realization: … differences between m/f/c and what those differences lead to –> mom and dad have a special relationship, child wants a part of it

A

physical

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53
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development) 3rd stage: phallic
issues/relationship for male/female child
male child:
the parent of identification/object choice/object of desire? …
child wants to possess …, but … stands in his way
the realization causes … –> wants dad out of the way, but that is also the dad child loves

A

mom; mom; dad; ambivalence

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54
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development)
issues/relationship for MALE child:
fear of retribution: fear of payback from … –> …, prohibition of …: boy perceives the possessor of phallus as the embodiment of …, …, and object of mother’s …
resolution:
parent of … switches from mom to dad
… switches from mom to someone outside the family unit, suppressing desire for mother; gives her up as love object and erotic fixation

A

father; castration anxiety;
desire; power; authority; desire
identification
object choice

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55
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development) issues/resolution for male/female child:
FEMALE child:
who is parent of identification/object choice? …
what is the implication for her when she notices that she doesn’t have penis? perceives self as …, …
has a … impact on her sexuality, personality, autonomy, etc.

A

mom
damaged; inferior
negative

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56
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development) FEMALE child contd:
child blames .., this realization causes … and … bc she’s angry at her mom but still loves her
…: is it an envy of actual penis? …–> its envy of the .., … associated with those that have one

A

mom;
depression; guilt
penis envy; no; power; privilege

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57
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development)
FEMALE child contd:
why is she so attached to father? through father she gets to experience what it would be like if she were …
resolution:
identification: …
object choice: …
ramifications; … and … are inhibited

A

male;
mom
dad
gender development; autonomy

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58
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development)
issues/resolutions for female/male child:
what impact do these resolutions have on males and females around sexual orientation/
if these resolutions take place, it will reinforce a …

A

heterosexual orientation

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59
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development)
4th stage: …- 6 yrs of age to puberty
what happens here? strong sexual urges become …/…? why?
bc at the end of this stage, they now have fully developed .., which causes shame, disgust, and guilt

A

latency;
dormant; latent;
superego

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60
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development)
4th stage: latency
what happens to urges/drives?
channeled into other arenas such as …, …, etc.

A

schoolwork; hobbies

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61
Q

(freud’s five stages of psychosexual development)
5th stage: …- puberty through adulthood
reemergence of …
focus: …, …, etc.
final outcome: transformation of the … infant to the … adult

A

genital
sexual impulses
relationships; vocational interests
narcissistic; socialized

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62
Q

neo-Freudians:
Carl jung:
differences with freud:
did not believe … was completely formed in childhood
….: we don’t have access to this –> combination of Freud’s preconscious and unconscious; people have access to … and …

A

personality;

personal unconscious; repressed memories; impulses

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63
Q

carl jung contd:
…: inaccessible layer of the unconscious, contains universal experiences of humankind transmitted to each individual called –> from the moment of birth, all the knowledge of the world is in the unconscious, and as it is …, it becomes something that one is conscious of

A

collective unconscious; experienced

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64
Q

(neo-Freudians) Karen Horeny:
differences with Freud:
personality having … components (Id, Ego, Superego)
no … stages, …, or …
women strive to possess the same …, …, and …

A

3 components;
psychosexual; Oedipus complex; penis envy
rights; privileges; opportunities

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65
Q

(neo-Freudians) Alfred Adler: … theorist

emphasis on impact of being … creature living in a … on development –> focus on … process

A

humanistic;

social; social world; socialization

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66
Q

(neo-Freudians) Alfrend Adler:
…: does person construct reality or does reality construct the person?
humanistic theorists believe the former
major theoretical perspectives:
…: you and me becoming the best we can be, not a matter of being better than others
… and feelings of …: for Adler, what event makes us most inferior? why? –> …- it can’t be .., nothing to compensate for it

A

human agency;
striving for superiority
compensation; inferiority
death; overcome

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67
Q

(neo-Freudians) Adler contd:
social interest:
innate, social creatures by nature –> put … ahead of …
…: differences between two people in terms of traits, values, interests, etc.

A

social interests; self interest

uniqueness of personality

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68
Q

(neo-Freudians) adler contd:
humans are … beings:
human consciousness: aware of …, aware of …, aware of … to compensate for them
ability to account for … and plan for …

A

conscious
being; inferiorities; goals;
past; future

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69
Q

(neo-Freudians) …
humans live/directed by fictional ideas that have bases in reality (e.g. all men are created equal, honesty is best policy, etc.)

A

fictional finalism

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70
Q

(neo-Freudians) fictional finalism:
…: who were considered to be neurotic by adler? driven by …
also …, …, unable to abandon …, defensively …, etc

A

neurotics; fictional finalisms

self-absorbed; self-involved; fictional goals; rigid

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71
Q

(neo-Freudians) fictional finalism:
neurotic safeguards:
defense mechanism used to protect …: 3 categories

A

self esteem

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72
Q

(neo-Freudians) neurotic safeguards categories:

1. ../…: reasons to achieve and demand less of self–> will be more … and feel better about oneself

A

excuses; rationalizations; successful

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73
Q

(neo-Freudians) 3 categories of neurotic safeguards:

  1. … strategies:
    - …: devalue others to make oneself look better
    - …: direct expression of anger, blames others for their own difficulties
    - …: blames self- but in such a way that person invokes pity, sympathy, attention from others –> lessens blow to one’s self-esteem
A

aggressive
depreciation
accusation
self-accusation

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74
Q

(neo-Freudians) 3 categories of neurotic safeguards:
3. … strategies: restricting participation in life, do not expose self to life’s challenges, others, etc —> minimizing chances of …

A

distancing; failure

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75
Q

…: kinds of activities that person engages in to help compensate for …
each person’s is distinctive, based on …

A

style of life; inferiorities; inferiorities

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76
Q 
creative self: 
person … 
define who we are 
gives … and … to life 
creates … and means to accomplish them
A

constructs self;
meaning; purpose
personal goals

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77
Q

(3 other factors that affect personality) 1. …- what is this?
first born/oldest:
well intended until … come along
reflective of days passed, bc child received all … before siblings
…, …, and …

A

birth order; siblings; attention

neurotics; criminals drunkards

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78
Q

(3 other factors that affect personality) birth order contd:
middle child;
…- always has to fight for place in family
…
…
…
better … of the children

A 
ambitious; 
rebellious
envious
mediator 
adjusted
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79
Q

(3 other factors that affect personality) birth order contd:
youngest:
…
next to oldest they are most …, …

A

spoiled; neurotic; maladjusged

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80
Q

(3 other factors that affect personality)
only child:
rival: parent of the …, someone who “takes” dad/mom from child
…
…

A

same sex
spoiled
demanding

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81
Q

(3 other factors that affect personality)
2. …:
what do these reveal? insight into what some of the troubling issues may have been for that child

A

early memories

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82
Q

(3 other factors that affect personality) 3. …:
children with infirmities: what is this?
… and or … infirmities- impact? what can parents do to assist child?
can make the child feel … about themselves
parents can focus on the child’s …,help them work on … but emphasize … –> cherishing …

A 
childhood experiences; 
physical; mental
worse
strengths; weaknesses; strengths 
accomplishments
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83
Q

(3 other factors that affect personality) childhood experiences contd:
… children- ills and evils of pampering- impact? expect that throughout their whole life–> always looking for someone else to take care of them

A

spoiled

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84
Q

(3 other factors that affect personality) childhood experiences contd:
… children –> badly treated, enemies of society

A

neglected

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85
Q

(3 other factors that affect personality) … yr age diff/change in … impacts birth order patterns

A

5; gender

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86
Q

(Donald Winnicott) … theorist –> this recognizes importance of mom/child and dad/child relationships and indicates that development starts much earlier than Freud suggests

A

object relations

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87
Q

(Donald Winnicott) personality begins with the …. - what does he mean by this?
there is no mother, no child, but a …
during early stages of development the child is … attached to the mother

A

mother/child dyad
mother/child unit
symbiotically

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88
Q

(Donald Winnicott)
first 3 months of life: primary … –> mother has to attend to all of baby’s needs
4th month - … mothering:
what is this? why is this important? (autistic child theory)
mom needs to let child begin to tolerate her …/…–> experiencing anxiety such that ego begins to develop the skills to deal with that

A

maternal preoccupation
good enough
absence; separation

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89
Q

(Donald Winnicott) 4th month good enough mothering contd:
what does the child have to do as he/she experiences separation from mother? how is this accomplished?
… - what are they? what do they do?
an object that helps the child deal with a new situation
what is the benefit to the child in using the transitional object? constructs … and …
allows child to tolerate … (e.g. blankie, pacifier, imaginary friends, etc.)
transitional object needs to leave at some point

A

transitional object;
internal world; self
mom’s separation

90
Q

(behaviorism) behaviorists investigate: what am I? who am I? is that which I learn
you play no role in defining …; you are … to acquire the kinds of traits and characteristics parents want you to acquire
they are only concerned with … events –> opposite of Freud

A

who you become; conditioned

observable

91
Q

(behaviorism)
behavior/personality is learned:
function of …, …, …
focus of treatment- … of inappropriate behaviors and … appropriate ones

A

rewards; punishments; repetition

unlearning; learning

92
Q

(behaviorism) …: classical and operant conditioning
learning theorists:
Ivan pavlov and John B. Watson - … conditioning
Edward thorndike - …./… conditioning
B.F. Skinner - … conditioning

A

learning theories
classical
connectionism; instrumental
operant

93
Q

(ivan pavlov-classical conditioning) …:
stimulus that causes an automatic response
food in his study

A

UCS: unconditioned stimulus

94
Q

(ivan pavlov-classical conditioning) …:
response given when the UCS is presented
salivation in his study

A

UCR: unconditioned response

95
Q

(ivan pavlov-classical conditioning)
…:
stimulus that’s not causing the desired response initially
initially the bell

A

NS: neutral stimulus

96
Q

(ivan pavlov-classical conditioning)
…:
initially neutral stimulus that, following conditioning, causes a conditioned response
the bell

A

CS: conditioned stimulus

97
Q

(ivan pavlov-classical conditioning) …:
a response given when the conditioned stimulus is presented
salivation to the bell

A

CR: conditioned response

98
Q

(ivan pavlov-classical conditioning) …:
i will respond to a new stimulus based upon its similarity to the original stimulus (e.g. changing the pitch of the bell)

A

stimulus generalization

99
Q

(ivan pavlov-classical conditioning) …:

decrease in the rate of response due to repeated nonreinforcement

A

extinction

100
Q

(ivan pavlov-classical conditioning) …: after extinction occurs, you reintroduce the conditioned stimulus, you’ll get a conditioned response

A

spontaneous recovery

101
Q

(ivan pavlov-classical conditioning) formation of stimulus- response associations is a function of the …–> associations are most easily formed between experiences that occur …

A

law of contiguity; close together in time

102
Q

(john Watson - American behaviorist) stressed importance of … so that psych would be respected like other natural sciences, which use experimentation also
performed the … study

A

scientific method; little albert

103
Q

(john Watson - American behaviorist) little albert:
subject in a study. Watson and team were paying attention to Albert’s … Albert unafraid of a little white rat. Watson and team started making … to scare him every time he approached the white rat: albert developed … to the rat and then generalized this to all things that remind him of the little white rat

A

fears; loud noise; phobia

104
Q

(john Watson - American behaviorist) little albert study showed that … can be conditioned–> can also uncondition a phobia
not the result of … conflict/ … events –> disagrees with Freud

A

pathology; unconscious; repressed

105
Q

(Edward thorndike) introduces …
basic assumption: … relationship exists between rewards and punishments:
If I behave in a way that results in something pleasant, I’ll do it again. If I behaved in a way that results in something unpleasant, I won’t do it again

A

law of effect; symmetrical

106
Q

(Edward thorndike) law of effect:
believed that power of punishment and reward were … initially. later, changed his mind and claimed that rewards … behavior, but punishment does not decrease behaviors

A

equal; increase

107
Q

B.F. skinner: … conditioning

concepts: same as in classical conditioning, generalization, extinction, spontaneous recovery

108
Q

(operant vs. classical conditioning) classical: law of …

operant: laws of … and …

A

contiguity;

contiguity; effect

109
Q

(operant vs. classical conditioning)

classical: behavior is … (…) –> the behavior doesn’t depend on …/…, reward presented prior to …

A

non-contingent; independent
reward; punishment
behavior

110
Q

(operant vs. classical conditioning) operant: behavior is … (…) –> will only get reward if …

A

contingent; dependent; desired behavior is presented

111
Q

(operant vs. classical conditioning) classical: reinforcement presented … behavior
operate: reward is presented .. desired behavior

A

prior to; after

112
Q

(reinforcements/rewards) …: anything that you add to a situation/introduce that increases behavior
… reinforcement: when you remove it from the situation, will increase behavior –> removing the …

A

positive; negative; punishing agent

113
Q

(reinforcements/rewards)
… reinforcement: something that is naturally rewarding –> different for different people
… reinforcement: something that is initially not rewarding, but if it is consistently paired with a primary reward, it becomes rewarding

A

primary; secondary

114
Q

(reinforcements/rewards) …: either the removal of something rewarding or the introduction of something aversive (something that is naturally harmful)

A

punishment

115
Q

(skinner’s reasons for disagreeing with punishment) 1. causes unfortunate … –> … and …
2. justifies … on others –> e.g. child learning that under certain circumstances its okay to hit someone

A

emotional byproducts; anxiety; fear

inflicting pain;

116
Q

(skinner’s reasons for disagreeing with punishment) 3. … –> behavior has not gone away, it’s just not being exhibited

  1. replaces … with another
  2. indicates what person … do, not what one … do –> distinction between … and … –> no instructional value to punishment
A

suppresses behavior
1 undesirable response
should not; should; punishment; discipline

117
Q

(skinner’s reasons for disagreeing with punishment) 6. elicits … toward the punishing agent
what should be done then to eliminate undesired behaviors?
… those behaviors –> non-rewarded behavior should become extinct (this is NOT TRUE)

A

aggression; ignore;

118
Q

(schedules of reward) …: every time I respond/behave correctly, I get rewarded –> will lead to most rapid change in behavior, but once you stop rewarding, extinction will occur more quickly

A

continuous reinforcement

119
Q

(schedules of reward) 4 types of partial reinforcement:
…: ratio is a function of the number of correct responses
… ratio –> determining arbitrary number (e.g. 4) –> every 4th correct response, I get rewarded –> # of correct responses to receive reward remains constant
… ratio –> from trial to trial, you’re changing the number of correct responses needed for reward (although I might not get rewarded this time, it might be at a later time)

A

fixed/varied ratio
fixed
varied

120
Q

(schedules of reward) 4 types of partial reinforcement:
…: interval is a function of time between the behavior and the reward
…: picking a number (e.g. 3/4 of a second) that represents the amount of time until the individual is rewarded after the correct behavior is displayed; amount of the time between reward and behavior remains constant
…: changing the amount of time between the behavior and the reward, from trial to trial

A

fixed/varied interval;
fixed
varied

121
Q

con of partial schedule: takes longer to …; advantage: … takes longer to occur, bc person is learning that, even though they are not always getting rewarded, it may happen after some time

A

change behavior; extinction

122
Q

why is the schedule of reinforcement important?

…

A

resistance to extinction

123
Q

when should reward be given? always?
should be given almost always … after the correct response–> if you wait too long, may be rewarding the individual for something that isn’t what you intend (the association between behavior and reward isn’t strong anymore)
wouldn’t reward immediately, if, for example, you’re trying to .. a behavior (e.g. child who bangs head, finally stops –> don’t reward immediately, wait so child can realize you’re rewarding the fact that they stopped)

A

immediately; repress

124
Q

…: only reward closer and closer approximations of the final goal –> reward stops once the behavior is …

A

shaping; learned

125
Q

…: aka … rule; if you do x, then you can do y (grandma’s rule def)
premack def: granting/withholding of a reward, until you do something that’s …

A

premack principle; grandma’s rule

126
Q

…: enter into a contract/arrangement with someone else to, hopefully, eliminate an undesired behavior

A

contingency contracting

127
Q

… behavior: comes to be when an incorrect response is rewarded

A

superstitious

128
Q

skinner- identifies 4 steps to condition personality

  1. identify … to be conditioned
  2. … define that trait - what it means to be/have that trait
  3. when observed, … that behavior
  4. structure the … so that it allows person to do so
A

personality trait
operationally
reward
environment

129
Q

problems/limitations of behavioral approach:
limitations on … - can all behaviors be conditioned? no–> … behaviors
… too complex to be explained in terms of conditioning

A

conditioning; species specific

personality

130
Q

(personality - humanistic perspective) Maslow: … –> developing to one’s …; constructs a … of needs

A

self-actualization; fullest potential; hierarchy

131
Q 
(personality - humanistic perspective) Maslow's hierarchy of needs: 
… 
… 
.. and … 
…: feeling good about who we are 
...
A 
physiological 
safety
belonging; love
esteem
self-actualization
132
Q 
(personality - humanistic perspective) Maslow
characteristics/profile of self-actualizers: 
accurate in perceiving … 
able to judge … 
comfortable with … 
accept … and … 
… 
capable of establishing … 
do all people self-actualize? …
A 
reality
honestly
life
who they are; others
good humor
deep and loving bonds 
no
133
Q

(self and personality-behavioral genetics) what is behavioral genetics?
research that investigates the relative effects of … and … on behavior
studies indicate that 50+% of personality can be attributed to … factors

A

heredity; environment; genetic

134
Q

(self and personality-behavioral genetics) what is the value of twin studies?
…: degree to which a characteristic is judged to be influenced by heredity
adoptive kids: in terms of personality, resemble their … family, in terms of other kinds of behaviors, beliefs, values, etc. resemble their … family

A

heritability; biological; adoptive

135
Q

(albert bandura: social-cognitive perspective) observational learning vs imitation:
… vs … positions
…: i see you do something and i repeat it
…: see someone do something, store it, and use it if I’m in a situation where I have to show that behavior

A

behaviorist; cognitive
imitation
observational

136
Q

(albert bandura: social-cognitive perspective) bandura’s differences with behaviorists
what role does reward play?
…: direct application of reward needed
…: reward tied to motivation

A

behaviorists

cognitive

137
Q

(albert bandura: social-cognitive perspective) bandura’s differences with behaviorists
is learning trial and error?
do we learn through a series of trials/errors until we finally get it right? …
if not, then how do we learn? –> ….

A

no; observed

138
Q

(albert bandura: social-cognitive perspective) bandura like a bridge between … and … psychology

A

behaviorism; cognitive

139
Q

(albert bandura: social-cognitive perspective) bandura’s social learning model 4 mental activities:
… –> attending to/watching others’ behaviorists
…
…
…

A

attend
remember
reproduce
reinforce

140
Q

(albert bandura: social-cognitive perspective) …: experiencing it through someone else
..: seeing someone get rewarded for a behavior and concluding that if I do the same thing, I will get rewarded; same with punishments

A

vicarious

vicarious reinforcement

141
Q

(albert bandura: social-cognitive perspective) bandura was not completely abandoning … theory and its application of scientific method to study observed behavior, recognized the importance and existence of ..

A

behavioral; internal cognitive processes

142
Q

(albert bandura: social-cognitive perspective) what are psychological disorders?
mental processes and/or behaviors that cause … and/or substantial impairment in …

A

emotional distress; functioning

143
Q

what is abnormal? who defines it? …
is the behavior considered strange in person’s culture
does the behavior cause …
is the behavior … is the persona danger to self/others
is the person legally responsible for his/her acts?

A

society
personal distress
maladaptive

144
Q

(psychological disorders)
cultures perspective:
…: degree to which person’s behavior differs or deviates from cultural norms
there are cultural differences

145
Q

(psychological disorders) who suffers from abnormal behavior?
>40% of americans suffer from at least 1 major psychological disorder
> 15% of US population suffers from … - rate is increasing –> this is bc of stressors + genetic predispositions
.. are the most frequently prescribed drugs in America
90% relapse for …

A

major depression
antidepressants
depression

146
Q

(psychological disorders) perspectives on causes and treatments:
…: chemical imbalances, genetics, structural abnormalities within the brain
…: combination of psychological, social, and biological factors
…: unresolved unconscious conflict (Freudian)
…: abnormal behaviors are learned
…: incorrect beliefs
…: natural tendency toward self-actualization is blocked

A 
biological 
biopsychosocial 
psychodynamic
learning
cognitive
humanistic
147
Q

(psychological disorders) diagnosis and classification:
techniques used to diagnose abnormal behavior?
to treat someone appropriately, what must occur first? … –> why is this so critical?
this need led to the development of … –> ways to group sets of symptoms into various disorders

A

accurately diagnose the problem;

diagnostic systems

148
Q

(psychological disorders) diagnosis and classification:
2 major diagnostic systems:
…: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders –> clinicians mainly use this
…: international classification of diseases

A

DSM-V

ICD-10

149
Q

(psychological disorders) diagnosis and classification:
initial problems with diagnostic systems;
descriptions of disorder were too … and not … basis diagnoses –> DSM and ICD try to correct this by establishing:
…: degree to which a person will receive the same diagnosis when seen by others
…: degree to which a person will receive the correct diagnosis

A

vague; consistent
reliability
validity

150
Q

(psychological disorders) diagnosis and classification:
improvements:
specific … for each diagnosis
increases in the … of disorders –> from 66 to more than 300

A

symptoms; number

151
Q

(psychological disorders) diagnosis and classification:
anxiety: emotional state that involves …, …, and … or:
can be linked to specific objects
…: don’t know what is causing the anxiety
can be … and … –> panic attacks

A

fear; worry; physiological arousal
generalized
sudden; overwhelming

152
Q

(psychological disorders) diagnosis and classification:
anxiety:
can manifest itself in the absence or the performance of a …
…: behavior that is engaged in in an attempt to reduce level of anxiety

A

compulsive behavior

compulsion

153
Q 
(psychological disorders) 
symptoms of anxiety 
mood symptoms: 
…: anxiety, panic, tension, apprehension 
…: depression, irritability 
strong correlation between … and …
A

primary
secondary
depression; anxiety

154
Q

(psychological disorders)
cognitive symptoms of anxiety:
… and ..
…, …

A

doom; disaster

inattentive; distractible

155
Q

(psychological disorders) physical symptoms of anxiety - 2 groups:
immediate: .., … mouth, … breathing, … pulse, increased …, muscular tension
…: increased breathing, less oxygen –> lightheadedness, tingling, chest pains, palpitations, headache

A

sweating; dry; shallow; rapid; blood pressure; hyperventilation

156
Q

(psychological disorders)
physical symptoms of anxiety contd:
delayed: chronic …, muscular …, … distress, …disease

A

headaches; weakness; gastrointestinal; cardiovascular

157
Q

(psychological disorders) motor symptoms of anxiety:
…
…
exaggerated … responses

A

restlessness
fidgeting
startle

158
Q

(psychological disorders)
normal vs abnormal anxiety: there is normal anxiety, so what makes anxiety abnormal?
… of anxiety - amount: whether it’s appropriate or not is dependent on …
… of anxiety- is the reason realistic or not?
… of anxiety (poor performance on exams, social withdrawal, personal discomfort, high blood pressure, etc.)

A

level; situation
justification
consequences

159
Q 
(anxiety disorders) … disorders 
…: persistent and irrational fears of specific objects, activities, or situations that have no justification in reality 
3 categories: 
… 
… 
…
A

phobic; phobia
agoraphobia
social phobia
specific phobia

160
Q

(anxiety disorders)
…: individual avoids being away from home bc of a fear of being in situation in which escape might be difficult/embarrassing if panic symptoms occur
rate of incidence is greater in …

A

agoraphobia; females

161
Q

(anxiety disorders) …: not the same as agoraphobia; person avoids only those situations in which they might come under the scrutiny of others –> individual avoids others bc of an irrational fear of behaving in an … way; demonstrate high levels of anxiety in social situations
rate of incidence is greater in …

A

social phobia; embarrassing; females

162
Q

(anxiety disorders) …: all remaining phobias other than agoraphobia and social phobia
irrational and persistent fear of … or …
rate of incidence is greater in …

A

specific phobia
specific objects or situations
females

163
Q

(anxiety disorders)
…: GAD; anxiety that is persistent across many situations and lasts for at least … months; anxiety is not linked to any particular stimuli, but constantly
present
with GAD, anxiety comes from out of nowhere: no specific reasons –> more difficult to … and … since the source can’t be identified; fear of …

A

generalized anxiety disorder; 6
diagnose; treat
social embarrassment

164
Q

(anxiety disorders) genetic factors for GAD:
research shows: more people with GAD have … that suffer from it as well
… twins were more likely to both have the disorder when compared to … twins

A

relatives

monozygotic; dizygotic

165
Q 
(anxiety disorders) 
…: intense periods of exceptionally intense spontaneous anxiety 
symptoms: 
… 
… pain 
heart … 
sensation of … 
… 
… 
…/… flashes
…/… of extremities 
can be mistaken for a ...
A 
panic disorder
shortness of breath
chest
palpitations
smothering
sweatiness
faintness
hot;cold
numbness; tingling
heart attack
166
Q

(anxiety disorders)
obsessive-compulsive disorder- OCD:
recurrent obsessions/compulsions:
…: persistent idea, thought, image, or impulse that person cannot get rid of
…: behavior that person is driven to perform over and over –> done to try and help to deal with the anxiety
genetics: biological relatives … times more likely to have OCD than biological relatives that do not have disorder

A

obsession; compulsion; 12

167
Q

(anxiety disorders)
posttraumatic stress disorder:
anxiety related symptoms that begin after a … and continue over time
factors required for diagnosis of PTSD:
person experienced or witnessed … in which physical injury/life was threatened
event persistently … (disturbing dreams, flashbacks)
person avoids … associated with trauma
generally heightened levels of … (trouble sleeping, irritability, concentrating, and exaggerated startle response)
symptoms last longer than …

A 
traumatic event 
traumatic event 
reexperienced 
stimuli 
arousal 
a month
168
Q

(anxiety disorders) PTSD:
diagnosing PTSD:
must have evidence linking the … to the …
must rule out the effects of … problems associated to the event (i.e. concussion)

A

stressors; symptoms;

physiological problems

169
Q

(anxiety disorders) PTSD:
twin studies: support for the importance of traumatic event
monozygotic twins study- raised, educated, trained to be combat pilots, 1 shot down, prison of war
results: …
does everyone who experiences traumatic event suffer from PTSD? … if not, then who?
those with history of … and … events
…

A

only that twin experienced PTSD
No
traumatic; stressful
family history

170
Q

(anxiety disorders)
gender:
rate of incidence is higher in …
differences in stressors–> women: .., argument with …, problems with .., … habits
men: …, .. habits, … conditions, beginning an …

A

women;
health; partner; eating
residence; personal; working; intimate relationship

171
Q

(anxiety disorders) gender:
women are faced with more stressors than men –> earn .., take on more responsibilities for others, etc.
physiological factors: ..

A

less money; hormones

172
Q 
(anxiety disorders) age: 
anxiety disorders ... with age 
50% reduction in women ages 56-65 vs. 18-25 
why? passage of time leads to … 
age brings … 
physiologically … with age
A

decline
extinction
wisdom
less responsive

173
Q

(anxiety disorders)
socioeconomic class:
phobias more prevalent in … –> perhaps more incorrect beliefs about dangers
lower incomes: environmental factors –> higher rates of …, …, seeing others hurt, killed, raped, etc.

A

less educated

crime; physical assault

174
Q

(anxiety disorders)

ethnicity and culture: appears to be … that the incidence of anxiety disorders differ across ethnic groups and cultures

A

no evidence

175
Q

…: maladaptive pattern of behavior that causes great distress/impaired functioning and differs significantly from patterns expected in the person’s culture

A

personality disorder

176
Q

…: feeling of selfishness, aggressive, irresponsible behavior with a willingness to break the law, lie, cheat, or exploit others for personal gain

A

antisocial personality disorder

177
Q

… disorders: disorders where physical symptoms are due to psychological, not physical causes

A

somatoform

178
Q

types of somatoform disorders:
…: person is preoccupied with health and are convinced they have some serious disorder even though their physical assures them they are ok
…: person suffers from loss of motor/sensory functioning in some part of body, no physical cause

A

hypochondriasis; conversion disorder

179
Q

… disorders: under stress person loses identity and memories of personal importance
… disorder: loss of memory of limited periods in one’s life/identity
… disorder: 2 or more identities taking over at different times (multiple personality)

A

dissociative disorders
dissociative amnesia disorder
dissociative identity disorder

180
Q

… disorders: problems accepting one’s identity as a male/female

A

gender identity disorders

181
Q

…: disorder where sexual urges, fantasies, and behavior involve children, nonhuman objects, other non-consenting partners, or the suffering and humiliation of self/partner

A

paraphilia

182
Q

…: persistent problem that causes marked distress and interpersonal difficulty relating to sexual desire, sexual arousal, or the pleasure associated with sex/orgasm

A

sexual dysfunction

183
Q

mood disorders: 2 major types
… (…)
.. disorder (…-…)

A

major depressive; unipolar

bipolar disorder; manic-depressive

184
Q

2 milder forms of the mood disorders:
major depression - … disorder (clinically depressed but not as serious)
bipolar - … disorder
…, … : experienced for both of these forms

A

dysthymic; cyclothymic

hopelessness; discouraged

185
Q

(depression) 12-17% of population suffer from depression
persistent problem that is likely to …: relapse rate - 90%
in addition to feeling depressed, people also have slowed … and impaired … that interfere with daily functioning
… twice as likely to suffer from depression
prevalence of depression is increasing worldwide

A

recur
thought processes; memory
women

186
Q

(depression)
symptoms:
mood symptoms:
… of mood
feelings of …
…, … –> if hopelessness continues too long, it becomes … which may lead to … or the act itself

A

lowering;
sadness
hopelessness; discouraged
helplessness; suicide ideation

187
Q

(depression)
cognitive symptoms:
negative beliefs about …, … and … –> referred to as the … of depression
how might this impact the person?
low …
impaired … –> less effective in solving … and … problems

A 
self; world; future 
negative triad 
motivation 
thinking 
intellectual; social
188
Q

(depression)
motor symptoms:
…: reduction/slowing of motor behavior; person reports difficulty getting started, wanting to stay in bed, etc; speech patterns; thinking- memory
…: unable to sit still; fidgety

A

psychomotor retardation

psychomotor agitation

189
Q

(depression) physical symptoms:
disturbed …: trouble going to sleep/sleeping too much
disturbed …: either eating too much/too little
decreased …
increases in …: … is also depressed

A

sleep
eating habits
sex drive
physical illness; immune system

190
Q

(depression) types of depression:
depression with … pattern (…):
depression experienced during the winter months –> usually more … than …
related to … per day

A

seasonal; seasonal affect disorder
women; men
number of hours of sunlight

191
Q

(depression) gender, age, and socioeconomic factors:
women …times more likely to suffer from depression
more likely to … feeling depressed and seek help –> in some cultures, seen as weakness for men to admit to having depression
women exposed to more …
women have personality traits that predispose them to depression –> more likely to use … approaches to problem solving and conflict resolution
… factors predisposing women to depression

A 
2; 
report
stressors
passive
physiological
192
Q

(depression)
age: depression … in the elderly when compared to young adults:
failing .., death of friends/loved ones
feelings of …

A

more prevalent
health
less value

193
Q

(depression) socioeconomic:
lower income: … rates of depression
more stressors: …, …, …, … ethnicity: … to suggest that ethnic background is related to depression

A

higher;
unemployment; health; divorce; education
no reliable evidence

194
Q 
(bipolar disorder) bipolar disorder: swings in mood between … and … 
2 types: 
type 1: .. and ..
type 2: … and … 
…: milder form of mania
A

depression; mania
mania; depression
hypomania; depression
hypomania

195
Q

(bipolar disorder) milder form of bipolar disorder:

… disorder: mania not as …, and depression not experienced as intensely

A

cyclothymic; euphoric

196
Q

(bipolar disorder) symtpoms:
mood symptoms:
…, …, excessively … (mania stage)
when people in mania stage talk, their sentences are not …

A

euphoria; excited; happy

conceptually connected

197
Q

(bipolar disorder) cognitive symptoms (mania):
increased …
…
…/… of attention (manic …)

A

self-esteem
grandiosity
distractibility; shifting; flight of ideas

198
Q

(bipolar disorder) motor symtpoms (mania):
excessive …, almost uncontrolled activity
running from place to place
mania: exaggerated …: greater …, greater …, less …

A

energy
confidence;
risk; spending; savings

199
Q

(bipolar disorder) physical symtpms (mania):
decreased need for …, …-always on the move
ignore fatigue, aches, pains,e tc

A

sleep; fired up

200
Q 
(bipolar disorder) differences between bipolar and major depressive disorders: 
bipolar: 
symptoms - … and … 
gender ratio- … 
genetics - … have bipolar 
major depressive disorder:
symptoms - … 
gender ratio - … 
genetics - … have major depressive disorder
A

depression; mania
equal
relatives

depression
2x as many women
relatives

201
Q

(suicide) suicide is one of 10 leading causes of death in US
suicide is 2nd leading cause of death among …
suicide rates have … in US over past 30 yrs
90% of people who die by suicide have a diagnosable and treatable … at the time of their death
magnitude of problem greater than statistics show

A

young males;
tripled
psychiatric disorder

202
Q

(suicide) accidents vs. suicides:

declared accidents maybe due to … on scene, avoiding … for family, to get … from life insurance

A

evidence; shame; payment

203
Q

(suicide) gender and age:
women: 3 more times likely to …
men: 3-4 times more likely to … –> use of more … techniques
males: …, …
females: …,…
males: 20 times more likely to use …
females: 3 times more likely to use ..

A 
attempt 
succeed; violent
shooting; jumping off buildings
overdosing; wrist slashing
guns 
drugs
204
Q

(suicide) why do more women attempt suicide?
higher level of …
more … for women than men
… linked to suicide in many cultures

A

depression
acceptable behavior
physical abuse

205
Q 
(suicide) age: 
suicide rates … with age, esp for …
US- greatest increase is btwn ages 65-84
over age 65- … the national avg
older people more successful than younger bc they use more … means and are more …
A

increases; males
twice
lethal;
resolute

206
Q

(suicide) warnings and notes:
60-70% openly expressed thoughts of suicide
20-25% talked about the topic
all warnings should be taken …

207
Q

(suicide) timing of suicides:
season:
…: perhaps depression and hopelessness is contrasted sharply to the optimism expressed by others during the warmer seasons
day of week:
20 yrs ago- … day of the week
present time- …: start of the week

A

6 warmest months;

any; Mondays

208
Q

(suicide) …: suicides that are disguised to appear as accidents –> shame it might bring to family, guilt at not recognizing symptoms, insurance policy, etc.

A

covert suicides

209
Q

(suicide) ….: behaviors designed to appear as suicide attempts, but not meant to be lethal:
drug overdoses, not enough to kill themselves
slashing wrists, but not deep enough to bleed to death
these are:
…
act of …
attempts to …

A

suicide gestures
cries for help
manipulation
control others

210
Q

(suicide)
myths of suicide:
people who talk about it …
all suicidal behaviors are designed to …
only … people commit suicide –> severely depressed individuals do not have energy to do so
… are more likely to commit suicide than .. –> no differences
suicide rates higher in winter

A

won’t do it
end life
very depressed
protestants; Catholics

211
Q

….: serious set of disorders that involve a decline in functioning, along with symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and/or disturbed thought processes which must persist for at least …
until recently, was thought to be untreatable: person doomed to a life of misery, hopelessness, and isolation

A

schnizophrenia

212
Q 
(schizophrenia) 
cognitive symptoms: 
…- perceptual experiences that have no basis in reality
… 
… --> most common: give person .., ….
… 
…
A 
hallucinations
visual 
auditory; commands; criticize behavior
olfactory
tactile
213
Q

(schizophrenia) cognitive symptoms
…: erroneous beliefs that are held despite strong evidence to the contrary
bizarre, absurd, and unlikely in nature

214
Q

(schizophrenia) …: person thinks that others are spying on them/planning to harm them in some way

A

delusions of persecution

215
Q

(schizophrenia) …: objects, events, or other people are seen as having some particular significance to the person (e.g. someone folding newspaper is seen by the individual as being a sign for something)
…: person believes they are someone else
…: person believes they are very special in some way (exceptionally talented, prestigious)

A

delusions of reference
delusions of identity
delusions of grandiosity

216
Q

(schizophrenia) positive symptoms: …, … they are … to normal behavior

A

hallucinations; delusions; additions

217
Q 
(schizophrenia) negative symptoms: 
… mood
…. of speech 
… 
… 
they are … of normal behavior
A 
flat
poverty
apathy
inattentiveness
absence
218
Q

(schizophrenia) genetic factors:
biological relatives of people who suffer from schizophrenia have a higher risk
earlier …a nd longer …
if both parents suffer, risk is greatly increased
… twins > risk than …. twins
adopted children of biological parents who had schizophrenia still have higher risk

A

onset; duration

monozygotic; dizygotic

219
Q

(schizophrenia) biological traumas: .. and .. complications (disease, toxins, prolonged labor, high BP, lack of O2, use of forceps, etc.) that can cause brain damage

A

prenatal; perinatal

220
Q

(schizophrenia) psychoanalysis/talk therapy:
…: therapist/patient relationship leads to resolution of conflict and reduction of stress
results: ../… of abnormal behaviors
transference/countertransference
free association (freely exploring unconscious mind)
dream interpretation
…: patient’s attempt to avoid painful/embarrassing thoughts and feelings)

A

therapeutic benefit
reduction/elimination
resistance

Psych 102 (4 decks)

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